Incorporating Science, Economics, and Sociology in Developing Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards in International Trade Proceedings of a Conference (2000) / Chapter Skim
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1 Historical and Social Science Perspectives on the Role of Risk Assessment and Science in Protecting the Domestic Economy: Some Background
1 Historical and Social Science Perspectives on the Role of Risk Assessment and Science in Protecting the Domestic Economy: Some Background
Pages 23-30
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From page 23... ...
The search for understanding the perspectives of other disciplines can in particular be hard intellectual work. Both our students and the public deserve the best we can give them from multidisciplinary collaboration.
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The easily observable benefits of international trade are the expansion of consumer choices and the reduction in prices of goods and services it brings. An important example of this occurred when the United States was flooded with imports of automobiles from Japan.
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For example, prior to the North American Free Trade Agreement, the United States had a nontariff barrier on imports of fruits and vegetables from Mexico to the effect that any trace of soil on the imports was grounds for a barrier to importation. How were consumers to know that the issue was whether "night soil" (human waste)
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A study done by the North Central Farm Management Committee in the 1950s showed that beef producers, for example, tended to have a greater taste for economic risk than producers of commodities such as the grains, for which price stabilizing government programs were in effect (Halter, 1961~. Similarly, corurnon observation tells us that many people are willing to gamble at unfair odds, which means that they are willing to take the risk even though they know the chances are good that they will lose.
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Similarly, even the assumptions behind the statistical analysis can lead to bias in the analysis. For example, the assumption of the null hypothesis as used in risk analysis contains an implicit bias because it places a greater burden of proof on those who would avoid or limit a hazardous activity, presuming these activities are safe until proven otherwise.
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The emerging environmental justice movement in the United States is beginning to give them more attention. More detail on environmental justice can be found in the Institute of Medicine publication, Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs (1999~.
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These are the groups who tend to be most disadvantaged by the rise in food prices associated with the realignment of currency values and other reforms that were such an important part of the policy reforms. A remaining challenge is to design domestic labor adjustment policies that are politically acceptable and which help displaced workers shift to alternative employment.
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Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC (National Research Council)
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