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From page 331... ... Index A Adams, Keith, 35-57 Agamogenesis, see Asexual reproduction Alfonzo, Juan, 117-141 Algae, 10, 11, 22 Alien species, see Invasive species Amitochondriate protists, 1-2, 21-34 Amplification, 123, 175-176, 237, 249, 324 Anaerobic processes, 23, 26, 27, 29-30 Anderson, Edgar, vi, 5, 292, 305 Angiosperms, 2, 35-57, 211-234, 253, 254, 255-270, 273, 274, 311, 315, 317, 320-323, 325-326 convolution, 255, 263, 264-267 deletion mutation, 37, 43, 47 DNA, 2, 35-57, 216 gene transfer, 2, 35, 36, 38, 41-53 genome, 2, 35-57, 254 geographic variation, 212, 213, 223226, 227, 229-230, 256 hybridization, 38, 40, 41, 45, 49, 51 intros, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 48-51, 53, 221, 222, 249 mitochondria, 2, 35-57 models, 211-231, 256, 260 morphology, 213, 259, 260, 263 natural selection, general, 43-48 331 out crossing, 226, 255, 262, 266-267, 273, 274, 311, 315 respiration, 2, 35, 40-41, 43, 46 RNA, 36, 43, 46, 52, 216 systematics, 37-38, 49, 50 transcription, 42, 43, 44, 216 transposing, 166, 211, 217, 218, 219, 221-223, 229 see also Flower color variation; Pollination; Self fertilization; Vascular plants Anopheles mosquitoes, 144, 149 see also Plasmodium falciparum Antigens CSP gene, 144, 145, 147, 150-155, 160161 influenza virus, 60, 83, 86, 95 M.p.-1 gene, 143, 144, 145, 150, 154-157 M.p.-2 gene, 143, 144, 145, 150, 158-161 Plasmodium falciparum, 115-116, 143145, 147, 150-162 see also Vaccines Arabidopsis Thailand, 36, 38, 40-41, 42, 166, 172, 174, 178, 188, 195, 199, 235, 241-243, 320 Archaebacteria, 2, 21-25, 26, 31 Archaeprotists, 22, 24, 26, 28-29, 32 Read the entire page →
From page 332... ... 332 / Index Asexual reproduction, 45-46, 65, 73, 103, 253, 254, 271-278, 282-285, 293, 295, 296, 301 Ayala, Francisco, 115-116,143-164 B Bacteria, 11, 60 archaebacteria, 2, 21-25, 26, 31 chromosomes, 99,100,101, 102-105, 107 cryptozoons, 11-12 deletion mutation, 103, 104 DNA, 101,106, 109 endosymbiotic, 23, 46 enzymes, 108, 109 eubacteria, 2, 21-34 gene transfer, 101,106,107-110 genome, 102 model of, 103 population genetics, 99-101,104,105, 109-110 reproduction and mutation, 99-113 transposition, 100,101,105-106, 107108, 109 viruses and, 99-113 Barghoorn, Else, 12,13,14-16 Barrio, Elatio, 61-82 Bates on, William, vi Bergstrom, Carl, 60, 99-113 Bitter Springs fossils, 16,17 BYTEnet protists, 118-120 Barco, Alma, 61-82 Bush, Robin, 59-60, 83-98 C Cambrian Period, 1, 6-20 Cassava, 244-248 Cell biology, general, vii, 1-60 chromatin, 165,167,178, 199 nucleus, origin of, 21-34 plant genome, angiosperms, 2, 35-57, 254 maize, 165-166,172-173, 174-176, 187-210 mitochondrial, 35-57 morning glories, 216, 217, 218, 221-223, 229 other, 169,187-210, 242, 254, 276, 281, 317-318 ribosomes, 2, 23, 35, 4042 RNA viruses, 62, 63-64, 72 see also Bacteria; Eucaryote; Karyomastigonts; Mitochondria; Prokaryote; Protists Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 93 Charts, 12,14,17, 18 Who, Angry, 35-57 Chromosomal Evolution in Plants, 311 Chromosomes, 4, 42, 188, 197, 199, 201-205 bacteria, 99,100,101,102-105, 107 Plasmodium falciparum, 144, 148, 150, 156 see also Diploid plants; Polyploid plants; Transposition and transposing Chromatin, 165,167,178, 199 see also Genome Cladistics, 247, 253, 259, 260-261, 265, 267 Classification, see Systematics Clegg, Michael, 166, 211-234 Cloning, 59,158,197, 216 bacteria, 100, 102-103 hybridization, 295, 297 plant mitochondria, 59 RNA viruses, 64-69, 73-77 Cloud, Preston, 13,14,15-16 Coal, 16 Coalescence, see Gene coalescence Colons, 77, 83, 86, 88, 91-93, 95, 96-97,117, 132-134, 136, 160 Convolution, angiosperm, 255, 263, 264-267 Computer applications influenza virus mutations, 84, 89 minicircle class plasticity, 115,126-132 Corn, see Maize Cox, Nancy, 83-98 Crepis, 4-5, 274, 276 Cretaceous Period, 253, 256, 261, 263, 265 Cryptozoons, 9-12,16, 18 see also Stromatolites CSP gene, 144,145,147,150-155,160-161 D Darwin, Charles, 1, 7 Darwinian theory, v, vi, 1,168 Read the entire page →
From page 333... ... coli, see Escherichia cold Economic factors cassava, 244 invasive species, 254, 290 Electrophoresis, 166, 236-237 Elena, Santiago, 61-82 Ellstrand, Norman, 254, 289-309 Enzymes and enzymatic processes bacteria, 108, 109 eukaryote, 23, 27 flower color variation, 211, 212, 215, 216-218, 219, 228 polyploid plants, 323 RNA editing in trypanosome mitochondria, 117, 134 Eocene Period, 256, 257, 263, 266 Asians 8-9, 11 Epistasis, 63, 216 Applying, Carl, 5 Escherichia coli, 100 Eubacteria, 2, 21-34 Eucaryote. 1-2, 60 enzymes, 23, 27 morphology, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29 nuclei, 21-34, 36 reproduction, 28, 60, 99, 102, 103, 109, 110 RNA, 23 systematics, 22-23, 28-29, 32 see also Protists Eons, 48, 49, 172, 173, 221, 246 F Fedor off, Nina, 167-186 Fisher, R.A., vi Fetch, Walter, 83-98 Flavonoids flower color variation, 211, 212, 215223, 228 polyploid plants, 317-318 Flower color variation, 221, 222 enzymes, 211, 212, 215, 216-218, 219, 228 flavonoids, 211, 212, 215-223, 228 geographic, 212, 213, 223-226, 227, 229-230 Read the entire page →
From page 334... ... 334 / Index morphology and, 213 nucleoside, 216, 217-218 polymorphism, 166, 211-234 RNA, 216 self fertilization, 226-227 transcription, 42, 43, 44, 216 Flowering plants, see Angiosperms Flowering Plants: Evolution Above the Species Level, 257 Fossil record, see Paleobiology; specific paleontologic eras and periods Fungi, 50-51 G Gallon, Francis, vie Gait, Brandon, 165, 187-210 Gene coalescence, 147, 166, 235, 238, 245, 249, 293, 297, 300 Gene genealogies, 166, 204, 235-254 Gene transfer angiosperm, 2, 35, 36, 38, 41-53 bacteria, 101, 106, 107-110 Plasmodium falciparum, 147 viral, 59, 65-66, 68, 69 Genome bacterial mutation, 102 mitochondrial, 35-57, 115, 117-141 nucleus, origin of, 22 plants, 169, 187-210, 187-210, 317-318 angiosperms, 2, 35-57, 254 maize, 165-166, 172-173, 174-176, 187-210 mitochondrial, 35-57 morning glories, 216, 217, 218, 221-223, 229 population genetics, 165-166, 167 186 transcription, 172, 174, 175, 176 178, 179, 197-199 Plasmodium falciparum, 145 RNA viruses, 62, 73-64, 70, 72 see also Polyploid plants; Transposition and transposing Geographic variation Insects, 30 plants, vii, 166, 311, 313, 318-319 angiosperm, 212, 213, 223-226, 227, 229-230, 256 gene genealogies, 235-237, 241, 243-249 spatial autocorrelation, 212, 224225, 227, 230 see also Invasive species Plasmodiumialciparum, 147-148,161-162 Glaessner, Martin, 13-14 Glycoprotein, 158 Gorier, Ricardo, 1-2, 21-34 Gun flint fossils, 12, 13, 14-16, 18 H Hilden, J.B.S., vi Hemagglutinin gene, 60, 83, 84-86, 95 Heterozygosity, plants, 4, 227, 254 invasive plants and hybridization, 293, 295, 297, 301-302, 304 polyploid plants, 310, 312-313, 314, 325 vascular plants, 276, 283, 284 Holsinger, Kent, 254, 271-288 Huxley, Thomas, vi Hybridization, plants, 244, 245, 254, 271, 311-312 cassava, 247-248 cloning, 295, 297 maize, 188, 190, 193, 194, 199-200 typanosome mitochondria, 126 vascular plants, 274, 276 angiosperm, 38, 40, 41, 45, 49, 51 see also Invasive species I Influenza virus, 59-60, 83-98 antigens, 83, 86, 95 computer models, 84, 89 mutation, 83-98 nucleoside, 59-60, 83, 86, 88, 91-93, 95, 96-97 population genetics, 93, 95 vaccines, 83-84 Anopheles mosquitoes, 144, 149; see also Plasmodium falciparum pollination, 166, 211-212, 213, 214215, 226, 227, 228, 229, 262, 263-265, 267, 280 Read the entire page →
From page 335... ... Index / 335 Intros, plants, 2, 173, 246 angiosperm, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 48-51, 53, 221, 222, 249 Invasive species, 1, 36, 51, 254, 289-309 diploid, 302 DNA, 292-293 economic impact, 254, 290 heterozygosity, 293, 295, 297, 301-302, 304 morphology, 292, 293-294, 296, 299 reproductive systems, 293, 295, 296, 301 systematics, 290, 293-296 K Karyomastigonts, 1-2, 21-34 Kinetoplastid protists, 115, 117-141 DNA, 115, 118, 120-121, 122, 126, 135 RNA, 115, 117-141 systematics, 118-120 Kinetosomes, 1, 22, 28, 29, 30, 31 L Le Thar d'Ennequin, Maud, 187-210 Levin, Bruce, 60, 99-113 M Maize, 37, 165-166, 169-210, 213, 224 diploid, 166, 187, 188, 190, 192, 193194 DNA, 165, 172, 174, 177, 178-179, 187, 190, 193 DNA repeats, 165, 179, 187, 196-201 genome, 165-166, 172-173, 174-176, 187-210 hybridization, 188, 190, 193, 194, 199200 nucleoside, 188-189, 197, 204 population genetics, 165-166, 171-186 systematics, 202-204 transposing, 165, 167, 169-186, 188, 196-197, 200-201 Malaria, see Plasmodium falciparum Marquis, Lynn, 1-2, 21-34 Maslov, D.A., 117-141 May, Ernst, v-vi McClintock, Barbara, 165, 167-168 Mendelian theory, vi, 168, 169 Merozoite surface protein genes, see M.p.1 gene; M.p.-2 gene Metabolic processes, 22, 27, 212 anaerobic, 23, 26, 27, 29-30 see also Enzymes and enzymatic processes Microorganisms, see Bacteria; Cell biology, general; Viruses Minicircle molecules, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 123-132, 136 Miocene Period, 257 Miralles, Rosario, 61-82 Mitochondria, 2, 22, 29-30 angiosperms, 2, 35-57 genome, 35-57, 115, 117-141 trypanosome, RNA editing; 115, 117141 deletion mutation, 117, 118, 121132, 135, 136 enzymes, 117, 134 mutation, 133-134 respiratory processes, 123 transcription, 115, 118, 121, 123, 124, 135 Models and modeling angiosperm, 211-231, 256, 260 bacterial mutation, 103 DNA repeats, 150 gene transfer, 41-42 invasive species, 292-306 island models, 237 nucleus, origin of, 21-34 plant gene genealogies, 241-243 plant nuclear genome, maize as model, 187-210 polyploid plants, 314-315 RNA editing in trypanosome mitochondria, 124, 126-132 RNA viruses, quasispecies theory, 62, 77-79 RNA viruses, population genetics, 59, 61-79 see also Computer applications Modifier gene theory, 104, 212, 213, 226 Morphology angiosperm fossil record, 213, 259, 260, 263 eucaryote, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29 flower color variation and, 213 invasive plants, 292, 293-294, 296, 299 Read the entire page →
From page 336... ... , 303, 311, 315 see also Hybridization, plants p Paleobiology, v, vi, 253, 255-270, 323 coal, 16 charts, 12, 14, 17, 18 see also specific periods Paleocene Period, 256, 257, 263, 266 Paleozoic Period, 265 Palmer, Jeffrey, 2, 32, 35-57 Parasites, 79, 105, 116, 149-150 see also Plasmodium falciparum Parkinson, Christopher, 35-57 Pearson, Karl, vi Peek, Andrew, 187-210 Pests, see Invasive species Phanerozoic Period, 7, 13, 16 Plants, v-vii, 1, 3-5 cellular processes, 4 DNA, 237, 238, 244, 248, 275-276, 276, 311, 316-319, 324-325 angiosperm, 2, 35-57, 216 maize, 165, 172, 174, 177, 178-179, 187, 190, 193 Read the entire page →
From page 337... ... Index / 337 morning glories, 221, 222-223 transponsons, 165, 172, 174, 177, 178-179, 196-197 deletion mutation, 278, 314 angiosperm, 37, 43, 47 transposing, 169, 170 gene genealogies, 166, 204, 235-254 genome, 169, 187-210, 187-210, 317318 angiosperms, 2, 35-57, 254 maize, 165-166, 172-173, 174-176, 187-210 mitochondrial, 35-57 morning glories, 216, 217, 218, 221-223, 229 population genetics, 165-166, 167186 transcription, 172, 174, 175, 176178, 179, 197-199 geographic variation, vii, 166, 311, 313, 318-319 angiosperm, 212, 213, 223-226, 227, 229-230, 256 gene genealogies, 235-237, 241, 243-249 spatial autocorrelation, 212, 224225, 227, 230 see also Invasive species mutation, 166, 169, 174, 170-205, 211, 212, 218-223 228-229, 238, 243, 276, 278, 283-284 gene coalescence, 166, 235, 238, 245, 249, 293, 297, 300 gene genealogies, 166, 204, 235254 natural selection, general, 201, 204205, 211-234, 235, 236, 275-285 pigmentation, 166, 169-170, 211-234, 264 polymorphism, 237, 241, 244, 246, 274-275, 276 flower color, 166, 211-234 reproduction, vii, 2, 212, 226, 228 asexual, 45-46, 73, 103, 253, 254, 271-278, 282-285, 293, 295, 296, 301 invasive species, 293, 295, 296, 301 vascular plants, 253-288 see also Angiosperms; Hybridization, plants; Out crossing; Self fertilization spatial autocorrelation, 212, 224-225, 227, 230 see Diploid plants; Flavonoids; Heterozygosity, plants; Invasive species; Intros, plants; Maize; Polyploid plants; Vascular plants Plasmids, 60, 100-101, 105-106, 107-109, 136 Plasmodium falciparum, 115-116, 143-164 antigens, 115-116, 143-145, 147, 150162 chromosomes, 144, 148, 150, 156 deletion mutation, 158, 161 diploid, 144 DNA, 143-145, 147, 150-162 DNA repeats, 116, 150-161 geographic variation, 147-148, 161-162 mutation, 143, 147, 149-150, 161 polymorphism, 143, 144-145, 147, 148, 150-162 population genetics, 115-116, 143-164 reproductive processes, 150, 161 systematics, 145-146 Pleistocene epoch, 166, 236, 243-248 Pollination, 271, 272-273, 275, 280-281, 283 insect, 166, 211-212, 213, 214-215, 226, 227, 228, 229, 262, 263-265, 267, 280 wind and water, 263, 264, 265, 267 see also Hybridization, plants Polymorphism plants, flower color, 166, 211-234 plants, other, 237, 241, 244, 246, 274275, 276 Plasmodium falciparum, 143, 144-145, 147, 148, 150-162 RNA viruses, 75 Polyploid plants, 4-5, 166, 174, 187, 189196,201,254,274,282,295, 310-326 enzymes, 323 flavonoids, 317-318 heterozygosity, 310, 312-313, 314, 325 morphology, 314, 316, 317 out crossing, 310, 311, 313-316, 319 self fertilization, 310, 312, 315 Population genetics/variation, 104, 106, 304 bacteria, 99-101, 104, 105, 109-110 influenza, 93, 95 plants, 166, 235-254, 275-276 genome evolution and transposing, 165-166, 167-186 Read the entire page →
From page 338... ... 338 / Index flower color, 166, 211-234 maize, 165-166, 171-186 Plasmodium falciparum, 115-116, 143164 RNA viruses, 59, 61-79 see also Geographic variation Precambrian Period, 6-20 Prokaryote, 2, 22-26, 27, 60, 99-113 Proterozoic Period, 31 Protists, 8-9 amitochondriate protists, 1-2, 21-34 archaeprotists, 22, 24, 26, 28-29, 32 bodonid protists, 118-120 nucleus, origin of, 21 see also Kinetoplastid protists Q Qiu, Ying-Long, 35-57 Quasispecies theory, RNA viruses, 62, 7779 R Raven, Peter, 3-5 Redox states, 27, 47 Repetitive DNA, see DNA repeats Reproductive systems and processes, 136 asexual, 45-46, 65, 73, 103, 253, 254, 271-278, 282-285, 293, 295, 296, 301 bacteria, 99-113 eucaryote and, 28, 60, 99, 102, 103, 109, 110 plants, vii, 2, 212, 226, 228 asexual, 45-46, 73, 103, 253, 254, 271-278, 282-285, 293, 295, 296, 301 Invasive species, 293, 295, 296, 301 out crossing, 226, 253-254, 255, 262, 266-267, 271-285 (passim) , 303, 310, 311, 313-316 vascular plants, 253-288 morphology and, 259, 260, 263, 275, 276, 277, 280-281 self fertilization, 253-254, 262, 271-272, 274, 275-285 see also Angiosperms see also Hybridization, plants; Pollenation; Self fertilization Plasmodium falciparum, 150, 161 RNA viruses, 65, 73 see also Cloning; Mutagenesis and mutation Respiratory genes and processes angiosperm, 2, 35, 4041, 43, 46 trypanosome mitochondria, 123 Restriction analysis, 109, 136, 166, 190, 192, 223, 237-238, 241, 249, 275-276, 311, 319 Ribosomes, 2, 23, 35, 40-42 Rich, Stephen, 115-116, 143-164 RNA, 178 angiosperms, 36, 43, 46, 52, 216 colons, 77, 83, 86, 88, 91-93, 95, 96-97, 117, 132-134, 136, 160 Darwinian theory and, 63-64 deletion mutation, 61, 65-69, 75 eucaryote, 23 eons, 48, 49, 172, 173, 221, 246 flower color variation, 216 genome, 62, 63-64, 72 minicircle molecules, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 123-132, 136 natural selection, general, 78-79 trypanosome mitochondria, RNA editing; 115, 117-141 deletion mutation, 117, 118, 121132, 135, 136 enzymes, 117, 134 mutation, 133-134 respiratory processes, 123 transcription, 115, 118, 121, 123, 124, 135 see also Intros, plants; Transcription RNA viruses, 59, 61-82 cell biology, general, 62, 63-64, 72 cloning, 64-69, 73-77 Darwinian theory and, 63-64 deletion mutation, 61, 65-69, 75 genome, 62, 73-64, 70, 72 mutation, 59, 62, 64-69, 73-79 nucleoside, 60, 63-64, 75-77 quasispecies theory, 62, 77-79 polymorphism, 75 population genetics, 59, 61-79 quasispecies theory, 62, 77-79 reproductive processes, 65, 73 transcription, 75, 77 Read the entire page →
From page 339... ... Ledyard, v-vii, 1, 3-5, 7, 165, 166, 167, 169, 188, 228, 236, 238, 255-258, 260, 291, 292, 305, 310, 311, 312, 321 see also Variation and Evolution in Plants Stochastic processes, 104, 118, 121 Streptococcus pneumonias, 101 Stromatolites, 9-12, 16, 18 see also Cryptozoons Sulfur syntrophy, 24, 25, 26-27 Synteny, 173-174 Systematics, general, v, 4, 260, 274, 311, 322 angiosperm, 37-38, 49, 50 cladistics, 247, 253, 259, 260-261, 265, 267 eucaryote, 22-23, 28-29, 32 invasive species, 290, 293-296 kinetoplastid protists, 118-120 maize, 202-204 Plasmodium falciparum, 145-146 T Taxonomy, see Systematics Tempo and Mode in Evolution, 256 Tertiary Period, 253, 265, 266 Thiodendron, 21, 24-28 Thiemann, Otavio, 117-141 Timofeev, Boris, 13, 14 Transcription angiosperm, 42, 43, 44, 216 flower color variation, 216 plant genome, 172, 174, 175, 176-178, 179, 197-199 RNA viruses, 75, 77 trypanosome mitochondria, 115, 118, 121, 123, 124, 135 Transduction, 108 Transposition and transposing, 167-171, 320 angiosperms, 166, 211, 217, 218, 219, 221-223, 229 bacteria, 100, 101, 105-106, 107-108, 109 deletion mutation, plants, 169, 170 DNA, 165, 172, 174, 177, 178-179, 196197 maize, 165, 167, 169-186, 188, 196-197, 200-201 morphology, 168, 169, 180 plant genome, 165-165, 167-186 Trichomonads, 22, 32 Trypanosomatid protists, 31, 117-141 Tyler, Stanley, 12, 13, 14-16 V Vaccines influenza, 83-84 vesicular stomatitis virus, 60, 72 Variation and Evolution in Plants, v-vi, 1, 5, 7, 165, 167-168, 169, 236, 253, 255-257, 310, 311 Vascular plants, 2, 166, 211-234, 253-254, 271-288 diploid, 272-273, 276 pigmentation, 166, 211-234, 264 heterozygosity, 276, 283, 284 hybridization, 274, 276 angiosperm, 38, 40, 41, 45, 49, 51 Read the entire page →
From page 340... ... 340 / Index reproduction, 253-288 morphology and, 259, 260, 263, 275, 276, 277, 280-281 out crossing, 226, 253-254, 255, 262, 266-267, 271-285 (passim) , 303, 311, 315 self fertilization, 253-254, 262, 271-272, 274, 275-285 see also Angiosperms Vegetation, see Plants Vesicular stomatitis virus, 60, 61-82 Viruses bacteria and, 99-113 transduction, 108 see also Influenza virus; RNA viruses W Walcott, Charles, 9-12 Weldon, W.F.R., vi Wright, Sewall, vi World Health Organization, 86, 93, 144 y Yeast, 30, 45, 47, 193, 193, 196 Read the entire page →

From page 331...

... Index A Adams, Keith, 35-57 Agamogenesis, see Asexual reproduction Alfonzo, Juan, 117-141 Algae, 10, 11, 22 Alien species, see Invasive species Amitochondriate protists, 1-2, 21-34 Amplification, 123, 175-176, 237, 249, 324 Anaerobic processes, 23, 26, 27, 29-30 Anderson, Edgar, vi, 5, 292, 305 Angiosperms, 2, 35-57, 211-234, 253, 254, 255-270, 273, 274, 311, 315, 317, 320-323, 325-326 convolution, 255, 263, 264-267 deletion mutation, 37, 43, 47 DNA, 2, 35-57, 216 gene transfer, 2, 35, 36, 38, 41-53 genome, 2, 35-57, 254 geographic variation, 212, 213, 223226, 227, 229-230, 256 hybridization, 38, 40, 41, 45, 49, 51 intros, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 48-51, 53, 221, 222, 249 mitochondria, 2, 35-57 models, 211-231, 256, 260 morphology, 213, 259, 260, 263 natural selection, general, 43-48 331 out crossing, 226, 255, 262, 266-267, 273, 274, 311, 315 respiration, 2, 35, 40-41, 43, 46 RNA, 36, 43, 46, 52, 216 systematics, 37-38, 49, 50 transcription, 42, 43, 44, 216 transposing, 166, 211, 217, 218, 219, 221-223, 229 see also Flower color variation; Pollination; Self fertilization; Vascular plants Anopheles mosquitoes, 144, 149 see also Plasmodium falciparum Antigens CSP gene, 144, 145, 147, 150-155, 160161 influenza virus, 60, 83, 86, 95 M.p.-1 gene, 143, 144, 145, 150, 154-157 M.p.-2 gene, 143, 144, 145, 150, 158-161 Plasmodium falciparum, 115-116, 143145, 147, 150-162 see also Vaccines Arabidopsis Thailand, 36, 38, 40-41, 42, 166, 172, 174, 178, 188, 195, 199, 235, 241-243, 320 Archaebacteria, 2, 21-25, 26, 31 Archaeprotists, 22, 24, 26, 28-29, 32

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From page 332...

... 332 / Index Asexual reproduction, 45-46, 65, 73, 103, 253, 254, 271-278, 282-285, 293, 295, 296, 301 Ayala, Francisco, 115-116,143-164 B Bacteria, 11, 60 archaebacteria, 2, 21-25, 26, 31 chromosomes, 99,100,101, 102-105, 107 cryptozoons, 11-12 deletion mutation, 103, 104 DNA, 101,106, 109 endosymbiotic, 23, 46 enzymes, 108, 109 eubacteria, 2, 21-34 gene transfer, 101,106,107-110 genome, 102 model of, 103 population genetics, 99-101,104,105, 109-110 reproduction and mutation, 99-113 transposition, 100,101,105-106, 107108, 109 viruses and, 99-113 Barghoorn, Else, 12,13,14-16 Barrio, Elatio, 61-82 Bates on, William, vi Bergstrom, Carl, 60, 99-113 Bitter Springs fossils, 16,17 BYTEnet protists, 118-120 Barco, Alma, 61-82 Bush, Robin, 59-60, 83-98 C Cambrian Period, 1, 6-20 Cassava, 244-248 Cell biology, general, vii, 1-60 chromatin, 165,167,178, 199 nucleus, origin of, 21-34 plant genome, angiosperms, 2, 35-57, 254 maize, 165-166,172-173, 174-176, 187-210 mitochondrial, 35-57 morning glories, 216, 217, 218, 221-223, 229 other, 169,187-210, 242, 254, 276, 281, 317-318 ribosomes, 2, 23, 35, 4042 RNA viruses, 62, 63-64, 72 see also Bacteria; Eucaryote; Karyomastigonts; Mitochondria; Prokaryote; Protists Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 93 Charts, 12,14,17, 18 Who, Angry, 35-57 Chromosomal Evolution in Plants, 311 Chromosomes, 4, 42, 188, 197, 199, 201-205 bacteria, 99,100,101,102-105, 107 Plasmodium falciparum, 144, 148, 150, 156 see also Diploid plants; Polyploid plants; Transposition and transposing Chromatin, 165,167,178, 199 see also Genome Cladistics, 247, 253, 259, 260-261, 265, 267 Classification, see Systematics Clegg, Michael, 166, 211-234 Cloning, 59,158,197, 216 bacteria, 100, 102-103 hybridization, 295, 297 plant mitochondria, 59 RNA viruses, 64-69, 73-77 Cloud, Preston, 13,14,15-16 Coal, 16 Coalescence, see Gene coalescence Colons, 77, 83, 86, 88, 91-93, 95, 96-97,117, 132-134, 136, 160 Convolution, angiosperm, 255, 263, 264-267 Computer applications influenza virus mutations, 84, 89 minicircle class plasticity, 115,126-132 Corn, see Maize Cox, Nancy, 83-98 Crepis, 4-5, 274, 276 Cretaceous Period, 253, 256, 261, 263, 265 Cryptozoons, 9-12,16, 18 see also Stromatolites CSP gene, 144,145,147,150-155,160-161 D Darwin, Charles, 1, 7 Darwinian theory, v, vi, 1,168

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From page 333...

... coli, see Escherichia cold Economic factors cassava, 244 invasive species, 254, 290 Electrophoresis, 166, 236-237 Elena, Santiago, 61-82 Ellstrand, Norman, 254, 289-309 Enzymes and enzymatic processes bacteria, 108, 109 eukaryote, 23, 27 flower color variation, 211, 212, 215, 216-218, 219, 228 polyploid plants, 323 RNA editing in trypanosome mitochondria, 117, 134 Eocene Period, 256, 257, 263, 266 Asians 8-9, 11 Epistasis, 63, 216 Applying, Carl, 5 Escherichia coli, 100 Eubacteria, 2, 21-34 Eucaryote. 1-2, 60 enzymes, 23, 27 morphology, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29 nuclei, 21-34, 36 reproduction, 28, 60, 99, 102, 103, 109, 110 RNA, 23 systematics, 22-23, 28-29, 32 see also Protists Eons, 48, 49, 172, 173, 221, 246 F Fedor off, Nina, 167-186 Fisher, R.A., vi Fetch, Walter, 83-98 Flavonoids flower color variation, 211, 212, 215223, 228 polyploid plants, 317-318 Flower color variation, 221, 222 enzymes, 211, 212, 215, 216-218, 219, 228 flavonoids, 211, 212, 215-223, 228 geographic, 212, 213, 223-226, 227, 229-230

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From page 334...

... 334 / Index morphology and, 213 nucleoside, 216, 217-218 polymorphism, 166, 211-234 RNA, 216 self fertilization, 226-227 transcription, 42, 43, 44, 216 Flowering plants, see Angiosperms Flowering Plants: Evolution Above the Species Level, 257 Fossil record, see Paleobiology; specific paleontologic eras and periods Fungi, 50-51 G Gallon, Francis, vie Gait, Brandon, 165, 187-210 Gene coalescence, 147, 166, 235, 238, 245, 249, 293, 297, 300 Gene genealogies, 166, 204, 235-254 Gene transfer angiosperm, 2, 35, 36, 38, 41-53 bacteria, 101, 106, 107-110 Plasmodium falciparum, 147 viral, 59, 65-66, 68, 69 Genome bacterial mutation, 102 mitochondrial, 35-57, 115, 117-141 nucleus, origin of, 22 plants, 169, 187-210, 187-210, 317-318 angiosperms, 2, 35-57, 254 maize, 165-166, 172-173, 174-176, 187-210 mitochondrial, 35-57 morning glories, 216, 217, 218, 221-223, 229 population genetics, 165-166, 167 186 transcription, 172, 174, 175, 176 178, 179, 197-199 Plasmodium falciparum, 145 RNA viruses, 62, 73-64, 70, 72 see also Polyploid plants; Transposition and transposing Geographic variation Insects, 30 plants, vii, 166, 311, 313, 318-319 angiosperm, 212, 213, 223-226, 227, 229-230, 256 gene genealogies, 235-237, 241, 243-249 spatial autocorrelation, 212, 224225, 227, 230 see also Invasive species Plasmodiumialciparum, 147-148,161-162 Glaessner, Martin, 13-14 Glycoprotein, 158 Gorier, Ricardo, 1-2, 21-34 Gun flint fossils, 12, 13, 14-16, 18 H Hilden, J.B.S., vi Hemagglutinin gene, 60, 83, 84-86, 95 Heterozygosity, plants, 4, 227, 254 invasive plants and hybridization, 293, 295, 297, 301-302, 304 polyploid plants, 310, 312-313, 314, 325 vascular plants, 276, 283, 284 Holsinger, Kent, 254, 271-288 Huxley, Thomas, vi Hybridization, plants, 244, 245, 254, 271, 311-312 cassava, 247-248 cloning, 295, 297 maize, 188, 190, 193, 194, 199-200 typanosome mitochondria, 126 vascular plants, 274, 276 angiosperm, 38, 40, 41, 45, 49, 51 see also Invasive species I Influenza virus, 59-60, 83-98 antigens, 83, 86, 95 computer models, 84, 89 mutation, 83-98 nucleoside, 59-60, 83, 86, 88, 91-93, 95, 96-97 population genetics, 93, 95 vaccines, 83-84 Anopheles mosquitoes, 144, 149; see also Plasmodium falciparum pollination, 166, 211-212, 213, 214215, 226, 227, 228, 229, 262, 263-265, 267, 280

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From page 335...

... Index / 335 Intros, plants, 2, 173, 246 angiosperm, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 48-51, 53, 221, 222, 249 Invasive species, 1, 36, 51, 254, 289-309 diploid, 302 DNA, 292-293 economic impact, 254, 290 heterozygosity, 293, 295, 297, 301-302, 304 morphology, 292, 293-294, 296, 299 reproductive systems, 293, 295, 296, 301 systematics, 290, 293-296 K Karyomastigonts, 1-2, 21-34 Kinetoplastid protists, 115, 117-141 DNA, 115, 118, 120-121, 122, 126, 135 RNA, 115, 117-141 systematics, 118-120 Kinetosomes, 1, 22, 28, 29, 30, 31 L Le Thar d'Ennequin, Maud, 187-210 Levin, Bruce, 60, 99-113 M Maize, 37, 165-166, 169-210, 213, 224 diploid, 166, 187, 188, 190, 192, 193194 DNA, 165, 172, 174, 177, 178-179, 187, 190, 193 DNA repeats, 165, 179, 187, 196-201 genome, 165-166, 172-173, 174-176, 187-210 hybridization, 188, 190, 193, 194, 199200 nucleoside, 188-189, 197, 204 population genetics, 165-166, 171-186 systematics, 202-204 transposing, 165, 167, 169-186, 188, 196-197, 200-201 Malaria, see Plasmodium falciparum Marquis, Lynn, 1-2, 21-34 Maslov, D.A., 117-141 May, Ernst, v-vi McClintock, Barbara, 165, 167-168 Mendelian theory, vi, 168, 169 Merozoite surface protein genes, see M.p.1 gene; M.p.-2 gene Metabolic processes, 22, 27, 212 anaerobic, 23, 26, 27, 29-30 see also Enzymes and enzymatic processes Microorganisms, see Bacteria; Cell biology, general; Viruses Minicircle molecules, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 123-132, 136 Miocene Period, 257 Miralles, Rosario, 61-82 Mitochondria, 2, 22, 29-30 angiosperms, 2, 35-57 genome, 35-57, 115, 117-141 trypanosome, RNA editing; 115, 117141 deletion mutation, 117, 118, 121132, 135, 136 enzymes, 117, 134 mutation, 133-134 respiratory processes, 123 transcription, 115, 118, 121, 123, 124, 135 Models and modeling angiosperm, 211-231, 256, 260 bacterial mutation, 103 DNA repeats, 150 gene transfer, 41-42 invasive species, 292-306 island models, 237 nucleus, origin of, 21-34 plant gene genealogies, 241-243 plant nuclear genome, maize as model, 187-210 polyploid plants, 314-315 RNA editing in trypanosome mitochondria, 124, 126-132 RNA viruses, quasispecies theory, 62, 77-79 RNA viruses, population genetics, 59, 61-79 see also Computer applications Modifier gene theory, 104, 212, 213, 226 Morphology angiosperm fossil record, 213, 259, 260, 263 eucaryote, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29 flower color variation and, 213 invasive plants, 292, 293-294, 296, 299

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From page 336...

... , 303, 311, 315 see also Hybridization, plants p Paleobiology, v, vi, 253, 255-270, 323 coal, 16 charts, 12, 14, 17, 18 see also specific periods Paleocene Period, 256, 257, 263, 266 Paleozoic Period, 265 Palmer, Jeffrey, 2, 32, 35-57 Parasites, 79, 105, 116, 149-150 see also Plasmodium falciparum Parkinson, Christopher, 35-57 Pearson, Karl, vi Peek, Andrew, 187-210 Pests, see Invasive species Phanerozoic Period, 7, 13, 16 Plants, v-vii, 1, 3-5 cellular processes, 4 DNA, 237, 238, 244, 248, 275-276, 276, 311, 316-319, 324-325 angiosperm, 2, 35-57, 216 maize, 165, 172, 174, 177, 178-179, 187, 190, 193

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From page 337...

... Index / 337 morning glories, 221, 222-223 transponsons, 165, 172, 174, 177, 178-179, 196-197 deletion mutation, 278, 314 angiosperm, 37, 43, 47 transposing, 169, 170 gene genealogies, 166, 204, 235-254 genome, 169, 187-210, 187-210, 317318 angiosperms, 2, 35-57, 254 maize, 165-166, 172-173, 174-176, 187-210 mitochondrial, 35-57 morning glories, 216, 217, 218, 221-223, 229 population genetics, 165-166, 167186 transcription, 172, 174, 175, 176178, 179, 197-199 geographic variation, vii, 166, 311, 313, 318-319 angiosperm, 212, 213, 223-226, 227, 229-230, 256 gene genealogies, 235-237, 241, 243-249 spatial autocorrelation, 212, 224225, 227, 230 see also Invasive species mutation, 166, 169, 174, 170-205, 211, 212, 218-223 228-229, 238, 243, 276, 278, 283-284 gene coalescence, 166, 235, 238, 245, 249, 293, 297, 300 gene genealogies, 166, 204, 235254 natural selection, general, 201, 204205, 211-234, 235, 236, 275-285 pigmentation, 166, 169-170, 211-234, 264 polymorphism, 237, 241, 244, 246, 274-275, 276 flower color, 166, 211-234 reproduction, vii, 2, 212, 226, 228 asexual, 45-46, 73, 103, 253, 254, 271-278, 282-285, 293, 295, 296, 301 invasive species, 293, 295, 296, 301 vascular plants, 253-288 see also Angiosperms; Hybridization, plants; Out crossing; Self fertilization spatial autocorrelation, 212, 224-225, 227, 230 see Diploid plants; Flavonoids; Heterozygosity, plants; Invasive species; Intros, plants; Maize; Polyploid plants; Vascular plants Plasmids, 60, 100-101, 105-106, 107-109, 136 Plasmodium falciparum, 115-116, 143-164 antigens, 115-116, 143-145, 147, 150162 chromosomes, 144, 148, 150, 156 deletion mutation, 158, 161 diploid, 144 DNA, 143-145, 147, 150-162 DNA repeats, 116, 150-161 geographic variation, 147-148, 161-162 mutation, 143, 147, 149-150, 161 polymorphism, 143, 144-145, 147, 148, 150-162 population genetics, 115-116, 143-164 reproductive processes, 150, 161 systematics, 145-146 Pleistocene epoch, 166, 236, 243-248 Pollination, 271, 272-273, 275, 280-281, 283 insect, 166, 211-212, 213, 214-215, 226, 227, 228, 229, 262, 263-265, 267, 280 wind and water, 263, 264, 265, 267 see also Hybridization, plants Polymorphism plants, flower color, 166, 211-234 plants, other, 237, 241, 244, 246, 274275, 276 Plasmodium falciparum, 143, 144-145, 147, 148, 150-162 RNA viruses, 75 Polyploid plants, 4-5, 166, 174, 187, 189196,201,254,274,282,295, 310-326 enzymes, 323 flavonoids, 317-318 heterozygosity, 310, 312-313, 314, 325 morphology, 314, 316, 317 out crossing, 310, 311, 313-316, 319 self fertilization, 310, 312, 315 Population genetics/variation, 104, 106, 304 bacteria, 99-101, 104, 105, 109-110 influenza, 93, 95 plants, 166, 235-254, 275-276 genome evolution and transposing, 165-166, 167-186

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From page 338...

... 338 / Index flower color, 166, 211-234 maize, 165-166, 171-186 Plasmodium falciparum, 115-116, 143164 RNA viruses, 59, 61-79 see also Geographic variation Precambrian Period, 6-20 Prokaryote, 2, 22-26, 27, 60, 99-113 Proterozoic Period, 31 Protists, 8-9 amitochondriate protists, 1-2, 21-34 archaeprotists, 22, 24, 26, 28-29, 32 bodonid protists, 118-120 nucleus, origin of, 21 see also Kinetoplastid protists Q Qiu, Ying-Long, 35-57 Quasispecies theory, RNA viruses, 62, 7779 R Raven, Peter, 3-5 Redox states, 27, 47 Repetitive DNA, see DNA repeats Reproductive systems and processes, 136 asexual, 45-46, 65, 73, 103, 253, 254, 271-278, 282-285, 293, 295, 296, 301 bacteria, 99-113 eucaryote and, 28, 60, 99, 102, 103, 109, 110 plants, vii, 2, 212, 226, 228 asexual, 45-46, 73, 103, 253, 254, 271-278, 282-285, 293, 295, 296, 301 Invasive species, 293, 295, 296, 301 out crossing, 226, 253-254, 255, 262, 266-267, 271-285 (passim) , 303, 310, 311, 313-316 vascular plants, 253-288 morphology and, 259, 260, 263, 275, 276, 277, 280-281 self fertilization, 253-254, 262, 271-272, 274, 275-285 see also Angiosperms see also Hybridization, plants; Pollenation; Self fertilization Plasmodium falciparum, 150, 161 RNA viruses, 65, 73 see also Cloning; Mutagenesis and mutation Respiratory genes and processes angiosperm, 2, 35, 4041, 43, 46 trypanosome mitochondria, 123 Restriction analysis, 109, 136, 166, 190, 192, 223, 237-238, 241, 249, 275-276, 311, 319 Ribosomes, 2, 23, 35, 40-42 Rich, Stephen, 115-116, 143-164 RNA, 178 angiosperms, 36, 43, 46, 52, 216 colons, 77, 83, 86, 88, 91-93, 95, 96-97, 117, 132-134, 136, 160 Darwinian theory and, 63-64 deletion mutation, 61, 65-69, 75 eucaryote, 23 eons, 48, 49, 172, 173, 221, 246 flower color variation, 216 genome, 62, 63-64, 72 minicircle molecules, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 123-132, 136 natural selection, general, 78-79 trypanosome mitochondria, RNA editing; 115, 117-141 deletion mutation, 117, 118, 121132, 135, 136 enzymes, 117, 134 mutation, 133-134 respiratory processes, 123 transcription, 115, 118, 121, 123, 124, 135 see also Intros, plants; Transcription RNA viruses, 59, 61-82 cell biology, general, 62, 63-64, 72 cloning, 64-69, 73-77 Darwinian theory and, 63-64 deletion mutation, 61, 65-69, 75 genome, 62, 73-64, 70, 72 mutation, 59, 62, 64-69, 73-79 nucleoside, 60, 63-64, 75-77 quasispecies theory, 62, 77-79 polymorphism, 75 population genetics, 59, 61-79 quasispecies theory, 62, 77-79 reproductive processes, 65, 73 transcription, 75, 77

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From page 339...

... Ledyard, v-vii, 1, 3-5, 7, 165, 166, 167, 169, 188, 228, 236, 238, 255-258, 260, 291, 292, 305, 310, 311, 312, 321 see also Variation and Evolution in Plants Stochastic processes, 104, 118, 121 Streptococcus pneumonias, 101 Stromatolites, 9-12, 16, 18 see also Cryptozoons Sulfur syntrophy, 24, 25, 26-27 Synteny, 173-174 Systematics, general, v, 4, 260, 274, 311, 322 angiosperm, 37-38, 49, 50 cladistics, 247, 253, 259, 260-261, 265, 267 eucaryote, 22-23, 28-29, 32 invasive species, 290, 293-296 kinetoplastid protists, 118-120 maize, 202-204 Plasmodium falciparum, 145-146 T Taxonomy, see Systematics Tempo and Mode in Evolution, 256 Tertiary Period, 253, 265, 266 Thiodendron, 21, 24-28 Thiemann, Otavio, 117-141 Timofeev, Boris, 13, 14 Transcription angiosperm, 42, 43, 44, 216 flower color variation, 216 plant genome, 172, 174, 175, 176-178, 179, 197-199 RNA viruses, 75, 77 trypanosome mitochondria, 115, 118, 121, 123, 124, 135 Transduction, 108 Transposition and transposing, 167-171, 320 angiosperms, 166, 211, 217, 218, 219, 221-223, 229 bacteria, 100, 101, 105-106, 107-108, 109 deletion mutation, plants, 169, 170 DNA, 165, 172, 174, 177, 178-179, 196197 maize, 165, 167, 169-186, 188, 196-197, 200-201 morphology, 168, 169, 180 plant genome, 165-165, 167-186 Trichomonads, 22, 32 Trypanosomatid protists, 31, 117-141 Tyler, Stanley, 12, 13, 14-16 V Vaccines influenza, 83-84 vesicular stomatitis virus, 60, 72 Variation and Evolution in Plants, v-vi, 1, 5, 7, 165, 167-168, 169, 236, 253, 255-257, 310, 311 Vascular plants, 2, 166, 211-234, 253-254, 271-288 diploid, 272-273, 276 pigmentation, 166, 211-234, 264 heterozygosity, 276, 283, 284 hybridization, 274, 276 angiosperm, 38, 40, 41, 45, 49, 51

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From page 340...

... 340 / Index reproduction, 253-288 morphology and, 259, 260, 263, 275, 276, 277, 280-281 out crossing, 226, 253-254, 255, 262, 266-267, 271-285 (passim) , 303, 311, 315 self fertilization, 253-254, 262, 271-272, 274, 275-285 see also Angiosperms Vegetation, see Plants Vesicular stomatitis virus, 60, 61-82 Viruses bacteria and, 99-113 transduction, 108 see also Influenza virus; RNA viruses W Walcott, Charles, 9-12 Weldon, W.F.R., vi Wright, Sewall, vi World Health Organization, 86, 93, 144 y Yeast, 30, 45, 47, 193, 193, 196

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Index Pages 331-340

Index
Pages 331-340