Review and Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons (1999) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix D: Agent Neutralization by Hydrolysis
Appendix D: Agent Neutralization by Hydrolysis
Pages 203-212
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From page 203... ...
Detoxification is used for decontaminating dispersed chemical agents on the battlefield, as well as in laboratories, production plants, and elsewhere. Many types of reactions can detoxify chemical agents, but only two are widely used: nucleophilic substitution (e.g., hydrolysis)
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From page 204... ...
Aqueous systems have some obvious advantages: reduced fire and other chemical hazards; a more substantial research basis than for other reagents; and a smaller volume of organic material to dispose of. HYDROLYSIS OF GB Basic aqueous solutions react readily with GB by the following reaction: o 11 (CH3)
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From page 205... ...
produces a two-phase product: a small organic layer, which is reported to result primarily from the DICDI inhibitor, remains separate from the main aqueous phase. This same behavior has recently been reported from the hydrolysis of GB (Ward, 1998b)
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From page 206... ...
amino ethyl thiol ("thiolamine"~. However, about 10 percent of the VX reacts by a second channel in which the P-O bond is cleaved to form the intermediate compound shown as EA2192, which is itself highly toxic but will react slowly to form MPA and more thiolamine.
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From page 207... ...
The other TABLE D-4 Results of the VX Ton Container Survey Program (Metals~a Metal Analytical Result (ppm) Arsenic Chromium Lead Selenium Zinc Mercury Copper Iron Magnesium Calcium Barium 6.700 1.200 0.370 3.600 4.400 0.130 0.500 17.000 4.200 28.000 0.031 aAnalyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)
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From page 208... ...
The major phosphorus products in the hydrolysate are considered to be Schedule 2 compounds; they must be irreversibly destroyed to meet the requirement of the CWC. In summary, the hydrolysis reaction can reduce the toxicity of the original VX by a large factor, 5,000-fold TABLE D-6 Residual VX and EA 2192 Concentrations from 12-Liter Reactor Tests Reaction Time (minutes)
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From page 209... ...
Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Barium Beryllium Bismuth Cadmium Calcium Chromium Cobalt Copper Iron Lead Magnesium Manganese Nickel Phosphorus Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Sulfur Thallium Thorium Tin Vanadium Zinc < 13.0 <9.0 18.9 <0.3 <0.2 < 12.0 <3.0 9.6 <2.0 <2.0 91.8 5,035.0 <7.0 <0.4 0.6 <4.0 32.6 < 14.0 110.9 <4.0 < 16.0 264,420.0 < 13.0 < 11.0 <6.0 <3.0 <0.7 aAnalyzed by ICP spectrometry. Source: U.S.
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From page 210... ...
Work at ERDEC using hot water for hydrolysis with NaOH solution added at the end of the reaction has reduced mustard to less than 20 ppb (the detection level) ; 99 percent of the mustard was converted to the thiodiglycol.
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From page 211... ...
Ward, Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center, to Walter May, National Research Council Committee on Review and Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons, July 20, 1998.
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From page 212... ...
1997a. Project Information Package for the Newport VX Chemical Agent Disposal Facility.
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