Microbial Status and Genetic Evaluation of Mice and Rats Proceedings of the 1999 US/Japan Conference (2000) / Chapter Skim
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International Harmonization of Laboratory Animals
International Harmonization of Laboratory Animals
Pages 85-96
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From page 85... ...
Therefore, use of inbred animals generates better stability and reproducibility of results than closed colony animals in all types of animal experiments. Experiments also typically require fewer numbers of these animals, which is an important advantage with respect to animal welfare.
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From page 86... ...
As explained subsequently in Genetic Test Method for Genetic Composition, genetic control of hybrids is easy, and it is possible to produce hybrid colonies with a high degree of reproducibility. Hybrids are considered appropriate for animal experiments because they generally show excellent reproductivity and good health, which compensate for the defects of their inbred parent strains such as low productivity due to inbreeding degeneration and various physiologic and biochemical defects caused by mutant genes.
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From page 87... ...
Unfortunately, however, we have had no time to evaluate the effects of genetic backgrounds of inbred animals on various genes, and we do not know whether such evaluations are worthwhile at this time. INTERNATIONAL HARMONIZATION OF LABORATORY ANIMALS At present, international harmonization of data from animal experiments is being promoted by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH)
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From page 88... ...
Using genetic testing before genetic monitoring, it is possible to determine the genotypes of individual inbred strains with accuracy. It is also possible to differentiate one strain from another based on whether all animals in a strain have particular genes at the gene loci or whether genotype information for several gene loci is present.
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From page 90... ...
9o MICROBIA:L STATUS AND GENEIIC E:VA:LUATION OF MICE AND RATS TABLE 1 Gene Frequencies of 21 Biochemical Markers in Six Closed Colonies 2 Ahd2 3 Ahdc b b c a b 4 Akpl a b 5 Alpl a 6 Amyl a 7 Esl a 8 Es2 9 Es3 10 Es4 11 Es6 12 Es7 13 Es8 14 Es9 c a b c d a b c d c' b c a b a b c 15 EslO a b 16 Esl4 a b 17 Fhl 18 Gc 19 Hbb 20 Mupl 2 1 Svpl Locus Allele Jcl:Wistar Crj:Wistar Iar:Wistar 1 Aconl a 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.1830 0.0000 0.0000 0.8170 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 l.OOQO 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.7000 1.0000 0.9670 0.3000 0.0000 0.0330 0.0000 1.0000 0.9170 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.5420 0.0000 0.0830 0.4580 0.3330 0~9170 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.4250 0.0000 0.0000 0.2330 0.6670 0.0830 0.3420 0.0000 0.0000 0.5420 1.0000 1.0000 0.4580 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.5520 1.0000 0.0000 0.4480 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.9170 0.4330 1.0000 0.0830 0.5670 1.0000 0.8330 0.5670 0.0000 0.1670 0.4330 1.0000 0.9170 0.5670 0.0000 0.083Q 0.4330 1.0000 1.0000 0.7330 0.0000 0.0000 0.2670 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.3170 0.7830 0.0000 0.6830 0.2170 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.5670 1.0000 0.0000 0.4330 0.0000 a b a b ab a b Cl Jcl:SD CrJ~.SD Donryu 0.9580 0.5670 0.0000 0.0420 0.4330 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9020 1.0000 0.0000 0~0980 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.6500 1.0000 0.0000 0.3500 0.0000 0.1920 Q.3750 1.0000 0.0000 0.1670 0.0000 0.8080 0.4580 0.0000 0.7670 0.3080 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1670 0.0000 0.5920 0~0670 0-6920 0.4080 0-2920 0~3920 0~9500 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.4670 0.0000 0.0000 0-2420 0.6080 060500 0.1580 0.0000 0.0000 0.8420 1.0000 0.1420 0.0000 0.0000 0.8580 0.4330 0.6670 1.0000 0.5670 0.3330 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.2330 0.7170 0.1330 0-7670 0~2830 0.8670 0.7650 O.2830 0.9150 0.2350 0.7170 0.0850 0.7830 0.2850 0.9170 0.2170 0.7150 0.0830 0.0000 0.5830 1.0000 1.0000 0.4170 0.0000 0.0250 0.0000 1.0000 0.9750 1.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 O.0000 0.42SO 0.0000 l.QOOO 0.5750 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0350 0.9420 1.0000 0.9650 0.0580 0.4000 0.7170 1.0000 0.6000 0.2830 0.0000
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From page 91... ...
. Genetic test method for genetic composition Genetic testing may be performed using the methods applied by the ICLAS Monitoring Center.
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From page 92... ...
The genotype frequency and gene frequency can be estimated from Mendel' s law. As in F2 colonies, the same high level of genetic diversity among individual animals in the colony is present, and the genetic diversity is even greater than that of F2 because there are three parent strains.
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From page 93... ...
I' ,' ~ ~s9,,-ff it' ~ r~' a! at' I_ : Multicross Hybrid (by the 4-9 cross)
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From page 95... ...
I have attempted to explain that these problems cannot be solved by looking only at closed colonies and that it is necessary to reflect on the laboratory animals currently used in animal experiments. Finally, from an overall evaluation of closed colony problems, it is clear that these problems are not problems of the animals themselves but problems related to utilization and production, that is, human problems.
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From page 96... ...
which procedures to use to confirm the genetic quality of laboratory animals. Finally, in animal experiments (especially safety studies)
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