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Ecological Indicators for the Nation (2000) / Chapter Skim
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From page 171...
... Index A Acid pollution, 2, 32-33, 4546, 97, 106-107 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, 34, 35-36, 38, 69 Aerial remote sensing, 4142, 54, 121 Aesthetic issues, 65 Agenda 21, 19-20 Aggregation/disaggregation of data, 2, 21, 62-63, 67, 74, 151 Agricultural Nonpoint Source model, 47 Agriculture, x, 8, 12-13, 68, 98 animal production, 105-106, 107, 109, 110, 111-112 fertilizers, 12, 13, 49, 87, 88-89, 100, 105112 (passim) , 156 National Resources Inventory, 9, 70 native species diversity, 81 net primary production, 11-12, 93 nitrogen, 106-107, 108, 109, 110, 111 nutrients-use efficiency, 7, 12-13, 89, 9091, 104-110 local indicators, 104, 110 nutrient balance, 7, 48-49, 105, 110-112 pests, 43, 28-29, 105 phosphorus, 106, 107, 108-110, 112 production and productivity, 13, 68, 104-106, 108, 110 171 regional indicators, 104, 106-107, 111 see also Department of Agriculture Aircraft, see Aerial remote sensing Air pollution, x acid pollution, 2, 32-33, 45-46, 97, 106107 Clean Air Act, 28 ozone-layer depletion, 30 see also Climate change Alaska, 72, 129 Algae, 11, 12, 39, 40, 45, 51, 84, 97, 98, 102103, 107 see Eutrophication; Trophic status indicators Alien species, see Exotic species Animal production, 105-106, 107, 109, 110, 111-112 Aquatic systems, 16, 21, 23, 4647 algae, 11, 12, 39, 40, 45, 51, 84, 97, 98, 102-103, 107 coastal zones, 67, 83-84, 87, 97-98 freshwater, general, 11, 21, 48, 65, 67, 79, 91, 131 marine, general, 21-22, 65-67, 83-87, 91 satellite remote sensing, 3940 species diversity, 16, 78, 130 trophic state indicators, 7, 11, 12, 33, 40, 43, 65, 66, 68, 90, 96-104, 106, 107
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From page 172...
... all . ~~ass~cahon, see ~ axonom~es Clean Air Act, 28 Clean Water Act, 24, 28, 71, 83, 99, 130 Climate change, x, 1, 2, 14, 22, 24, 25, 26, 30, 48, 157 agricultural nutrients, 106 global mean temperature, 1, 22, 26 soil organic matter, 89 terrestrial productivity, 92, 94 Coastal zones eutrophication, 97-98 nutrient runoff, 67, 83-84, 87 Committee of Earth Observing Satellites, 75 Computer applications, general geographic information systems, 47, 72, 159 remotely sensed data, 59, 74, 101-102 Computer simulations, 30-31, 46-47, 119120, 153, 154, 155-158 Continuous Forest Inventory and Analysis, 42 Cost and cost-effectiveness, 3, 6, 13, 23, 26, 27,29,52,58 archiving, 5, 52 land cover indicators, 13 nutrient-use efficiency, 66 satellite remote sensing, 3940 Type I/II errors, 55 Costa Rica, 20 D Dams, 28, 69-70, 103, 129 Data requirements, 4-5, 8, 17, 25-26, 28, 2930, 49-50, 51, 52, 55-57, 59-60 aggregation/disaggregation, 2, 21, 6263, 67, 74, 151 archiving, 5, 35, 52, 59, 60-62, 67, 74 ecological capital, 75 forests, 120 international standards, 2, 6, 52, 58, 75 lake trophic status, 99-100 land cover, 69-75 nutrient runoff, 84-85 quality control, general, 59-60; see also Standards reliability, 34, 31, 53, 55, 72
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From page 173...
... , 156 Field tests, 30 Fish and fisheries, 16, 29, 45 exotics, 129 lakes, 97 Fish and Wildlife Service, 72, 83 Flowpath models, 47-48 Fluorometry, 101 Foreign countries, see International perspectives; specific countries Freshwater ecosystems, 11, 21, 48, 65, 67, 79, 91, 131 Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) , 16, 4445, 53, 82, 130 see also Lakes; Rivers and streams Forest Health Monitoring Program, 118-119
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From page 174...
... , 16, 4445, 53, 82,130 Information sharing, 2, 22 international standards, 2, 6, 52, 58, 75 see also Data requirements Insects, 43, 128 see also Pests and pesticides International Geosphere and Biosphere Program, 37, 71, 73, 75 International perspectives, 2, 19-20 air pollution, x land cover, 75 standards, compatibility, 2, 6, 52, 58, 75 see also Europe; specific countries Internet sources birds, species diversity, 42-43 insects, 43
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From page 175...
... INDEX Long Term Ecological Research Sites, 42 satellite images, 36 Invertebrate Community Index, 153 J JABOWA-FORET models, 156 K Keystone species, 17, 114, 163-164 L Laboratory experiments, 30 Lakes, 7, 11, 12, 32, 46-47 acidification, 32-33, 4546 dams, 28, 69-70, 103, 129 data requirements, 99-100 EPA monitoring, 96, 99 fisheries, 97 Great Lakes, 101 ground-based measurements, 101-102 phosphorus concentrations, 98, 99, 100 recreation, 97, 98, 100 regional indicators, 40, 97-98, 101, 102 sampling, 100-101 satellite remote sensing, 40, 101-102 sediment analyses, 153-154 trophic status, 4546, 96-102 Land cover, 7, 8-9, 47-48, 64-65, 66, 67-75 biodiversity, 10, 75-76 cost/time factors, 13 data requirements, 69-75 defined, 67 local indicators, 32, 67 Markov matrices, 69, 159-164 models, 4748, 69, 76-78, 159-164 native species, 83 regional indicators, 32, 67, 72, 94 sampling, 9, 69, 70, 73, 77, 78 satellite remote sensing, 9, 3641, 69, 7071, 72, 73-75 seasonal variation, 37, 38-39 species diversity, 75-76 taxonomies, 67, 71, 73, 76, 83, 159-160 time-series analysis, 73, 159-160 total species diversity, 76-77 175 see also Agriculture; Forests and forestry; Rivers and streams; Vegetation; Wetlands Landsat Thematic Mapper, 34-35, 38, 4041, 69, 70-71, 74-75, 92 Landscape models, 4748, 69, 159-164 Land use, 7, 8, 12-13, 30, 64-65, 66, 67-75 native species diversity, 10, 80-83 total species diversity, 66, 76, 75-80 see also Agriculture; Soil; Vegetation Legislation Clean Air Act, 28 Clean Water Act, 24, 28, 71, 83, 99, 130 Endangered Species Act, 75, 117 Local indicators, 2, 14, 17, 21-22, 52, 53, 63, 116 agricultural nutrients, 104, 110 disaggregation of national data, 67 land cover, 32, 67 species diversity, 123-126, 128-129 terrestrial productivity, 94 tolerant species, 114-115, 126 Long Term Ecological Research Sites, 42, 95 M Marine ecosystems, 21-22, 65-67, 83-87, 91 coastal zones, 67, 83-84, 87, 97-98 Markov matrices, 69, 161-164 Massachusetts, 32 Migratory Bird Population Station, 42 MINLAKE, 47 Minnesota, 32, 99, 118-119, 157 Mississippi River, 84, 85-86, 87 Models and modeling, general, 3, 5, 6-7, 8, 25, 29, 30, 52-53 archiving, 61 biogeographic, 39, 43, 4445 CENTURY, 48, 93 committee model for choosing indicators, 48-50, 62-63, 64 computer simulations, 30-31, 4647, 119120, 153, 154, 155-158 ecosystem functioning, 4348 flowpath, 47-48 forests, 119-120 JABOWA-FORET models, 156 land cover, 4748, 69, 76-78, 159-164 local species diversity, 124-125, 128-129
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From page 176...
... , 11, 36, 37, 48, 61, 66, 90 agriculture, 11-12, 93 carbon cycling, 11, 36, 37, 61, 66, 90-91, 92, 95 predictive models, 36, 92, 93, 95, 96, 102 stream trophic status, 102 terrestrial ecosystems, 91-96 INDEX Nitrogen and nitrogen cycling, 13, 36, 42, 46, 85-87 agricultural nutrients, 106-107, 108, 109, 110, 111 forests, 120 wetlands, 71 Nonnative species, see Exotic species Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) , 36, 38, 92, 94, 96 North American Butterfly Association, 43 NPP, see Net primary production Nutrients, 9, 20, 4647, 95 agriculture, 7, 12-13, 48-49, 68, 87, 89, 90-91, 100, 104-112, 156 climate change, 106 coastal zones, 67, 83-84, 87 dams, 69 data requirements, 84-85 fertilizers, 12, 13, 49, 87, 88-89, 100, 105112 (passim)
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From page 177...
... , 91-92, 93-96 phosphorus, 85-87, 88, 90 terrestrial, 90-96 see also Ecosystem services; Eutrophication; Net primary production Prospective indicators and monitoring, 28, 29, 33 R Reactor models, 4546 Recreational resources aesthetic issues, 65 forests, 117 lakes, 97, 98, 100 Reference states, 23-25, 33, 34, 77, 78, 82, 88 177 Regional HydroEcological Simulation System, 48 Regional indicators, 2, 14, 16, 21-22, 52, 53, 63,116,130 agricultural nutrients, 104, 106-107, 111 biogeographic models, 44-45 disaggregation of national data, 67 fisheries, 16 forests, 14, 117-122 net ecosystem production, 93 lake trophic status, 40, 97-98, 101, 102 land cover, 32, 67, 72, 94 nutrient runoff, 85-87 paleoecological data, 32-33 river continuum model, 44 soil organic matter, 89 tolerant species, 114-115, 126 vegetation, 32, 94 see also State-level indicators Reliability of data, 34, 31, 53, 55, 72 see also Robustness Remote sensing, 3442, 58-59, 159 aerial, 4142, 54, 121 archives, 61 lakes, 101 see also Satellites Research recommendations, 17, 18, 19-20, 113-115, 158 Retrospective indicators and monitoring, 34, 28, 29, 33, 53, 159 Riparian systems, 68, 102, 104 River Continuum Concept, 102 Rivers and streams, 4344, 46-47, 68, 69 dams, 28, 69-70, 103, 129 eutrophication, 97-98 Mississippi River, 84, 85-86, 87 oxygen levels/trophic state, 7, 12, 46, 47, 90, 102-104 regional, river continuum model, 44 riparian systems, 68, 102, 104 sedimentation, 29 temperature, 102-103, 104 water quality standards, 130 watersheds, 22, 85-86, 98 see also Nutrient runoff Robustness of data, 5-6, 52, 57, 74-76 S Safe Harbor program, 83 Salinity, 23
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From page 178...
... 178 Sampling, 5, 31, 54, 60, 151-158 lake trophic status, 100-101 land cover, 9, 69, 70, 73, 77, 78 local species diversity, 123-124 nutrient runoff, 85 soil organic matter, 89-90 temporal factors, 151, 152-153; see also Time-series analysis total species diversity, 77, 78 see also Archiving Santiago Declaration, 20 Satellite technology, 3441, 54, 58-59 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, 34, 35-36, 38, 69 aquatic systems, general, 3940 biogeochemical processes, 36, 37, 38 cost factors, 39-40 forests, 37-38, 41, 121 lakes, 40, 101-102 land cover, general, 9, 3641, 69, 70-71, 72, 73-75 Landsat Thematic Mapper, 34-35, 38, 4041, 69, 70-71 models, general, 36-37 NASA, 36, 39, 4041, 94-95 National Resources Inventory and, 70 soil, 37 terrestrial productivity, 92, 94-95, 96 vegetation, 36, 37-41, 67, 96 Scientific Committee on Problems of Environment (SCOPE) , 20 Seasonal variations, 45 lake trophic status, 98-99 species, 24 terrestrial productivity, 94 vegetation and landscape, 37, 38-39 Secchi-disk transparency values, 98-100 Skill requirements, 4-5, 56-57, 73-74 SiB model, 37 Simulation models, see Computer simulations Soil, 7, 9, 10-11, 12-13, 20, 23, 29, 48-49, 156158 data requirements, 89-90 ecological capital, 65, 66, 87-90 forests, 120 ground-based measurements, 89-90 organic matter, 7, 10-11, 20, 33, 48, 66, 67, 87-90 sampling, 89-90 satellite-based models, 37 INDEX temperature indicators, 89 see also Agriculture; Nutrients Space Shuttle, 39, 41, 121 Spatial indicators, see Geographic indicators; Land cover; Land use Species diversity, 7, 9-10, 13, 15, 16, 24, 49, 65, 114-115, 123-130 agricultural effects on, 81 aquatic, 16, 78, 130 biogeographic models, 44-45 deficiencies, 126-129 density, 125 ecological capital, 7, 9-10, 16, 66, 75, 7583 endangered species, 43, 75, 83, 117 extinction, 23, 36 exotic species, 7, 16, 81, 126, 127, 128129 forests, 14, 77 ground-based measurements, 42-43 independence, 124-125 keystone species, 17, 114, 163-164 local indicators, 123-126, 128-129 models, 76-78 native, 7, 9-10, 16, 66, 75, 80-83 regional, 14, 124 sampling, 77, 78, 123-124 standards of measurement, 78, 79-80, 81,82 taxonomies, 83 total, 7, 10, 16, 66, 75-80 see also Endangered species; Extinction Spectral techniques, 37, 39, 40, 41, 101, 113114, 154-158 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, 34, 35-36, 38, 69 algae, 38-40 Multi-Spectral Scanner, 35 Standards, 17, 62 archiving, 61 Clean Air Act, 28 Clean Water Act, 24, 28, 71, 83, 99, 130 international, 2, 6, 52, 58, 75 lake trophic status, 102 native species diversity, 81, 82 soil organic matter, 88 total species diversity, 78, 79-80 State government, ix, 22 State-level indicators, 2, 23, 25, 32, 82 agricultural nutrients, 110
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From page 179...
... , 96, 102-103 productivity, 91-96 productivity models, 92-93
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From page 180...
... 80 regional indicators, 32, 94 satellite sensing, 36, 37-41, 67, 96 seasonal variations, 37, 38-39 total species diversity, 76-77 see also Agriculture; Forests and forestry; Land cover; Soil Vegetation Canopy Lidar, 41, 96 VEMAP model comparison, 93 W Washington State, 129 Water pollution, 2, 44, 4547, 83-87 acid pollution, 2, 32-33, 45-46, 97, 106107 agricultural nutrients, 106 Clean Water Act, 24, 28, 71, 83, 99, 130 dams, 69 INDEX nutrient runoff, 7, 9,10-11, 66, 83-87 salinity, 23 stream oxygen, 7, 12, 46, 47, 90, 102-104 see also Aquatic systems; Eutrophication; Trophic state indicators Watersheds, 22, 85-86, 98 Wavelet analysis, 113-114,155 Wetlands, 14, 40, 55-56, 67, 68, 70, 71-72, 81, 117 riparian systems, 68,102,104 Wetlands Reserve Program, 72 Wildlife, 7, 28-29 birds, 28-29, 33, 4243, 82, 126, 127 fish and fisheries, 16, 29, 45, 97,129 keystone species, 17,114,163-164 see also Biodiversity; Exotic species; Species diversity World Bank, 20 World Wide Web, see Internet
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Key Terms

  • trophic status
  • land cover
  • organic matter
  • soil organic
  • data requirements

  • agricultural nutrients
  • lake trophic
  • terrestrial productivity
  • nutrient runoff
  • stream trophic

  • primary production
  • native species
  • net primary
  • satellite remote
  • regional indicators

  • exotic species
  • national resources
  • biogeographic models
  • resources inventory
  • international perspectives

  • clean water
  • ecological capital
  • water act
  • clean air
  • ecosystem production

  • prospective indicators
  • river continuum
  • computer simulations
  • air act
  • net ecosystem


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