National Academies Press: OpenBook

Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid (2021)

Chapter: Front Matter

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25991.
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BRINGING

FUSION

TO THE U.S. GRID

Committee on the Key Goals and Innovations Needed for a U.S. Fusion Pilot Plant

Board on Physics and Astronomy

Board on Energy and Environmental Systems

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board

Division on Earth and Life Studies

National Academy of Engineering Office of Programs

A Consensus Study Report of

images

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25991.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001

This study is based on work supported by Contract DE-SC0020922 with the Department of Energy. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any agency or organization that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-68538-2
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-68538-9
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25991

Copies of this publication are available free of charge from

Board on Physics and Astronomy
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
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Washington, DC 20001

Additional copies of this publication are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.

Copyright 2021 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25991.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25991.
×

Image

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president.

The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.

The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.

Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25991.
×

Image

Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.

Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies.

For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.national academies.org/about/whatwedo.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25991.
×

COMMITTEE ON THE KEY GOALS AND INNOVATIONS NEEDED FOR A U.S. FUSION PILOT PLANT

RICHARD J. HAWRYLUK, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Chair

BRENDA L. GARCIA-DIAZ, Savannah River National Laboratory

GERALD L. KULCINSKI, NAE,1 University of Wisconsin, Madison

KATHRYN A. MCCARTHY, NAE, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

PER F. PETERSON, NAE, University of California, Berkeley

JEFFREY P. QUINTENZ, TechSource, Inc.

WANDA REDER, NAE, Grid-X Partners, LLC

DAVID ROOP, NAE, DWR Associates, LLC

PHILIP SNYDER, General Atomics

JENNIFER L. ULHE, Nuclear Energy Institute

DENNIS G. WHYTE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

BRIAN D. WIRTH, University of Tennessee

Staff

CHRISTOPHER J. JONES, Senior Program Officer, Board on Physics and Astronomy, Study Director

NEERAJ P. GORKHALY, Associate Program Officer, Board on Physics and Astronomy

CATHERINE WISE, Associate Program Officer, Board on Energy and Environmental Systems

AMISHA JINANDRA, Associate Program Officer, Board on Physics and Astronomy

MEG KNEMEYER, Financial Officer

RADAKA LIGHTFOOT, Senior Financial Assistant

LINDA WALKER, Program Coordinator, Board on Physics and Astronomy

COLLEEN N. HARTMAN, Director, Board on Physics and Astronomy (from April 2021)

JAMES C. LANCASTER, Director, Board on Physics and Astronomy (until April 2021)

K. JOHN HOLMES, Director, Board on Energy and Environmental Systems

CHARLES FERGUSON, Director, Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board

ALTON D. ROMIG, JR., Executive Officer, National Academy of Engineering

___________________

1 Member, National Academy of Engineering.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25991.
×

BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY

ANDREW LANKFORD, University of California, Irvine, Chair

WILLIAM BIALEK, NAS,1 Princeton University

JILL DAHLBURG, Naval Research Laboratory

LOUIS DIMAURO, Ohio State University

FRANCIS DESALVO, Cornell University

WENDY FREEDMAN, NAS, University of Chicago

TIM HECKMAN, NAS, Johns Hopkins University

WENDELL HILL III, University of Maryland

ALAN HURD, Los Alamos National Laboratory

NERGIS MAVALVALA, NAS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

LYMAN PAGE, JR., NAS, Princeton University

STEVEN RITZ, University of California, Santa Cruz

SUNIL SINHA, University of California, San Diego

WILLIAM A. ZAJC, Columbia University

Staff

COLLEEN N. HARTMAN, Director (from April 2021)

JAMES C. LANCASTER, Director (until April 2021)

GREGORY MACK, Senior Program Officer

CHRISTOPHER J. JONES, Senior Program Officer

NEERAJ P. GORKHALY, Associate Program Officer

AMISHA JINANDRA, Associate Program Officer

MEG KNEMEYER, Financial Officer

RADAKA LIGHTFOOT, Senior Financial Assistant

LINDA WALKER, Program Coordinator

___________________

1 Member, National Academy of Sciences.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25991.
×

BOARD ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

JARED COHON, NAE,1 Carnegie Mellon University, Chair

VICKY BAILEY, Anderson Stratton Enterprises, LLC

CARLA BAILO, Center for Automotive Research

DEEPAKRAJ DIVAN, NAE, Georgia Institute of Technology

MARCIUS EXTAVOUR, XPRIZE

T.J. GLAUTHIER, TJG Energy Associates, LLC

PAULA GLOVER, Alliance to Save Energy

NAT GOLDHABER, Claremont Creek Ventures

DENISE GRAY, LG Chem Michigan, Inc.

JOHN KASSAKIAN, NAE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

BARBARA KATES-GARNICK, Tufts University

ARATI PRABHAKAR, NAE, Actuate

JOSÉ SANTIESTEBAN, NAE, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company (retired)

ALEXANDER SLOCUM, NAE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

GORDON VAN WELIE, NAE, ISO New England Inc.

DAVID VICTOR, University of California San Diego

JOHN WALL, NAE, Cummins, Inc. (retired)

ROBERT WEISENMILLER, California Energy Commission (retired)

JETTA WONG, JLW Advising

Staff

K. JOHN HOLMES, Director/Scholar

ELIZABETH ZEITLER, Associate Director

BRENT HEARD, Program Officer

KASIA KORNECKI, Program Officer

CATHERINE WISE, Associate Program Officer

REBECCA DEBOER, Research Assistant

HEATHER LOZOWSKI, Financial Manager

JASMINE VICTORIA BRYANT, Program Assistant

JAMES ZUCCHETTO, Senior Scientist

___________________

1 Member, National Academy of Engineering.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25991.
×

NUCLEAR AND RADIATION STUDIES BOARD

WILLIAM H. TOBEY, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Chair

JAMES A. BRINK, Massachusetts General Hospital, Vice Chair

SALLY A. AMUNDSON, Columbia University

STEVEN M. BECKER, Old Dominion University

AMY BERRINGTON DE GONZÁLEZ, National Cancer Institute

MADELYN R. CREEDON, George Washington University

SHAHEEN A. DEWJI, Georgia Institute of Technology

PAUL T. DICKMAN, Argonne National Laboratory

STEPAN KALMYKOV, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

ALLISON M. MACFARLANE, University of British Columbia, Vancouver

ELEANOR MELAMED, U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration (retired)

PER PETERSON, NAE, University of California, Berkeley

R. JULIAN PRESTON, Environmental Protection Agency

MONICA C. REGALBUTO, Idaho National Laboratory

HENRY D. ROYAL, Washington University School of Medicine

Staff

CHARLES D. FERGUSON, Director

JENNIFER HEIMBERG, Senior Program Officer

MICHAEL T. JANICKE, Senior Program Officer

OURANIA KOSTI, Senior Program Officer

LAURA D. LLANOS, Financial Business Partner

DARLENE GROS, Senior Program Assistant

LESLIE BEAUCHAMP, Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25991.
×

Acknowledgment of Reviewers

This Consensus Study Report was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Bradley (Brad) J. Adams, Southern Nuclear Operating Company,

Anjan Bose, NAE,1 Washington State University,

Sandra Brereton, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,

Ian Chapman, UK Atomic Energy Authority,

Andrew Holland, Fusion Industry Association,

Paul W. Humrickhouse, Idaho National Laboratory,

Richard J. Kurtz, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,

Alan J. Lindenmoyer, Lindenmoyer Aerospace Services, LLC,

William (Bill) Shingler, Fluor Government Group,

Anne E. Smith, NERA Economic Consulting, and

Tina M. Taylor, Electric Power Research Institute.

___________________

1 Member, National Academy of Engineering.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25991.
×

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations of this report nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this report was overseen by C. Paul Robinson, NAE, Sandia National Laboratories (retired), and Steven J. Zinkle, NAE, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. They were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with the standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Academies.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25991.
×

Preface

The combination of scientific progress in fusion and the changing electrical landscape in the United States has motivated this study to examine the key goals and innovations needed to build a fusion pilot plant. The 2019 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report of the Committee on a Strategic Plan for U.S. Burning Plasma Research described the progress in fusion and developed a strategic plan to guide implementation of its two main recommendations:

  • First, the United States should remain an ITER partner as the most cost-effective way to gain experience with a burning plasma at the scale of a power plant.
  • Second, the United States should start a national program of accompanying research and technology leading to the construction of a compact pilot plant that produces electricity from fusion at the lowest possible capital cost.1

The second recommendation motivated, in part, this study. The other motivation is associated by the changes in the electrical industry due to the ongoing transition to low-carbon and non-carbon emission technologies that has resulted in increased fusion funding from private investors. A consensus is building across

___________________

1 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2019, Final Report of the Committee on a Strategic Plan for U.S. Burning Plasma Research, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/25331, p. 1.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25991.
×

the country that the nation needs to establish a low-carbon emission energy mix by 2050, and utilities are using an inclusive strategy to achieve this goal. A pilot plant is a major step on the pathway to commercialization. While it is not necessary for a fusion pilot plant to demonstrate all aspects of a first-of-a-kind commercial power plant, it must enable an understanding of material issues, including estimated replacement frequency and waste disposal, safety considerations, environmental considerations, etc., prior to construction of a commercial first-of-a-kind facility. Furthermore, the combination of experience with constructing the pilot plant and operating it should provide the developers of fusion power plants and the owner/ operators with the information needed to assess the economic attractiveness and the role of fusion in the marketplace. Thus, the pilot plant needs to address the scientific and technological issues to produce electricity and to identify a pathway to an attractive energy source.

The Department of Energy (DOE) requested that the National Academies address the following:

  • In developing and carrying out a plan for building a Pilot Plant, key goals need to be established for all critical aspects of the Pilot Plant. Identify those key goals, independent of confinement concept, which a Pilot Plant must demonstrate during each of its anticipated phases of operation.
  • List the principal innovations needed for the private sector to address, perhaps in concert with efforts by DOE, to meet the key goals identified in the first bullet.

In response to this request, the Committee on the Key Goals and Innovations Needed for a U.S. Fusion Pilot Plant was established. The committee’s statement of task is given in Appendix A. The committee was asked to consider the phases of operation in considering the key goals and was encouraged “to seek input from potential ‘future owners’ of power plants, such as electric utility companies, and potential manufacturers of fusion power plant components.”

In support of the Statement of Task, the time duration for committee deliberations was compressed to about 3 months from the first organizational meeting to issuing a draft report for review. This committee conducted all of its meetings virtually due to the pandemic. The fusion community was able to participate as observers in the open meetings when external speakers and panelists met with the committee. This report represents the consensus of the committee after four open meetings (see Appendix B for the meeting agendas) and weekly or more frequent meetings. The first two open meetings included representatives from DOE, including Chris Fall, Scott Hsu, John Mandrekas, Gene Nardella, and James W. Van Dam, and with congressional aides including Adam Rosenberg and Hillary O’Brian, who provided insight into the context of the study. Also, Michael Mauel, the co-

Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25991.
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chair of the Committee on a Strategic Plan for U.S. Burning Plasma Research, described the 2019 report. Two days of panel discussions were held with leaders and subject-matter experts in the following areas: licensing, including Marc Nichol, Bill Reckley, and Gary Becker; power plant owners and operator interest, including Brad Adams, Dave Christian, Ralph Izzo, and Tina Taylor; developers of fusion power plants, including Michl Binderbauer, Mike Delage, Andrew Holland, David Kingham, Bob Mumgaard, and Brian Nelson; universities, including Jean Paul Allain, Saskia Mordijck, John Sarff, and George Tynan; component manufacturers, including Muhammad Fahmy, Alexander Molodyk, Bill Shingler, and Tony Taylor; and national laboratories, including Dave Babineau, Steven C. Cowley, Corey McDaniel, and Mickey R. Wade. We are very grateful for everyone who took time away from their busy schedules to present to the committee and answer our questions. The discussions were very interesting and valuable to the committee.

During the committee’s study, we received encouragement and support from many individuals to whom we are indebted; these include James W. Van Dam of DOE’s Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, Scott Hsu of ARPA-E, Jill Dahlberg as a member of the Board on Physics and Astronomy (BPA), and James Lancaster, director of the BPA.

On a more personal note, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to all members of the committee for their dedicated efforts in preparing this report under a tight timeline despite other major responsibilities. I would also like to express our appreciation to the staff of the National Academies, particularly to Christopher Jones, for his advice and support through all phases of this project and making the impossible happen.

Richard J. Hawryluk, Chair
Committee on the Key Goals and Innovations
Needed for a U.S. Fusion Pilot Plant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25991.
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Fusion energy offers the prospect of addressing the nation's energy needs and contributing to the transition to a low-carbon emission electrical generation infrastructure. Technology and research results from U.S. investments in the major fusion burning plasma experiment known as ITER, coupled with a strong foundation of research funded by the Department of Energy (DOE), position the United States to begin planning for its first fusion pilot plant. Strong interest from the private sector is an additional motivating factor, as the process of decarbonizing and modernizing the nation's electric infrastructure accelerates and companies seek to lead the way.

At the request of DOE, Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid builds upon the work of the 2019 report Final Report of the Committee on a Strategic Plan for U.S. Burning Plasma Research to identify the key goals and innovations - independent of confinement concept - that are needed to support the development of a U.S. fusion pilot plant that can serve as a model for producing electricity at the lowest possible capital cost.

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