Appendix C
Appendix C presents data from a complete literature survey of data on human milk composition conducted by Margaret C. Neville (University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, personal communication, 1990). References were included if they presented data for milk composition by actual duration of lactation, but the data vary in accuracy. Nutrients included are those analyzed by Dr. Neville and colleagues.
TABLE C-1 Summary of Composition Data for Macronutrients of Human Milk. Data compiled by Neville, University of Colorado, personal communication, 1990
|
Days Post Partum |
Reference |
|||||||
Nutrient, Analytic Method |
21 |
30 |
45 |
60 |
90 |
120 |
150 |
180 |
|
Lactose, mmol/liter |
|||||||||
NRa |
200 |
200 |
202 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Hytten, 1954 |
NR |
NR |
225 |
NR |
222 |
227 |
227 |
227 |
227 |
Prentice et al., 1983 |
''Agricultural method" |
NR |
199 |
NR |
199 |
200 |
203 |
197 |
200 |
Nagra, 1989 |
Colorimetric |
NR |
223 |
NR |
226 |
225 |
232 |
242 |
234 |
Brown et al., 1986 |
Enzymatic |
156 |
137 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Hibberd et al., 1982 |
Enzymatic, lactase by Somgyi |
NR |
206 |
NR |
211 |
222 |
223 |
223 |
227 |
Dewey and Lönnerdal, 1983 |
β-galactosidase, then glucose |
NR |
205 |
193 |
213 |
234 |
205 |
208 |
213 |
Morriss et al., 19 86 |
Folin |
NR |
205 |
NR |
211 |
225 |
222 |
222 |
222 |
Kader et al., 1972 |
Gas chromatography |
210 |
202 |
196 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Lemons et al., 1982 |
Hartmann and Kulski, 1978 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
225 |
NR |
NR |
206 |
Saint et al., 1986 |
HPLCb |
NR |
178 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Butte and Calloway, 1981 |
Method of Conetta on Technicon |
NR |
205 |
NR |
NR |
214 |
NR |
223 |
NR |
Lönnerdal et al., 1976 |
Technicon |
NR |
208 |
212 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Gross et al., 1980 |
Technicon |
199 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Gross et al., 1981 |
YSI analyzer |
NR |
189 |
NR |
192 |
194 |
195 |
NR |
NR |
Butte et al., 1984 |
YSI analyzer |
177 |
NR |
182 |
NR |
188 |
NR |
NR |
191 |
Neville, University of Colorado, personal communication, 1990 |
Protein, g/dl |
|||||||||
NR |
NR |
1.30 |
NR |
1.09 |
1.05 |
1.02 |
1.03 |
1.04 |
Prentice et al., 1983 |
"Agricultural method" |
NR |
1.05 |
NR |
0.99 |
1.01 |
0.99 |
0.98 |
1.01 |
Nagra, 1989 |
BCAc assay with human milk standard |
1.20 |
NR |
1.09 |
NR |
0.94 |
NR |
NR |
1.00 |
Neville, University of Colorado, personal communication, 1990 |
Biuret |
NR |
1.30 |
NR |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.30 |
0.95 |
0.90 |
Lauber and Reinhardt, 1979 |
Kjeldahl |
1.23 |
0.97 |
0.93 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Hytten, 1954 |
Kjeldahl |
NR |
0.73 |
NR |
NR |
0.76 |
NR |
0.71 |
NR |
Lönnerdal et al., 1976 |
Kjeldahl with TCAd precipitation |
NR |
1.52 |
1.42 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Gross et al., 1980 |
Kjeldahl with TCA precipitation |
1.60 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Gross et al., 1981 |
Kjeldahl with TCA precipitation |
1.18 |
1.10 |
1.22 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Lemons et al., 1982 |
Kjeldahl with TCA precipitation |
NR |
1.00 |
NR |
0.89 |
0.84 |
0.82 |
NR |
NR |
Butte et al., 1984 |
Microkjeldahl |
NR |
1.03 |
NR |
1.10 |
0.99 |
0.88 |
0.91 |
0.82 |
Kader et al., 1972 |
Lowry |
1.51 |
1.50 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Hibberd et al., 1982 |
Lowry with albumin standard |
NR |
1.44 |
NR |
1.33 |
1.32 |
1.30 |
1.25 |
1.27 |
Dewey and Lönnerdal, 1983 |
Lowry |
1.41 |
NR |
1.10 |
NR |
NR |
0.85 |
NR |
NR |
Duncan et al., 1983 |
Lowry |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
1.09 |
NR |
NR |
1.21 |
Saint et al., 1986 |
Lipid, g/dl |
|||||||||
NR |
4.0 |
3.0 |
3.3 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Hytten, 1954 |
"Agricultural method" |
NR |
3.6 |
NR |
3.7 |
3.6 |
3.7 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
Nagra, 1989 |
Creamatocrit, Folch extraction |
NR |
4.2 |
NR |
3.7 |
3.7 |
3.3 |
3.3 |
3.4 |
Prentice et al., 1983 |
Creamatocrit |
NR |
3.6 |
NR |
NR |
3.7 |
NR |
3.2 |
NR |
Jackson et al., 1988 |
Creamatocrit, Folch extraction |
4.7 |
NR |
5.3 |
NR |
4.2 |
NR |
NR |
5.6 |
Neville, University of Colorado, personal communication, 1990 |
Modified Folch extraction |
NR |
4.1 |
NR |
4.6 |
5.2 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Clark et al., 1982 |
|
Days Post Partum |
Reference |
|||||||
Nutrient, Analytic Method |
21 |
30 |
45 |
60 |
90 |
120 |
150 |
180 |
|
Gravimetric |
NR |
3.1 |
NR |
3.0 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
2.7 |
Brown et al., 1986 |
Enzymatic analysis |
3.9 |
4.0 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Hibberd et al., 1982 |
Enzymatic for triglycerides (Worthington) |
NR |
4.0 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Butte and Calloway, 1981 |
Gravimetric |
NR |
2.7 |
NR |
2.5 |
2.3 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
Lauber and Reinhardt, 1981 |
Gravimetric |
NR |
4.0 |
4.5 |
4.8 |
4.2 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Butte et al., 1984 |
Gravimetric |
NR |
3.6 |
NR |
3.4 |
3.2 |
3.5 |
NR |
NR |
Butte et al., 1984 |
Roese-Gottlieb |
NR |
3.9 |
4.0 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Gross et al., 1980 |
Roese-Gottlieb |
3.0 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Gross et al., 1981 |
Sulfuric acid-vanillin |
3.0 |
3.1 |
3.5 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Lemons et al., 1982 |
Sulfuric acid-vanillin |
NR |
4.9 |
NR |
4.6 |
4.6 |
4.6 |
4.4 |
4.3 |
Dewey and Lönnerdal, 1983 |
Sodium, mmol/liter |
|||||||||
Ashed, flame emission |
NR |
10.0 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Atkinson et al., 1980 |
Dry-ash, atomic absorption |
NR |
6.8 |
6.1 |
5.4 |
6.2 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Butte et al., 1984 |
Special ashing, atomic absorption |
NR |
6.6 |
NR |
NR |
5.3 |
5.5 |
NR |
NR |
Picciano et al., 1981 |
Flame emission |
NR |
9.3 |
NR |
10.9 |
7.6 |
7.2 |
6.8 |
5.5 |
Dewey and Lönnerdal, 1983 |
Flame photometry |
NR |
10.8 |
8.5 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Gross et al., 1980 |
Flame photometry |
10.0 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Gross et al., 1981 |
Flame photometry |
6.8 |
7.0 |
7.1 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Lemons et al., 1982 |
Flame photometry |
7.3 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
4.8 |
NR |
Morriss et al., 1986 |
Ion selective electrode |
9.2 |
NR |
7.2 |
NR |
6.3 |
NR |
NR |
6.0 |
Neville, University of Colorado, personal communication, 1990 |
Potassium, mmol/liter |
|||||||||
Atomic absorption |
13.6 |
13.6 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Hibberd et al., 1982 |
Dry-ash, atomic absorption |
NR |
15.0 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Atkinson et al., 1980 |
Special ashing, atomic absorption |
NR |
11.9 |
NR |
10.9 |
10.4 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Picciano et al., 1981 |
Flame photometry |
NR |
15.8 |
15.0 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Gross et al., 1980 |
Flame photometry |
14.0 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Gross et al., 1981 |
Flame photometry |
13.9 |
13.0 |
13.6 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Lemons et al., 1982 |
Flame photometry |
17.1 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
12.8 |
NR |
Morriss et al., 1986 |
Flame emission photometry |
NR |
13.2 |
NR |
12.0 |
11.8 |
11.6 |
11.5 |
10.8 |
Dewey and Lönnerdal, 1983 |
Ion selective electrode |
16.2 |
NR |
15.1 |
NR |
13.9 |
NR |
NR |
13.9 |
Neville, University of Colorado, personal communication, 1990 |
Chloride, mmol/liter |
|||||||||
Ashing, then chloride electrode |
NR |
12.0 |
NR |
11.7 |
11.9 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Picciano et al., 1981 |
Colorimetric |
NR |
15.2 |
13.1 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Gross et al., 1980 |
Colorimetric |
15.4 |
NR |
13.9 |
NR |
11.6 |
NR |
14.0 |
NR |
Neville, University of Colorado, personal communication, 1990 |
Electrometric titration |
NR |
12.0 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Atkinson et al., 1980 |
Electrometric titration |
10.5 |
10.5 |
11.3 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Lemons et al., 1982 |
Electrometric titration |
11.8 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
10.5 |
NR |
Morriss et al., 1986 |
Calcium, mmol/liter |
|||||||||
"Agricultural method" |
NR |
7.50 |
NR |
7.67 |
7.77 |
7.60 |
7.85 |
8.00 |
Nagra, 1989 |
Ashing, atomic absorption |
NR |
6.80 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Atkinson et al., 1980 |
Ashed, atomic absorption |
6.63 |
6.20 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Gross et al., 1980 |
Dry ashing, atomic absorption |
NR |
NR |
6.40 |
NR |
NR |
5.88 |
NR |
NR |
Vaughn et al., 1979 |
Dry ashing, atomic absorption |
NR |
6.33 |
6.65 |
6.43 |
6.48 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Butte et al., 1984 |
Atomic absorption |
NR |
7.24 |
NR |
7.31 |
7.14 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Picciano et al., 1981 |
Atomic absorption |
6.48 |
NR |
6.85 |
NR |
6.72 |
NR |
NR |
6.23 |
Greer et al., 1982 |
Atomic absorption |
NR |
6.50 |
NR |
6.85 |
6.72 |
6.35 |
6.18 |
6.38 |
Dewey and Lönnerdal, 1983 |
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