Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U.S. Forces Detecting, Characterizing, and Documenting Exposures (2000) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
6 Tracking the Locations and Time-Activity Budgets of Deployed Military Personnel
6 Tracking the Locations and Time-Activity Budgets of Deployed Military Personnel
Pages 110-124
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 110... ...
Consequently, accurate data on the time individuals spend in specific locations and their activities during the day are critical to accurate exposure assessments. Time-activity pattern data and associated data from questionnaires can be used in three ways: · as input data in exposure models for time spent in different 110
|
From page 111... ...
. However, because of significant differences between the activities of deployed military personnel and the civilian population, much of the information collected on the general population cannot be used for exposure estimates for deployed troops.
|
From page 112... ...
, and various motion sensors and data loggers (Brauer et al., 1999; Haskell et al., 1993; Pate, 1993; Schulz and Chambaz, 1997; Waldman et al., 1993) have been used increasingly in recent years to record or substantiate specific types of activity/location information for exposure research, as well as to record real-time data on a user's usual activities.
|
From page 113... ...
The nearly circular GPS orbits are inclined at about 55 degrees to the equatorial plane providing users continuous worldwide access (if unobstructed) of between 6 and 12 GPS spacecraft.
|
From page 114... ...
Real time Kinematic (RTK) ASPS: C/A C 10, carriers ~ meas.
|
From page 115... ...
TRACKING LOCATIONS AND TIME-ACTIVITY BUDGETS on Velocity Time 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 Comments 5-25 m 15-30 10-20 170-350 40-100 ns Iono dependent cm/s cm/s ns No SA in 2010 30 cm-lm 10-20 cm/s 3-10 cm/s 30-60 ns 20-30 ns Iono dependent No SA in 2010 3-20 cm 5-10 cm/s 1-5 cm/s NA NA Iono dependent No SA: short b 0.1-3 cm NA NA NA NA L2 carr ~ in 2000 Baseline (b)
|
From page 116... ...
The major advantages of hard copy diaries are that they are usable by anyone who can read and write, they are generally economical, and they can be used as backup files once responses have been entered into a data file. Disadvantages include the time and cost of coding and entering the data into computer files, errors due to misunderstanding of directions or undisclosed illiteracy problems, and incorrect coding and transfer of information from the diary to the computer file by the data management technician.
|
From page 117... ...
Data loggers are most suitable for cooperative, technologically comfortable populations and studies that require only basic, limited data or gross estimates of time spent on major activities and locations. Because of early problems with malfunctioning devices, data loss, and practical problems, most investigators have chosen to rely on hard copy diaries.
|
From page 118... ...
TIME has been field tested and found to provide accurate estimates of time spent in the four major locations (with differences of only a few percent compared to data collected by other means) , as well as improved measures of personal exposures over those determined by other measurement and modeling approaches (Moschandreas et al., 1994~.
|
From page 119... ...
For example, observers have been used to measure the time individuals spend filling their gas tanks at gas stations to estimate the duration of elevated exposures to volatile gasoline components (Colome et al., 1992; Wilson et al., 1993~. Human observers may have some limited value during deployment.
|
From page 120... ...
population, the following major factors determine people's activities, locations, and to some extent, their exposures to pollutants: age, gender, occupation, socioeconomic status, season of the year and day of the week, and geographic region or country. For deployed military personnel, the strong determinants of activities and movements from one location to another are very different.
|
From page 121... ...
Combined with a miniaturized data logger, GPS could provide activity/location information useful for preventing acute exposures, as well as for estimating long-term exposure. In a deployed military setting, miniaturized video cameras in unmanned aerial vehicles could be used to confirm the presence or absence of personnel in high-risk locations or to estimate the time spent conducting high-exposure activities.
|
From page 122... ...
These data could be used to identify groups and individuals at higher risk of exposure either to industrial or environmental toxins for conducting retrospective exposure assessments to all types of harmful agents. At a minimum, these data would provide much-needed information on time spent indoors, outdoors, and in enclosed transport vehicles by various categories of deployed military personnel.
|
From page 123... ...
This would provide accurate baseline data on actual exposures of various military groups to toxic environmental and occupational VOCs. As a near-term alternative to the TIME device, a palm-sized data recorder could be used in conjunction with a GPS locator to record both the geographic location of the user (and the user's unit)
|
From page 124... ...
Predeployment information could be used to identify individuals whose prior exposures put them at higher risk from additional exposures during deployment, as well as to identify possible prior exposures to harmful agents that otherwise might be believed to have occurred during deployment. The postdeployment information would provide a concise record of major duties performed and the use of, or proximity to, possible or confirmed sources of pollutants.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.