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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the panel responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
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Copyright 1996 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL NEEDS IN MARITIME TECHNOLOGY
JOHN M. STEWART (chair)
McKinsey & Company, Inc., New York, New York
GERALD J. BLASKO,
Newport News Shipbuilding, Newport News, Virginia
EDWARD J. CAMPBELL,
NAE, Case Industries (retired), Racine, Wisconsin
JOSEPH J. CUNEO,
Marinex International Inc., Hastings-on-Hudson, New York
ARTHUR J. HASKELL,
Matson Navigation Company (retired), Oakland, California
HAROLD C. HEINZE,
Alaska Petroleum Contractors, Talkeetna, Alaska
GEORGE H. KUPER,
Council of Great Lakes Industries, Ann Arbor, Michigan
HENRY S. MARCUS,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
T. FRANCIS OGILVIE,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
IRENE C. PEDEN,
NAE, University of Washington (retired), Seattle
RICHARD W. THORPE,
Kværner Masa Marine Inc., Annapolis, Maryland
JOHN S. TUCKER,
National Steel and Shipbuilding Company, San Diego, California
RICHARD H. WHITE,
Institute for Defense Analysis, Arlington, Virginia
Liaison Representatives
ANDY DALLAS,
Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia
JAMES A. FEIN,
Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia
PAUL B. MENTZ,
Maritime Administration, Washington, D.C.
THOMAS L. NEYHART,
Maritime Administration, Arlington, Virginia
ROBERT W. SCHAFFRAN,
Advanced Research Projects Agency, Arlington, Virginia
CHARLES E. STUART,
Advanced Research Projects Agency, Arlington, Virginia
ALBERT J. TUCKER,
Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia
ROD VULOVIC,
Sea-Land Service, Inc., Elizabeth, New Jersey
Staff
ROBERT A. SIELSKI, Project Officer
DELPHINE D. GLAZE, Administrative Assistant
ANN COVALT, Editorial Consultant
CATHY BROWN, Editor
MARINE BOARD
RICHARD J. SEYMOUR (chair)
Texas A&M University and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
BERNARD J. ABRAHAMSSON,
University of Wisconsin, Superior
JERRY A. ASPLAND,
ARCO Marine, Inc., Long Beach, California
ANNE D. AYLWARD,
Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Milton, Massachusetts
MARK Y. BERMAN,
Amoco Corporation, Houston, Texas
BROCK B. BERNSTEIN,
EcoAnalysis, Ojai, California
JOHN W. BOYLSTON,
Argent Marine Operations, Inc., Solomons, Maryland
SARAH CHASIS,
Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., New York, New York
CHRYSSOSTOMOS CHRYSSOSTOMIDIS,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
BILIANA CICIN-SAIN,
University of Delaware, Newark
JAMES M. COLEMAN,
NAE, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
BILLY L. EDGE,
Texas A&M University, College Station
MARTHA GRABOWSKI,
LeMoyne College and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Cazenovia, New York
M. ELISABETH PATÉ-CORNELL,
Stanford University, Stanford, California
DONALD W. PRITCHARD,
NAE, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Severna Park, Maryland
STEPHANIE R. THORNTON,
Coastal Resources Center, San Francisco, California
KARL K. TUREKIAN,
NAS, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
ROD VULOVIC,
Sea-Land Service, Inc., Elizabeth, New Jersey
E. G. "SKIP" Ward,
Shell Offshore, Inc., Houston, Texas
ALAN G. YOUNG,
Fugro-McClelland BV, Houston, Texas
Staff
CHARLES A. BOOKMAN, director
DONALD W. PERKINS, associate director
DORIS C. HOLMES, staff associate
Acknowledgments
The committee gratefully acknowledges the contributions of time and information provided by the many persons who addressed the committee, including: Howard M. Bunch, University of Michigan; Ian Cuckneil, Braemar Developments LTD.; David P. Donohue, The Jonathan Corporation; James A. Fein, Office of Naval Research; Jose Femenia, Jr., State University of New York Maritime College; Albert Herberger, Maritime Administration; J.F. Hillman, Colton and Associates; John Goodman, National Council of Economic Advisors; John Kaskin, Office of Naval Operations; Zelvin Levine, Maritime Administration; William W. Lewis, McKinsey Global Institute; Michael McGrath, Advanced Research Projects Agency; Paul Mentz, Maritime Administration; Thomas Neyhart, Maritime Administration; Robert F. O'Neill, American Waterways Shipyard Conference; Frank Peterson, Office of Naval Research; Charles Piersall, AMADIS, Inc.; Nils Salvesen, Science Applications International Corporation; Paul A. Schneider, Naval Sea Systems Command; Robert W. Schaffran, Advanced Research Projects Agency; Rod Vulovic, Sea-Land Service, Inc.; and Raymond A. Yagle, University of Michigan.
The following persons addressed the Workshop on the Role of Technology in Shipbuilding: Torben Andersen, Odense Steel Shipyard Ltd., Denmark; Joachim Brodda, Bremer Vulcan AG, Germany; Michael Cecere, Naval Sea Systems Command; David H. Hill, General Motors (ret.); Thomas Lamb, Textron Marine and Land Systems; Kai Levander, Kværner Masa Yards Technology, Finland; Chris Lloyd, Kockums Computer Systems Ltd; David L. Luck, General Electric; Anthony Manchinu, Total Transportation Systems Inc.; Ronnal Reichard, Structural Composites Inc.; George Sawyer, Sperry Marine; Bruce R.
Scott, Harvard Business School; Richard G. Woodhead, Shipkits International, England.
The following additional persons participated in the Workshop on the Role of Technology in Shipbuilding: Eugene Aspuru, Avondale Industries Inc.; Joseph A. Byrne, Maritime Administration; Stephen S. Clarey, National Steel & Shipbuilding Company; Tim J.V. Colton, Colton and Company; Andy Dallas, Advanced Research Projects Agency; Thomas H. Doussan, Avondale Industries Inc.; Roger Eshelman, Newport News Shipbuilding; Richard Goldbach, Metro Machine; Jon Grunning, Kockums Computer Systems AB, Sweden; H. T. Haller, Maritime Administration; Norman O. Hammer, Maritime Administration; Thomas W. Harrelson, Maritime Administration; Zelvin Levine, Maritime Administration; Thomas Lockwood, MARITECH; Phillip Nuss, Trinity Marine Group; Ellsworth Peterson, Peterson Builders Inc.; Bård Rasmussen, Kockums Computer Systems AB, Sweden; Todd Ripley, Maritime Administration.
The following persons participated in the workshop on Education in Naval Architecture: Michael Bernitsas, University of Michigan; Margaret D. Blum, Maritime Administration; David Billington, Princeton University, Board on Engineering Education; Francis M. Cagliari, Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers; James J. Conti, Webb Institute; Robert Holzman, U.S. Coast Guard; Robert Latorre, University of New Orleans; Peter Majumdar, Office of Naval Research; Joseph A. Schetz, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Frederick Seibold, Maritime Administration; Stephen E. Sharpe, U.S. Coast Guard; Ronald Yeung, University of California, Berkeley.
The following shipyard executives met with members of the committee: Albert L. Bossier, Jr., Thomas H. Doussan, Eugene J. Aspuru, Avondale Industries; Duane B. Fitzgerald, Gerard F. Lamb, Bath Iron Works Corporation; and Richard H. Voortman, Alfred W. Lutter, Jr., Stephen H. Streifer, National Steel and Shipbuilding Company.
Preface
The U.S. shipbuilding industry is at a turning point. Two decades ago the industry produced ships for both commercial and military markets. In the 1980s, the industry designed and built the world's most advanced naval capability in response to the U.S. Navy's goal of a 600-ship fleet. U.S. shipbuilders came to excel in producing complex, high-quality naval vessels. Yet commercial markets were left to foreign shipbuilders whose governments provided handsome subsidy support in the shipbuilding arena. Recently, dramatic declines in U.S. defense spending are forcing many large U.S. shipbuilders to translate their skills once again from military to commercial markets if they are to thrive or, in some cases, simply survive.
Congress and the Clinton administration have shown increasing concern about the industry's health as a matter of both military and economic security. In response to the National Defense Authorization Act of 1993, the administration developed "a comprehensive plan to enable and ensure that domestic shipyards can compete effectively in the international shipbuilding market." In this plan, Strengthening America's Shipyards, the president called for a major national initiative in shipbuilding, with the goal of assisting the efforts of the nation's shipyards to make a successful transition from military to commercial shipbuilding—a competitive industry in a truly competitive marketplace.
Accordingly, the U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the Office of Naval Research requested that the National Research Council, through the Marine Board, study the role of technology in renewing the U.S. shipbuilding industry and the health of the research, education, and training infrastructure that supports shipbuilding. The U.S. Maritime Administration also supported this study.
To address this charge, a Marine Board committee was formed representing broad expertise in ship design, shipbuilding, ship operations, systems engineering, manufacturing technology, education in naval architecture and marine engineering, technology policy, research and technology management, and economics. National Research Council procedures to ensure balance on the committee were followed. Appendix A presents short biographies of committee members.
The study used several methods to obtain a wide range of additional expert views. Three working papers were commissioned, two on technology application in U.S. and foreign shipbuilding (one primarily a literature search) and a third on naval architecture and marine engineering education. Over the course of the study, two workshops were also held, one on technology application in shipbuilding and one on naval architecture and marine engineering education.1 The National Research Council Board on Engineering Education contributed to the study, notably by participating in the education workshop. In addition, the committee was briefed by numerous representatives of government agencies, shipowners, shipbuilders, educators, and managers of technology. Finally, committee members consulted with the heads of several major U.S. shipbuilding companies in addition to providing their own extensive experience with U.S. and foreign yards. Appendix B details the additional sources of information, including a full list of briefings to the committee.
The committee and the Marine Board hope this report will be useful to a number of audiences. Beyond the study's sponsors, Advanced Research Projects Agency and Office of Naval Research, these audiences are policymakers and technical experts associated with interested public and private agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard and Maritime Administration; shipyards and shipowners; educators; and others in the marine and shipbuilding communities. The report is a potential road map for shipyard revitalization to maintain a shipbuilding base for defense purposes in a time of declining naval construction.
Tables and Figures
Tables
Table 1-1 |
U.S. Builders of Large Oceangoing Ships by Work Force Size |
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Table 1-2 |
Global Market Segments for Commercial Ships |
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Table 1-3 |
Difficulty of U.S. Entry to Selected Segments of the International Shipbuilding Market |
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Table 2-1 |
Ship Design and Product Technologies |
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Table 2-2 |
Priorities for Technology Investment |
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Table 3-1 |
MARITECH and TRP Projects, by Primary Technology Area |
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Table 3-2 |
MARITECH and TRP Projects, by Both Primary and Secondary Technology Areas |
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Table 3-3 |
MANTECH Projects, by Primary Technology Area |
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Table 3-4 |
MANTECH Projects, by Both Primary and Secondary Technology Areas |
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Table 4-1 |
Schools of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering |
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Table 4-2 |
Fields of Study, Enrollment, and Degrees Awarded, by School |
Figures