Learning the R & D System National Laboratories and Other Non-Academic, Non-Industrial Organizations in Japan and the United States (1989) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 Comparing the Non-Academic, Non-Industrial Research Organizations in the United States and Japan: Overview and Categorization
2 Comparing the Non-Academic, Non-Industrial Research Organizations in the United States and Japan: Overview and Categorization
Pages 3-9
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 3... ...
According to the National Science Foundation (NSF) , in 1985 government and not for profit organizations together performed significant shares of the total R&D effort in both countries 13 percent in Japan and 15 percent in the United States.~ There are more than 1,000 "research institutes" in Japan that spend as much as Japan's colleges and universities on R&D.2 In Japan, this category of research institutes includes government laboratories and other organizations that are not expected to be self-supporting, as well as special corporations that are.
|
From page 4... ...
Special Corporations (staffed by civil servants or private employees Japan only) Functions ~ United States Japan Basic Fermi High Energy Laboratory National Institute for Radiological Research Naval Research Laboratory Sciences (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center)
|
From page 5... ...
s TABLE 2-1 Continued Ownership, Funding Private, Non-Prof~t "Hybrids" Government-Sponsored Consortia Joint Stock Canpanies Public Stock Companies United States Japan Un _ _ _ NHK `_ Battelle Professional Sematech Key Technology Center Projects Southwest Research Associations Very Large Scale Integrated Institute Circuit project Optoelectronics Joint Research Laboratory Govemment-sponsored Consortia Professional Professional As somat~ons As soc~at~ons National Academy of Think Tanks Sciences National Academy of Engineering National Research Council
|
From page 6... ...
In 1987, almost 85 percent of the R&D carried out by non-academic, non-industrial research institutions in Japan was reported to be applied or developmental.S In the context of increasing interest in the United States in establishing R&D consortia and other organizations that involve government as well as private sector participation in research useful to industry, an examination of some of the "hybrid" organizations established in Japan is timely. However there should be no assumption made that it would necessarily be possible or appropriate to imitate these forms in the U.S.
|
From page 7... ...
, which operates TRDI, has enjoyed significant funding increases during the past five years.9 Laboratories such as those at the Arnold Test Center in the United States and the National Aerospace Laboratory in Japan carry out applied R&D in the national interest that in some instances is also of interest to industry. In the United States the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISI has played a role in standards development through its industrial research and participation in standards committees.
|
From page 8... ...
Non-profit professional associations (such as the National Academy of Engineering, NAE) in the United States help to set national priorities for R&D useful to industry and serve as channels for exchanging views among industry, government, and university sectors.
|
From page 9... ...
This complex mosaic of organizations that are neither purely academic nor purely private corporations play important and highly varied roles in the R&D systems of Japan and the United States. In both countries significant change is under way as many of these organizations are challenged to adapt to rising R&D costs and requirements for new expertise.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.