Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets (1999) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 11-30
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From page 11... ...
or bottles containing various chemical warfare agents or hazardous industrial chemicals, which could be, or have been, used in chemical warfare.) Many of the CATS to be destroyed are in storage on Army bases, but CAlS sets and individual CAIS items are also being recovered during cleanup operations at current or former military instalIations.2 Some CAIS sets or items have also been discovered by the public on sites of former military installations.
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From page 12... ...
The mandate was included in Conference Report 105-340 (dated October 23, 1997) , which accompanied the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998 (Public Law 105-85~: The conferees understand that a major aspect of the chemical non-stockpile materiel project is the development of a system for disposal of the chemical agent identification kits, which have been classified as chemical weapons/agents for the purpose of the chemical disposal program, rather than hazardous waste.
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First, the committee's report should be an evaluation of the Army's report, not a separate exploration of a broad range of technical possibilities unrelated to what Congress specifically requested from the Secretary of Defense. Second, the disposal options considered should be consistent with the congressional interest in "potential changes in policy and disposal alternatives that could result in significant reductions in the cost of the non-stockpile program with no reduction in overall program safety." As explained in Chapter 4, the Army's report to Congress focused on the use of commercial disposal facilities for CAlS disposal as the option that could most significantly reduce cost without reducing overall safety.
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The laws and regulations that control CAlS disposal alternatives are explained in Appendix D CHEMICAL AGENTS AND CAIS Chemical weapons were first used on the battlefield during World War T
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Adamsite is a vomiting agent. Exposure causes pain in the nose and throat, severe headache, and violent, uncontrollable sneezing, coughing, nausea, and vomiting.
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Ingestion causes sore throat, abdominal pain, diarrhea, eye and skin irritation with redness and pain Immediate Vapor causes severe, painful eye Immediate and skin irritation immediately after exposure, followed hours later by blistering. Inhalation causes severe irritation of the respiratory tract with burning sensation, coughing, and sneezing; pulmonary edema may develop hours after exposure.
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White to offwhite crystals Immediate responses to concentrations as low as 2-5 ppm include tearing, burning of the nose and upper respiratory tract, coughing, vomiting, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing; 50 ppm may be rapidly fatal. Exposure can cause runny nose, excessive salivation and tearing, miosis (constricted pupils)
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Chemical Agent Identification Sets CATS sets and CAIS items are the most commonly recovered kinds of buried nonstockpile materiel. Between 1928 and 1969, the Army used several types of CAIS to train soldiers and sailors to identify chemical warfare agents, typically by using "sniff sets" during classroom training (Box 1-1~.
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war gas identification set containing ampoules of neat or dissolved agents and simulants for use in outdoor training; (c) an instructional "sniff set" with agentimpregnated charcoal for use in classroom-based indoor training for agent identification; and (d)
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24 4-ounce round glass bottles neat H,HS,orHD 103.3 2.48 K942 (toxic gas set, 28 glass heat- neat H HS, or HD 112.5 3.15 M2~.C Used during sealed ampoules the Korean War period for training in decontamination.
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eTwelve ampoules were packed per can; four cans per PIG. The K953/K954 were the later versions of the K951/K952 War Gas Identification Sets, incorporating nitrogen mustard, cyanogen chloride, and ethyl malonate (GA nerve agent simulant)
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PROGRAMS FOR DISPOSING OF CAIS AND OTHER CHEMICAL WARFARE MATERIEL Because of the large numbers of casualties from chemical weapons in World War T the international community agreed to ban their use as part of the Geneva Protocol of ~ 925 .
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The stockpile's unitary chemical agents, which are highly toxic or lethal, are stored either in bulk containers or in chemical munitions. The Army has already begun disposal operations at one continental storage site, the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility (TOCDF)
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4 New York Camp Hero (now closed) 4 Plattsburg Air Force Base 3 3 3 2 3,5 North Carolina Camp LeJeune Marine Corps Base 3 South Dakota Ellsworth Air Force Base 3 Tennessee Defense Depot Memphis 4 Texas Camp Bullis 1 Utah Defense Depot Ogden 4, 5 al = known burial; 2 = likely burial; 3 = suspected burial; 4 = possible burial; 5 = no further action.
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. Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Program Prior to 1991, the Arrny program for the disposal of chemical warfare agents was limited to the unitary chemical agents and munitions defined by statute as the "stockpile." The 1991 Defense Appropriations Act directed the Secretary of Defense to establish an office with the responsibility of destroying non-stockpile chemical materiel.
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Much of this materiel is located at nine military installations: Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland; Dugway Proving Ground, Utah; Johnston Island, Pacific Ocean; Pine Bluff Arsenal, Arkansas; Redstone Arsenal, Alabama; Fort Richardson, Alaska; Fort Ord, California; Camp Bullis, Texas; and Deseret Chemical Depot, Utah. Recovered chemical munitions (mortar cartridges, artillery projectiles, bombs, and World War II German Traktor rockets)
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For details on the MMS and EDS, see Appendix C Binary Chemical Weapons In binary chemical weapons, chemical agent is produced by a chemical reaction of two nonlethal components at the time the weapon is fired.
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Former Production Facilities Seven former production facilities for chemical weapons were identified to be decommissioned: Pine Bluff Arsenal, Arkansas; Newport Army Ammunition Plant, Indiana; Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland; Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado; Northrop Carolina Corporation Facility, Swannanoa, North Carolina; the Marquardt Facility, Van Nuys, California;'° and the Phosphate Development Works, Muscle Shoals, Alabama.'i These facilities produced BZ (an incapacitating agent) , binary agents, unitary agents (VX, GB, mustard, and lewisite)
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Prior to transport, the Army must prepare a transportation plan for approval of the Department of Health and Human Services and must obtain the approval of the governors of all states affected by the proposed transport, particularly the state in which the final destination is located. Fourth, as noted above, the Army facilities built by the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program for disposal of stockpile chemical materiel are prohibited by federal law from disposing of non-stockpile materiel (or any other hazardous waste except the declared stockpile)
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From page 30... ...
Other nations have similar chemical agent training sets, and inspection protocols for their disposal have been a matter of discussion in CWC working groups. For example, prior to disposing of recovered CAlS items by incineration, the British treat them as recovered chemical warfare materiel subject to CWC requirements (Libby, 1999~.
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