Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants Volume 3 (1999) / Chapter Skim
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2 Old Smoke Formulations
2 Old Smoke Formulations
Pages 21-35
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From page 21... ...
studied the combustion products of the old yellow smoke formulation and found that combustion produced no major chemical changes in the dyes. Additional information on the combustion products of the old yellow-smoke formulation is presented in Chapter I
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From page 22... ...
No animals died after exposure to the tow concentration. All surviving animals had a retarded growth rate after the exposure; however, those exposed to the medium and low concentrations recovered and eventually gained weight at a normal rate.
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For a complete review on the toxicity of the component dyes, see Appendixes A and B GREEN-SMOKE FORMULATION Composition The major dye components of the smoke formulation are BZA (24% of the dye components)
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In the old M18 grenades, the colored dyes are mixed with a pyrotechnic mixture containing sulfur, potassium chlorate, and sodium bicarbonate. Optional amounts of a mixture of pure, refined kerosene and tricalcium phosphate are added for control of dusting and caking, respectively.
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From page 25... ...
At later sacrifice times, signs of chronic inflammation were observed in the nose, and the lung contained "foreign-body giant cells" that obliterated the alveoli. A repeated-exposure inhalation study of the toxicity of the combustion products of a smoke formulation containing a mixture of solvent yellow 33 (13%)
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From page 26... ...
Toxicity of Component Dyes The primary dye component of the old green-smoke formulation is solvent green 3. Although relatively nontoxic when delivered orally or dermally to animals, solvent green 3 is insoluble in the lung and accumulates there when inhaled (Sun et al.
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From page 27... ...
In the old MIS grenades, the colored dyes are mixed with a pyrotechnic mixture containing sulfur, potassium chlorate, and sodium bicarbonate. Optional amounts of a mixture of pure, refined kerosene and tricalcium phosphate are added for control of dusting and caking, respectively.
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From page 28... ...
Toxicity of Component Dyes A component of the old red-smoke formulation, disperse red 9, was reported to cause skin irritation in humans (Dacre et al.
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From page 29... ...
VIOLET-SMOKE FORMULATION Composition The major dye components of old violet-smoke formulation are I,4-diamino-2,3-dihydroanthraquinone (DDA) , significant amounts of disperse red 9, as well as an insoluble residue and a number of organic materials in trace amounts (Rubin and Buchanan 1983~.
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From page 30... ...
There are no studies on the acute inhalation toxicity of the uncombusted smoke formulation. Acute inhalation studies of the combustion products disseminated from MIS munitions were conducted in the monkey, dog, goat, swine, rabbit, rat, and guinea pig (Owens and Ward 19741.
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From page 31... ...
For complete reviews on the toxicity of DDA and DAA, see Appendixes H and I, respectively. OVERALL EVALUATION OF TOXICITY There are no well-controlled inhalation toxicity studies on combustion products of old yellow-, green-, red-, and violet-smoke formulations that could provide a basis for the subcommittee to assess the potential health effects of exposure to these combustion products by military personnel or to recommend guidance levels.
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From page 32... ...
For those exposure scenarios, the repeated exposure guidance level and the repeated public exposure guidance level are the most appropriate exposure guidance levels, and studies assessing the potential toxicity of the smokes following repeated exposure would provide the most appropriate data for setting those guidance levels. Thus, the Army should also consider conducting subchronic inhalation studies in experimental animals to test the toxicity of the smokes under conditions of repeated exposure.
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From page 33... ...
Additionally, concerns for potential sensitization resulting from exposure to disperse red 9, a component of both the old red- and v~oletsmoke formulations, and BZA, a component of both the old yellow- and green-smoke formulations, suggest that studies to assess contact allergic dermatitis and respirator~r-tract hypersensitivity be conducted in animal models appropriate for testing hypersensitivity. Those studies should also be conducted using the combusted smokes.
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From page 34... ...
1984. Inhalation toxicity of a smoke containing solvent yellow 33, disperse red 9 and solvent green 3 in laboratory animals.
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From page 35... ...
Tumorigenicity Studies of Diesel Fuel-2, Red Smoke Dye and Violet Smoke Dyes in the SENCAR Mouse Skin Tumorigenesis Bioassay System. Final Report.
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