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Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U.S. Forces Detecting, Characterizing, and Documenting Exposures (2000) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix E Detecting and Monitoring Biological Agents
Pages 212-224

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From page 212...
... Differential staining microscopic analyses are useful for segregating microorganisms into broad groups but cannot identify specific organisms. Differentiating target organisms from indigenous or background populations requires discriminating beyond the genus, species, and subspecies levels.
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From page 213...
... EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an enzyme reaction that amplifies specific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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From page 214...
... Hot detergent treatment, freeze-thaw, and bead mill homogenization have been used successfully to extract DNA from vegetative bacterial cells, endospores, and fungal conidia. Detection limits are affected by the physical condition and concentration of the target DNA, as well as by the presence and concentrations of background DNA in the reaction mixture.
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From page 215...
... With a combination of cell lysis, multiplex PCR amplification, and electrophoretic sizing on a monolithic microchip, amplified products were analyzed using a sieving medium for size separation and an intercalating dye for fluorescence detection. Electrophoretic analysis was accomplished in less than three minutes after PCR.
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From page 216...
... Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry can identify gene sequences not readable using gel electrophoresis.
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From page 217...
... Immunomagnetic separation and flow injection analysis with amperometric detection has advantages over enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) methods because only viable cells are measured rather than total bacterial concentrations, although detection limits can be high (105 cells/ml)
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From page 218...
... Interim Biological Agent Detector The interim biological agent detector (IBAD) is a point detector system used to detect background changes indicative of human-made biological warfare attacks.
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From page 219...
... Portal Shield Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration This program is being set up to demonstrate the military use of an air base/port biological detection capability and develop operating concepts for that capability. It is anticipated that the program will also demonstrate biological agent identification and will develop three increasingly automated systems.
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From page 220...
... Phosphor-Diode Laser Technology for Biological Agent Detection The goal of this project is to develop a new reporter material for biological agent identification and incorporate this technology into handheld and flow cytometer instruments. The approach uses submicron microspheres of upconverting phosphor material (upconversion is a two or three photon absorption process in the phosphor to produce emission frequencies in the visible region of the spectrum upon excitation with near-infrared light)
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From page 221...
... Spore-Specific Phosphorescence The focus of this research is on bacterial agents, especially on the spores of Bacillus anthracis and Clostridium botulinum. The objective is to investigate a novel technical approach involving the generation of bacterial spore-specific phosphorescence that would constitute a basis for detecting the viability and quantity of the bacterial spores of simulants of toxic biological agents (i.e., Bacillus anthracis and Clostridium botulinum)
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From page 222...
... IOM 1999. Chemical and Biological Terrorism Research and Development to Improve Civilian Medical Response.
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From page 223...
... 1998. A miniature analytical instrument for nucleic acids based on micromachined silicon reaction chambers.
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From page 224...
... 1998. Integrated cell isolation and polymerase chain reaction analysis using silicon microfilter chambers.
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Key Terms

  • flow cytometry
  • biological agents
  • biological agent
  • detection limits
  • biological detection

  • chain reaction
  • tandem mass
  • detection limit
  • immunomagnetic separation
  • polymerase chain

  • detect biological
  • target organisms
  • reaction chambers
  • integrated detection
  • agent identification

  • multiplex pcr
  • bacterial cells
  • flow injection
  • environmental microbiology
  • nucleic acids

  • applied environmental
  • detection capability
  • nucleic acid
  • biological integrated
  • trap tandem

  • marine corps
  • interim biological
  • threat agents
  • false alarms
  • situ hybridization


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