Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U.S. Forces Detecting, Characterizing, and Documenting Exposures (2000) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B Harmful Properties of Chemical Agents
Appendix B Harmful Properties of Chemical Agents
Pages 161-183
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From page 161... ...
The estimates are not considered recommendations but suggest concentration levels that would define an all-clear. The AEL is the maximum chemical concentration of an agent in air that is safe for continuous exposure during an eight-hour work day (ERDEC, 1996~.
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From page 162... ...
not knob Sarin GB 100 (resting inhalation) 75 (restir 70 (mildly active inhalation)
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From page 163... ...
0.01 0.00001 3 0.01 0.00001 Similar to VX Similar to GB Similar to VX 13 0.06 0.0001 3 0.01 0.0001 2 0.01 0.00003 N/A Colorless to brown liquid Colorless gas Persistence ~ days Volatility 1/20 H2O Colorless liquid Colorless gas Persistence < GA Volatility ~ H2O Colorless liquid Colorless gas Persistence ~ days Volatility 1/20 H2O Colorless liquid Colorless gas Persistence ~ days Volatility ~ H2O Amber oily liquid Persistence ~ weeks to months Volatility 1/1500 H2O Amber oily liquid Persistence ~ VX Volatility 1/150 H2O Similar to GB Similar to VX 1,600 100 Colorless gas 0.33 Volatile/not persistent 0.002 1,600 100 Colorless oily liquid 0.3 Less volatile and more 0.002 persistent than CG Varies with concentration 150 Colorless liquid N/A Evaporates quickly 0.003 Rapid detoxification Highly volatile Not persistent Disperses rapidly in air 7,000 400 Colorless liquid 1.5 Evaporates quickly 0.008 Not persistent 2,500 200 Gas 0.5 Ignites easily 0.004 Not persistent
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From page 164... ...
164 STRATEGIES TO PROTECT THE HEALTH OF DEPLOYED U.S. FORCES TABLE B-2 Debilitating and Incapacitating Chemical Warfare Agents Median Exposure Median Lethal Exposure, ICt50 (ma Agent Code LCt50 (mg-min/m3 except where noted)
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From page 165... ...
50 Oily liquid 2,500 (dermal) 0.03 ~4-6 hour delay for effects 0.003 Longer than HD HD None established, assume 50 Yellow liquid similar to HD 0.03 Delayed action but not well 0.003 known More persistent than HD < 300 (eye injury)
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STRATEGES TO PROTECT THE HEALTH OF DEPLOYED U.S. FORCES Debilitating and Incapacitating Chemical Warfare Agents Agent Code Median Lethal Exposure, LCt50 (mg-min/m3 except where noted)
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From page 167... ...
N/A N/A Yellow powder in solution Persists up to 60 days Colorless, oily liquid Not persistent 112 N/A White crystalline solid 2 mg/m3 (inhalation threshold) Very persistent in soil and water
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From page 168... ...
Since then, nerve agents have been the main chemicals stockpiled as chemical weapons. The physiological symptoms associated with nerve agents begin seconds or minutes after skin contact or exposure to the vapors or aerosols of these compounds.
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From page 169... ...
s-3s Devices operated for "warning only'. cannot be used in combination with systems like the multipurpose integrated chemical alarm and IWARN to determine the spatial and temporal trends in agent concentrations essential information for determining the evolution of a threat or for confirming the absence of an agent.
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Military sternutator agents include diphenylchloroarsine, diphenylcyanoarsine, and adamsite. A summary description of vomiting agents is provided in Table B-2.
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These chemicals mimic or disrupt hormone signals and could be effective at very low doses. OTHER POTENTIALLY HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS Toxic Industrial Chemicals In addition to warfare agents, a large and growing number of potentially harmful chemical compounds can be found in or introduced into ~ ~ , ~ ~
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From page 172... ...
About 20 million chemical compounds have been identified; 80,000 industrially and commercially used chemicals, 600 pesticides, and 100 new chemicals being introduced each year (Chemical and Engineering News, 1999; GEO-CENTERS and Life Systems, 1997; NTP, 1999~. Not all of these are harmful chemicals.
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Potency a mg/m3 air Volatile Halogenated Hydrocarbons 56-23-5 carbon tetrachloride RfD 7E-4 0.13 0.02 mg/L RfC N/A 0.04 mg/m3 67-66-3 chloroform RfD 0.02 0.0061 0.7 mg/L RfC N/A 0.8 mg/m3 87-68-3 hexachlorobutadiene RfD N/A 0.078 0.6 mg/L RfC N/A 0.06 mg/m3 Alkenes 106-99-0 1,3-Butadiene RfD N/A 0.28 per N/A RfC N/A mg/m3 0.005 mg/m3 air risk Mono-Aromatic Hydrocarbons 71-43-2 benzene RfD N/A 0.029 oral 1.7 mg/L N/A 0.17 mg/m3 100-42-5 styrene RfD 0.2 N/A 7.0 mg/L RfC 1.0 1 mg/m3 108-88-3 toluene RfD 0.2 N/A 7 mg/L RfC 0.4 0.4 mg/m3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHS) 50-32-8 benzota~pyrene RfD N/A 7.3 oral 0.007 mg/L RfC N/A 0.0007 mg/m3 206-44-0 flouranthene RfD 0.04 None 1.4 mg/L RfC N/A N/A Halogenated Aromatics 108-90-7 chlorobenzene 106-46-7 1,4-dichlorobenzene 118-74-1 hexachlorobenzene RJD 0.02 RfC N/A RJD N/A RfC 0.8 RfD 0.0008 1.6 RfC N/A None None 0.7 mg/L N/A N/A 0.8 mg/m3 0.03 mg/L 0.003 mg/m3 Biphenyls and Halogenated Biphenyls 92-52-4 biphenyl RfD 0.05 None 2 mg/L RfC N/A N/A 1336-36-3 polychlorinated biphenyls RfD N/A 1 to 2 0.03 mg/L (aroclors)
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STRATEGES TO PROTECT THE HEALTH OF DEPLOYED U.S. FORCES Chemical Categories of Toxic Industrial Chemicals Corresponding RfD Concentrations (mg/kg/day)
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From page 175... ...
/day. It expresses the lifetime increase in cancer risk as a result of a unit increase in lifetime equivalent dose, expressed as mg/kg-d that is, the low-dose rate averaged over a lifetime.
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From page 176... ...
White phosphorus reacts rapidly with oxygen, easily catching fire at temperatures of only 4 to 8°C above room temperature. White phosphorus is used by the military in various types of ammunition and to produce smoke for concealing troop movements and identifying targets.
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From page 177... ...
It reaches water supplies and the soil through the disposal of sewage sludge and factory waste and from leakages from storage and waste sites. 1,4-dichlorobenzene This compound is a halogenated aromatic produced commercially by the direct chlorination of benzene in the liquid phase.
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From page 178... ...
About 70 percent of all arsenic consumed by industry is used in pesticides. Other uses include wood preservatives, glass manufacturing processes, alloys, electronics, catalysts, feed additives, and veterinary chemicals (Bodek et al., 1988~.
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From page 179... ...
Chlorpyrifos sticks tightly to soil particles, but because it does not mix well with water, it rarely enters local water systems. Dichlorvos Dichlorvos, a pesticide, is a sweetish smelling, dense, colorless liquid that mixes readily with water.
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It can accumulate in the fatty tissue of fish. Fuels Benzene Benzene, a mono-aromatic hydrocarbon, enters the atmosphere primarily from fugitive emissions and exhaust connected with its use in gasoline and as an industrial intermediate (WHO, 1982~.
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Vinyl chloride Viny chloride (VC) , a volatile halogenated hydrocarbon, is not known as a natural product but is commercially produced by halogenation of ethylene.
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From page 182... ...
1990. Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals.
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From page 183... ...
World Health Organization Environmental Health Criteria 50. Geneva: WHO/IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety)
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