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From page 265... ... , 42, 53, 55-56, 57 Agent Orange, 43, 100 Air Force (U.S.) , 29 case studies, 117-120, 122-127, 153 definition of natural attenuation, 23 protocols, 213, 220, 223, 226-227, 229, 232, 234-235, 238, 239, 240, 241, 244, 245 American Indians, see Native Americans American Petroleum Institute, 33, 215, 230-231, 234-235 American Society for Testing and Materials, 33, 215, 229-230, 232, 234-235, 237-238, 240, 241 definition of natural attenuation, 23 Anaerobic processes, 74, 75, 84, 120, 127128, 152, 165, 194, 228, 231 case studies, 115, 117, 120, 127 halogenated aliphatic compounds, 93-98 Inclex hydrocarbons, 86, 87-90, 91, 93, 115, 117 inorganic compounds, 101, 103, 104, 105 Aqueous complexation, 23, 109-110, 135 Army Science Board, definition of natural attenuation, 23 Arsenic, 9, 69, 89, 103, 139 ATP, see Adenosine triphosphate ATSDR, see Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry B Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) Read the entire page →
From page 266... ... , 249, 251 source removal, 73, 74-76 state regulations, 16, 228-229, 232 TCA, 112, 123-127, 138, 152, 167, 245 TCE, 6, 32, 39, 42, 45, 48, 93, 94, 95, 97, 114, 120-127, 138, 151, 152, 153, 166-167, 170-171, 191-192, 227, 245 Chromium, 9, 69, 89, 102-103, 109 Citizen advisory committees, 56, 57 Citizen's Environmental Coalition, 33 Classification exception areas, 229, 233, 236 Coast Guard, case study, 115-117 Co-contaminants, 10 Cometabolism, 84, 171 Community advisory groups, 53-54, 56, 57 Community participation, 3-5, 14, 16-17, 37, 38, 48-61, 234-235 citizen advisory committees, 56, 57 community advisory groups, 53-54 cost of cleanups, 3, 24, 38, 39, 41, 53, 61 Department of Defense efforts, 4, 57-58, 60 documentation, 2-3, 5, 3841, 58, 61 economic factors, other than costs of cleanups, 41, 4546, 50, 233, 236 education of public, 49, 53, 55, 60-61, 232, 236, 247-248, 253 EPA efforts, 5, 50, 51, 56-57, 61, 233-235 funding for, 39, 57 Read the entire page →
From page 267... ... , 112, 120, 124, 126, 191 Dilution, 2, 22, 23, 34, 40, 221 community concerns, 38, 58 Diseases and disorders, see Health effects Dispersion, 22, 23, 40, 80-81, 78, 79, 114, 135, 180, 221 community concerns, 38 Dissolution reactions, see Precipitation and dissolution reactions DNA, 82-83 DNAPLs, see Dense nonaqueous-phase liquids Documentation, 1, 7, 10-12, 150, 207 case studies, 115, 117 community participation, 2-3, 5, 38-41, 58, 61 see also Models and modeling; Monitoring requirements; Protocols; Sampling Draft Guidelines: Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater, 228 Draft Region 4 Suggested Practices for Evaluation of a Site for Natural Attenuation (Biological Degradation) of Chlorinated Solvents, 223 Economic factors community concerns/participation, 41, 4546, 50, 233, 236 see also Cost factors; Funding Education and training professional, 55 protocols, 14-15, 17, 18, 226, 242, 245248, 254 public, 49, 53, 55, 60-61, 232, 236, 247248, 253 Read the entire page →
From page 268... ... reaction, 163-171 sampling approaches, 151,152 see also Plume factors Funding community participation, 39, 57 contingency plans, 39 see also Cost factors Geological Survey (U.S.) , 227 Guide for Remediation of Ground Water by Natural Attenuation at Petroleum Release Sites, 229-230 H Halogenated aliphatic compounds, 8, 68, 87, 93-98, 138 Halogenated aromatic compounds, 8, 68, 87, 98-100, 138 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Read the entire page →
From page 269... ... , 18-19, 34, 65-66, 88, 89, 90, 134-135, 137, 225-226 capping, 74 In Situ Bioremediation: When Does It Work? , 21 Interstate Technology Regulatory Cooperation Work Group, 246, 247, 249 Institutional controls community opinion/participation, 5, 39, 40, 50 269 protocols, 14, 216-217, 224, 229, 234, 236-237, 251 Intrinsic bioremediation, see Natural attenuation / intrinsic bioremediation, general L Landfills, 20, 21, 4243, 44, 48, 66, 68, 69, 201, 227 property values in vicinity of, 4546 Language factors, community participation, 5, 55 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 26, 29 Leaking underground storage tanks, 18, 26, 27-30, 69 community involvement, 53-54 monitoring of specific sites, 151 protocols, 18, 221, 250 Legislation, 1 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, see Superfund Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 18, 26, 27, 29, 50, 221, 249, 250, 253 Toxic Substances Control Act, 25 Uranium Mill Tailings Remediation Control Act, 27, 32 see also Regulatory issues; Superfund Light nonaqueous-phase liquids (LNAPLs) Read the entire page →
From page 270... ... , 21-22 National Environmental Justice Advisory Council, 55 National Ground Water Association, 246 National Stakeholders' Forum on Monitored Natural Attenuation, 41 Native Americans, 46 Natural attenuation/intrinsic bioremediation, general, 21 defined, 1, 21, 22, 23, 34, 3940 efficacy of, specific pollutants/ processes, 8-9 extent of, 1, 26-32 historical perspectives, 20, 21-22, 25, 26, 26-31, 32-33 Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater: Principles and Practices, 231 Navy (U.S.) protocols, 214, 220, 227-228, 232, 234235, 238, 240, 244 source removal, 72-73 New Jersey, 43, 215, 228-229, 233, 234-235, 236 Niagara Falls, New York, see Love Canal Nitroaromatic compounds, 8, 68, 88, 101, 138 Nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs) Read the entire page →
From page 271... ... , 71-72, 92, 128-131, 138, 153, 233, 251 Precipitation and dissolution reactions, 103, 105, 106, 107-109, 114, 133, 135 Property values, see Economic factors Protocolfor Monitoring Bioremediation in Groundwater, 229 Protocol for Monitoring Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater, 229 Protocols, 2, 13-19, 32-33, 204, 213-254, 258 Air Force, 213, 220, 223, 226-227, 229, 232, 234-235, 238, 239, 240, 241, 244, 245 American Petroleum Institute, 33, 215, 230-231, 234-235 American Society for Testing and Materials, 33, 215, 229-230, 232, 234-235, 237-238, 240, 241 biodegradation, general, 223-224, 228, 229 BTEX, 13, 221, 227-228 chlorinated solvents, general, 13, 16, 23, 214, 215, 219, 220, 222-244 (passim) , 249, 251 community involvement, 14, 16-17, 5556, 216, 217, 229, 232, 233, 234, 236-238, 247-248, 251, 252, 253 contingency plans, 16, 217, 218, 222, 234, 237-238, 251, 252 cost of training, 18, 254 criteria for appropriate, 216-220, 252 defined, 213 Department of Energy, 13, 214, 224-226, 232-233, 234-235, 242, 244, 251, 253 education and training, 14-15, 17, 18, 226, 242, 245-248, 254 engineered bioremediation, 240, 252 EPA, 15-18, 33, 214, 221-224, 226, 227, 230, 231, 232, 233, 236-244 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 272... ... , 18, 29 community participation, 50 leaking underground storage tanks, 18, 26, 27 protocols, 221, 249, 250, 253 Restoration advisory boards, 4, 57-58, 60 Rivers, 127-128, 153 s Sampling, 10, 11, 150, 174, 195, 230-231 case studies, 119, 120, 122, 129, 134 errors, 176, 181 footprints and, 151, 152 health effects, sample size, 45 Read the entire page →
From page 273... ... , 3, 18, 20, 21-22, 27, 29, 31 community concerns/participation, 3334, 42, 43, 50, 51-52, 60 health threats, 42-43 protocols, 221-222, 244, 249, 253 remedial process, steps involved, 51-52 state programs, 3, 27, 33-34, 43, 44 Superfund Community Relations Handbook, 50 Sustainability issues, 2,10, 13,14,17, 18, 73,97,103,104,106,165,172,201203, 205, 206, 208 protocols, 2,13, 14,17,18, 217, 219, 224, 226, 237, 239-240, 251-252, 253 see also Monitoring Sveso, Italy, 43 TCA, see Trichloroethane TCE, see Trichloroethene Technical Assistance for Public Participation, 57-58 Technical Guidelines for Evaluating Monitored Natural Attenuation, 227228 Technical Protocolfor Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Ground Water, 222-223 Technical Protocol for Implementing Intrinsic Remediation with Long-Term Monitoring for Natural Attenuation of Fuel Contamination in Groundwater, 226 Temporal factors, see Time factors Tetrachloroethene (PCE) , 68, 93, 95, 96-97, 114, 119-120, 227 Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDDAgent Orange) Read the entire page →
From page 274... ... , 32, 68, 101, 138 INDEX U Underground storage tanks, see Leaking underground storage tanks Uranium Mill Tailings Remediation Control Act, 27, 32 Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation at Superfund, RCRA Corrective Action, and Underground Storage Tank Sites, 221 U.S. Geological Survey, see Geological Survey (U.S.) Read the entire page →

From page 265...

... , 42, 53, 55-56, 57 Agent Orange, 43, 100 Air Force (U.S.) , 29 case studies, 117-120, 122-127, 153 definition of natural attenuation, 23 protocols, 213, 220, 223, 226-227, 229, 232, 234-235, 238, 239, 240, 241, 244, 245 American Indians, see Native Americans American Petroleum Institute, 33, 215, 230-231, 234-235 American Society for Testing and Materials, 33, 215, 229-230, 232, 234-235, 237-238, 240, 241 definition of natural attenuation, 23 Anaerobic processes, 74, 75, 84, 120, 127128, 152, 165, 194, 228, 231 case studies, 115, 117, 120, 127 halogenated aliphatic compounds, 93-98 Inclex hydrocarbons, 86, 87-90, 91, 93, 115, 117 inorganic compounds, 101, 103, 104, 105 Aqueous complexation, 23, 109-110, 135 Army Science Board, definition of natural attenuation, 23 Arsenic, 9, 69, 89, 103, 139 ATP, see Adenosine triphosphate ATSDR, see Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry B Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX)

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From page 266...

... , 249, 251 source removal, 73, 74-76 state regulations, 16, 228-229, 232 TCA, 112, 123-127, 138, 152, 167, 245 TCE, 6, 32, 39, 42, 45, 48, 93, 94, 95, 97, 114, 120-127, 138, 151, 152, 153, 166-167, 170-171, 191-192, 227, 245 Chromium, 9, 69, 89, 102-103, 109 Citizen advisory committees, 56, 57 Citizen's Environmental Coalition, 33 Classification exception areas, 229, 233, 236 Coast Guard, case study, 115-117 Co-contaminants, 10 Cometabolism, 84, 171 Community advisory groups, 53-54, 56, 57 Community participation, 3-5, 14, 16-17, 37, 38, 48-61, 234-235 citizen advisory committees, 56, 57 community advisory groups, 53-54 cost of cleanups, 3, 24, 38, 39, 41, 53, 61 Department of Defense efforts, 4, 57-58, 60 documentation, 2-3, 5, 3841, 58, 61 economic factors, other than costs of cleanups, 41, 4546, 50, 233, 236 education of public, 49, 53, 55, 60-61, 232, 236, 247-248, 253 EPA efforts, 5, 50, 51, 56-57, 61, 233-235 funding for, 39, 57

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From page 267...

... , 112, 120, 124, 126, 191 Dilution, 2, 22, 23, 34, 40, 221 community concerns, 38, 58 Diseases and disorders, see Health effects Dispersion, 22, 23, 40, 80-81, 78, 79, 114, 135, 180, 221 community concerns, 38 Dissolution reactions, see Precipitation and dissolution reactions DNA, 82-83 DNAPLs, see Dense nonaqueous-phase liquids Documentation, 1, 7, 10-12, 150, 207 case studies, 115, 117 community participation, 2-3, 5, 38-41, 58, 61 see also Models and modeling; Monitoring requirements; Protocols; Sampling Draft Guidelines: Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater, 228 Draft Region 4 Suggested Practices for Evaluation of a Site for Natural Attenuation (Biological Degradation) of Chlorinated Solvents, 223 Economic factors community concerns/participation, 41, 4546, 50, 233, 236 see also Cost factors; Funding Education and training professional, 55 protocols, 14-15, 17, 18, 226, 242, 245248, 254 public, 49, 53, 55, 60-61, 232, 236, 247248, 253

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From page 268...

... reaction, 163-171 sampling approaches, 151,152 see also Plume factors Funding community participation, 39, 57 contingency plans, 39 see also Cost factors Geological Survey (U.S.) , 227 Guide for Remediation of Ground Water by Natural Attenuation at Petroleum Release Sites, 229-230 H Halogenated aliphatic compounds, 8, 68, 87, 93-98, 138 Halogenated aromatic compounds, 8, 68, 87, 98-100, 138 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

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From page 269...

... , 18-19, 34, 65-66, 88, 89, 90, 134-135, 137, 225-226 capping, 74 In Situ Bioremediation: When Does It Work? , 21 Interstate Technology Regulatory Cooperation Work Group, 246, 247, 249 Institutional controls community opinion/participation, 5, 39, 40, 50 269 protocols, 14, 216-217, 224, 229, 234, 236-237, 251 Intrinsic bioremediation, see Natural attenuation / intrinsic bioremediation, general L Landfills, 20, 21, 4243, 44, 48, 66, 68, 69, 201, 227 property values in vicinity of, 4546 Language factors, community participation, 5, 55 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 26, 29 Leaking underground storage tanks, 18, 26, 27-30, 69 community involvement, 53-54 monitoring of specific sites, 151 protocols, 18, 221, 250 Legislation, 1 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, see Superfund Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 18, 26, 27, 29, 50, 221, 249, 250, 253 Toxic Substances Control Act, 25 Uranium Mill Tailings Remediation Control Act, 27, 32 see also Regulatory issues; Superfund Light nonaqueous-phase liquids (LNAPLs)

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From page 270...

... , 21-22 National Environmental Justice Advisory Council, 55 National Ground Water Association, 246 National Stakeholders' Forum on Monitored Natural Attenuation, 41 Native Americans, 46 Natural attenuation/intrinsic bioremediation, general, 21 defined, 1, 21, 22, 23, 34, 3940 efficacy of, specific pollutants/ processes, 8-9 extent of, 1, 26-32 historical perspectives, 20, 21-22, 25, 26, 26-31, 32-33 Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater: Principles and Practices, 231 Navy (U.S.) protocols, 214, 220, 227-228, 232, 234235, 238, 240, 244 source removal, 72-73 New Jersey, 43, 215, 228-229, 233, 234-235, 236 Niagara Falls, New York, see Love Canal Nitroaromatic compounds, 8, 68, 88, 101, 138 Nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs)

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From page 271...

... , 71-72, 92, 128-131, 138, 153, 233, 251 Precipitation and dissolution reactions, 103, 105, 106, 107-109, 114, 133, 135 Property values, see Economic factors Protocolfor Monitoring Bioremediation in Groundwater, 229 Protocol for Monitoring Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater, 229 Protocols, 2, 13-19, 32-33, 204, 213-254, 258 Air Force, 213, 220, 223, 226-227, 229, 232, 234-235, 238, 239, 240, 241, 244, 245 American Petroleum Institute, 33, 215, 230-231, 234-235 American Society for Testing and Materials, 33, 215, 229-230, 232, 234-235, 237-238, 240, 241 biodegradation, general, 223-224, 228, 229 BTEX, 13, 221, 227-228 chlorinated solvents, general, 13, 16, 23, 214, 215, 219, 220, 222-244 (passim) , 249, 251 community involvement, 14, 16-17, 5556, 216, 217, 229, 232, 233, 234, 236-238, 247-248, 251, 252, 253 contingency plans, 16, 217, 218, 222, 234, 237-238, 251, 252 cost of training, 18, 254 criteria for appropriate, 216-220, 252 defined, 213 Department of Energy, 13, 214, 224-226, 232-233, 234-235, 242, 244, 251, 253 education and training, 14-15, 17, 18, 226, 242, 245-248, 254 engineered bioremediation, 240, 252 EPA, 15-18, 33, 214, 221-224, 226, 227, 230, 231, 232, 233, 236-244 (passim)

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From page 272...

... , 18, 29 community participation, 50 leaking underground storage tanks, 18, 26, 27 protocols, 221, 249, 250, 253 Restoration advisory boards, 4, 57-58, 60 Rivers, 127-128, 153 s Sampling, 10, 11, 150, 174, 195, 230-231 case studies, 119, 120, 122, 129, 134 errors, 176, 181 footprints and, 151, 152 health effects, sample size, 45

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From page 273...

... , 3, 18, 20, 21-22, 27, 29, 31 community concerns/participation, 3334, 42, 43, 50, 51-52, 60 health threats, 42-43 protocols, 221-222, 244, 249, 253 remedial process, steps involved, 51-52 state programs, 3, 27, 33-34, 43, 44 Superfund Community Relations Handbook, 50 Sustainability issues, 2,10, 13,14,17, 18, 73,97,103,104,106,165,172,201203, 205, 206, 208 protocols, 2,13, 14,17,18, 217, 219, 224, 226, 237, 239-240, 251-252, 253 see also Monitoring Sveso, Italy, 43 TCA, see Trichloroethane TCE, see Trichloroethene Technical Assistance for Public Participation, 57-58 Technical Guidelines for Evaluating Monitored Natural Attenuation, 227228 Technical Protocolfor Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Ground Water, 222-223 Technical Protocol for Implementing Intrinsic Remediation with Long-Term Monitoring for Natural Attenuation of Fuel Contamination in Groundwater, 226 Temporal factors, see Time factors Tetrachloroethene (PCE) , 68, 93, 95, 96-97, 114, 119-120, 227 Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDDAgent Orange)

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From page 274...

... , 32, 68, 101, 138 INDEX U Underground storage tanks, see Leaking underground storage tanks Uranium Mill Tailings Remediation Control Act, 27, 32 Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation at Superfund, RCRA Corrective Action, and Underground Storage Tank Sites, 221 U.S. Geological Survey, see Geological Survey (U.S.)

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Index Pages 265-274

Index
Pages 265-274