Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research 1983 Report (1983) / Chapter Skim
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4. Behavioral Sciences
4. Behavioral Sciences
Pages 88-116
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From page 88... ...
.. Clinical behavioral science Ph.D.s are faring better than the nonclinical ones, apparently because of the additional opportunity for sel.f-emplogment as .
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From page 89... ...
The Committee's solution was to call for redirection of the federal training programs from one which emphasized predoctoral training to one which emphasized postdoctoral training. The recommended ratio of federally-supported training positions in the behavioral sciences was ultimately to be 30 percent predoctoral and 70 percent postdoctoral.
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From page 90... ...
However, it is recommended that this change should be implemented gradually and at essentially a constant level of federal funding in FY 1976, FY 1977, and FY 1978, in order to minimize the dislocations that could otherwise occur for both programs and personnel. Because of the greater cost of postdoctoral training, this shift will mean significant reduction in the number of behavioral science investigators trained with federal funds during the 3-year period; however, the change is expected to enhance the quality of both the programs and the trainees....
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From page 91... ...
behavioral scientists differ in some important respects from those that-are found in the biomedical sciences generally. The major differences arise from the fact that psychologists, who constitute the bulk of the behavioral science doctoral output, have open to them the possibility of independent practice in the broad areas of clinical and counseling psychology.
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From page 92... ...
Entering at the far left are 5,300 students (path A) , who having earned baccalaureate degrees in psychology and other social science disciplines, decided to pursue doctoral study in the behavioral sciences.
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From page 93... ...
Nonclinical fields are sociology, anthropology, and nonclinical psychology fields.
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From page 94... ...
No estimates have been made for immigration, emigration, or reentry into the labor force. Movement between clinical and nonclinical specialties within the behavioral sciences is treated as field switching in the above figure but it was not in Figure 4.1.
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From page 97... ...
production reflects the same general pattern that prevails in most other parts of the behavioral science area -- up in the clinical fields and down in the nonclinical ones. In terms of total behavioral Ph.D.
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From page 98... ...
c~ ° 10 c~ ~ 5 m z o Pri VAtP : ~ 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 FI SCAL YEAR (b) Ph.D.s employed in clinical behavioral science fields at colleges and universities.
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From page 99... ...
degrees awarded in nonclinical behavioral science fields. FIGURE 4.4 Behavioral science postdoctoral appointments and awarded Ph.D.
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From page 100... ...
. 150 125 100 75 50 All School s Public Schools Private Schools 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 PI SCAL YEAR FIGURE 4.5 Behavioral science R & D expenditures in colleges and universities, by control of institution, 1 960-80 (1 972 $, millions)
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From page 101... ...
Since then that percentage has steadily increased -- by 1981 it was almost 75 percent (Table 4.3~. So either the growth in academic employment of behavioral science Ph.D.s has been at the expense of non-Ph.D.s, or many non-Ph.D.s have attained their doctorate degree while academically employed during the last 15 years.
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From page 102... ...
Although graduate enrollment is only 10 percent of the total behavioral science enrollment, its growth pattern over the past 10 years has been roughly parallel to the growth in academic employment. It is possible that increasing graduate enrollments have created accompanying academic vacancies for people to teach them.
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From page 103... ...
To implement this projection procedure, therefore, we must formulate high, middle, and low assumptions about enrollment patterns and future F/S levels. For analysis purposes, the faculty/student ratio will be constructed as F/WS defined as follows: F = Ph.D.s employed by academic institutions in behavioral science fields (excluding postdoctoral trainees)
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From page 104... ...
See Appendix Table C1. Projections of Academic Demand to ~ 988 The combination of three estimates of enrollment growth together with three estimates of the 1988 F/WS level provides nine estimates of academic employment of behavioral science Ph.D.S in 1988 as shown in Table 4.4.
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From page 105... ...
t`O,lUUJ 744? ~;~` 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 FI SCAL YEAR FIGURE 4.8 Ph.D.s employed in all behavioral science fields at colleges and universities, by control of institution, 1962-81, with projections to 1988.
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From page 106... ...
through 1988 Annual growth rate in F from 1980 to 1988 2.8% 0.2% -2.8% Average annual increment due lo faculty expansion 850 70 - 710 Annual replacement needs due to:b death and retirement 310 280 250 other attrition 1,180 1,060 940 Expected number of academic positions to become available annually for behavioral Ph.D.s 2,340 1,410 480 C. Will decline to 550,000 students Expected size of behavioral science faculty (F) in 1988 31,000 25,400 19.700 by 1988 Annual growth rate in F from 1980 to 1988 1.5% - 1.0% - .1% Average annual increment due to faculty expansion 430 - 280 -980 Annual replacement needs due to:b death and retirement 290 260 240 other attrition 1,110 1,010 900 Expected number of academic positions to become available annually for behavioral Ph.D.s 1,830 990 160 aFaculty is defined in this table as all academically employed Ph.D.s, excluding postdoctoral appointees.
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From page 107... ...
Size of behavioral science postdoctoral pool annual average Size needed to meet academic demand assuming a 2-yr. training period and portion of trainees seeking academic positions is: 1,080 a.
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From page 108... ...
Line 3 indicates the size of the behavioral science postdoctoral pool required to supply the necessary number of individuals with postdoctoral training under certain assumptions about the length of the postdoctoral training period and the proportion of the pool seeking academic employment. If the appropriate length of postdoctoral training is 2 years, then the pool size needed to produce 350 trained scientists per year would be 700.
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From page 109... ...
Leaving academic employment between 1979 and 1981 in the behavioral sciences to: N To of Academic Employment a. nonacademic employment 664 2.5 b.
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From page 110... ...
The implications of this trend with regard to need for federal training support in the behavioral sciences rest, in part, on whether or not the movement toward nonacademic employment represents an appreciable decline in the fraction of behavioral scientists involved in research. To address this issue a detailed analysis has been made of 1973-81 trends in the employment situations of behavioral science Ph.D.
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From page 111... ...
recipients in nonclinical fields have been generally higher than the rates for clinical gradm test These findings are consistent with the committee's impression that the employment prospects for those trained in clinical areas have been much better than the prospects for other behavioral science graduates. Further evidence of this may be discerned from an examination of the field-switching patterns of recent graduates.
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From page 112... ...
.. PH.D.S IN CLINICAL FIELDS Total Entrants 1,793 100.0 2,051 100.0 2,427 100.0 2,621 100.0 2,936 100.0 Academic Sector 547 30.5 604 29.4 752 31.0 585 22.3 750 25.5 Faculty Positions 441 24.6 477 23.3 590 24.3 229 8.7 519 17.7 Postdoctorals 9 0.5 26 1.3 15 0.6 24 0.9 12 0.4 Other Staffa 97 5.4 101 4.9 147 6.1 332 12.7 219 7.5 Nonacademic Sectors 1,211 67.5 1,437 70.1 1,634 67.3 1,956 74.6 2,186 74.5 Research Positionsb n/a n/a 268 13.1 237 9.8 217 8.3 155 5.3 Other Staff Positions n/a n/a 1,169 57.0 1,397 57.6 1,739 66.3 2,031 69.2 Unemployed and Seeking Position 35 2.0 10 0.5 41 1.7 80 3.1 0 0.0 PH.D.S IN NONCLINICAL FIELDS Total Entrants 3,569 100.0 4,236 100.0 4,479 100.0 4,786 100.0 4,627 100.0 Academic Sector 2,727 76.4 3,059 72.2 3,004 67.1 3,212 67.1 2,757 59.6 Faculty Positions 2,387 66.9 2,425 57.2 2,146 47.9 2,212 46.2 1,578 34.1 Postdoctorals 97 2.7 284 6.7 286 6.4 385 8.0 433 9.4 Other Staffa 243 6.8 350 8.3 572 12.8 615 12.8 746 16.1 Nonacademic Sectors 786 22.0 1,106 26.1 1,294 28.9 1,408 29.4 1,761 38.1 Research Positionsb n/a n/a 702 16.6 695 15.5 519 10.8 976 21.1 Other Staff Positions n/a n/a 404 9.5 599 13.4 889 18.6 785 17.0 Unemployed and Seeking Position 56 1.6 71 1.7 181 4.0 166 3.5 109 2.4 aIncludes individuals employed in academic positions that were not considered faculty (tenure track)
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From page 113... ...
Consequently, undergraduate students now contemplating research careers in the behavioral sciences are not likely to be looking for jobs until the early l990s. Although we are reasonably confident about our short-term projections of academic demand, the long-term outlook is much more difficult to quantify.
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From page 114... ...
Long-term attrition estimates must consider the age distribution of the total Ph.D. labor force of behavioral scientists.
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From page 115... ...
Between 1992 and 2001, a total of 11,000 behavioral Ph.D.s are likely to be lost through attrition due to death and retirement, compared with 6,900 in the preceding 10-year span. This substantial rise in attrition is likely to occur during a period when a diminishing number of individuals will be receiving doctorates in the behavioral sciences.
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From page 116... ...
awards in the behavioral sciences occurs will depend on a variety of factors such as the availability of financial support for graduate study, the average time it takes students to finish their doctoral programs, and other factors affecting the Completion rate" for first-year graduate students in the behavioral sciences. If, for example, past trends continue and a decreasing fraction of the graduate students currently enrolled complete work for the Ph.D., the decline in doctoral awards may be even greater than projected.
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