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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to enlist distinguished members of the appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. In this, the Institute acts under both the Academy's 1863 congressional charter responsibility to be an adviser to the federal government and its own initiative in identifying issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
This report presents a summary of activities of the Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR) and its Subcommittee on Body Composition, Nutrition, and Health of Military Women (BCNH) from December 1, 1994, through May 31, 1999. All of the activities mentioned here have resulted in reports that were previously published or submitted as letter reports to the sponsor and as such were reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. This activities summary has not been separately reviewed and represents an overview of all activities during the project period as designated.
The activities of the Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR) from December 1, 1994, through May 31, 1999, were supported by grant DAMD17-94-J-4046 from the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command. The activities of the Subcommittee on Body Composition, Nutrition, and Health of Military Women (BCNH) from August 15, 1995 to September 30, 1998, were supported by grant DAMD17-95-1-5037 from the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command. A separate report on the activities of the BCNH Subcommittee was submitted in June 1998.
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COMMITTEE ON MILITARY NUTRITION RESEARCH (in December 1994)
ROBERT O. NESHEIM (Chair),
Salinas, California
RICHARD L. ATKINSON,
Departments of Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison
WILLIAM R. BEISEL,
Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
GAIL E. BUTTERFIELD,
Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
JOHN D. FERNSTROM,
Department of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
JOËL A. GRINKER,
Program in Human Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
G. RICHARD JANSEN,
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
ORVILLE A. LEVANDER,
Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland
GILBERT A. LEVEILLE,
Nabisco Brands Incorporated, East Hanover, New Jersey
JOHN E. VANDERVEEN,
Office of Plant and Dairy Foods and Beverages, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C.
Food and Nutrition Board Liaison
JOHANNA T. DWYER,
Frances Stem Nutrition Center and Department of Medicine, Tufts University and New England Medical Center Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
U.S. Army Grant Officer Representative
JAMES A. VOGEL,
U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
Staff
BERNADETTE M. MARRIOTT, Program Director
DONNA F. ALLEN, Project Assistant
SUSAN M. KNASIAK, Project Assistant
COMMITTEE ON MILITARY NUTRITION RESEARCH (Current)
JOHN E. VANDERVEEN (Chair),
Rockville, Maryland
LAWRENCE E. ARMSTRONG,
Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology, and Exercise Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs
GAIL E. BUTTERFIELD,
Nutrition Studies, Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System and Program in Human Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
WANDA L. CHENOWETH,
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing
JOHN D. FERNSTROM,
Department of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
ROBIN B. KANAREY,
Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
ORVILLE A. LEVANDEK,
Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland
ESTHER M. STERNBERG, Chief,
Neuroendocrine Immunology and Behavior Section, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Food and Nutrition Board Liaison
JOHANNA T. DWYER,
Frances Stern Nutrition Center, New England Medical Center Hospital and Departments of Medicine and Community Health, Tufts Medical School and School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, Massachusetts
U.S. Army Grant Officer Representative
LTC KARL E. FRIEDL,
Military Operational Medicine Program, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
Staff
MARY I. POOS (from May 23, 1998), Study Director
MARIZA SILVA (from August 31, 1998), Senior Project Assistant
FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD (in December 1994)
JANET C. KING (Chair),
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley
EDWIN L. BIERMAN (Vice Chair),
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
JOHN W. ERDMAN, JR. (Vice Chair),
Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana
CUTBERTO GARZA (Vice Chair),
Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
PERRY L. ADKISSON,
Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station
LINDSAY H. ALLEN,
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis
DENNIS M. BIER,
Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
FERGUS M. CLYDESDALE,
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
HECTOR F. DeLUCA,
Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison
MICHAEL P. DOYLE,
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens
JOHANNA T. DWYER,
Frances Stern Nutrition Center and Department of Medicine, Tufts University and New England Medical Center Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
SCOTT M. GRUNDY,
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
K. MICHAEL HAMBIDGE,
Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver
LAURENCE N. KOLONEL,
Epidemiology Program, Cancer Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu
SANFORD A. MILLER,
Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
ALFRED SOMMER,
The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
VERNON R. YOUNG,
Laboratory of Human Nutrition, School of Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
STEVE L. TAYLOR (Ex-Officio),
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
ARTHUR H. RUBENSTEIN (IOM Council Liaison),
Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Illinois
FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD (Current)
CUTBERTO GARZA (Chair),
Division of Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
JOHN W. ERDMAN, JR. (Vice Chair),
Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
LINDSAY H. ALLEN,
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis
BENJAMIN CABALLERO,
Center for Human Nutrition, The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
FERGUS M. CLYDESDALE,
Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
ROBERT J. COUSINS,
Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville
JOHANNA T. DWYER,
Frances Stern Nutrition Center, New England Medical Center Hospital and Departments of Medicine and Community Health, Tufts Medical School and School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, Massachusetts
SCOTT M. GRUNDY,
Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
CHARLES H. HENNEKENS,
Harvard Medical School and Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
SANFORD A. MILLER,
Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
ROSS L. PRENTICE,
Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
A. CATHARINE ROSS,
Department of Nutrition, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park
ROBERT E. SMITH,
R. E. Smith Consulting, Inc., Newport, Vermont
VIRGINIA A. STALLINGS,
Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
VERNON R. YOUNG,
Laboratory of Human Nutrition, School of Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
STEVE L. TAYLOR (Ex-Officio),
Department of Food Science and Technology and Food Processing Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Staff
ALLISON A. YATES, Director
GAIL E. SPEARS, Administrative Assistant
GARY WALKER, Financial Associate
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Preface
The issues addressed in this report as well as in the previous activity report, Committee on Military Nutrition Research Activity Report April 1, 1992–November 30, 1994 (IOM, 1994a), illustrate the diversity of activities addressed by the Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR, the committee). This diversity has required the use of a broad range of expertise to respond to the issues brought to the CMNR. The range of scientific disciplines represented on the CMNR has been augmented as necessary through the use of workshops or special advisors to enable the CMNR to bring the degree and breadth of expertise necessary to properly respond to the subject under review. The committee has been pleased with and is very appreciative of the willing participation of the invited participants in these sessions and of their provision of written papers, which have constituted a major part of the CMNR reports. Many of these workshops have included experts from within the military who have shared their research activities and information. They have been excellent representatives of the quality of research conducted by the military on many of these problems.
The military is to be commended for continuing to ensure that the nutritional needs of its personnel are adequately met during the stress of military operations through its support of nutrition and related research. There has also been interest and support for modifications of rations of military personnel consistent with the advice provided by the nutrition and public health leadership in the United States. The CMNR is cognizant of the desire to balance long-term health considerations with the demands of maintaining performance under the environmental extremes of military operations.
The ability of operational rations to help sustain military performance has been the subject of CMNR review since 1982. Field studies have shown nutrient intake, other than calories, is sufficient to maintain the weight and performance of troops in the field. Complex interactions involving palatability of the ration
components, convenience, fluid intake, socialization, and physical and psychological stresses that influence the consumption of operational rations are discussed in the publication, Not Eating Enough, Overcoming Underconsumption of Operational Rations (IOM, 1995a). Further evaluation of these complex factors are reviewed in the reports, Military Strategies for Sustainment of Nutrition and Immune Function in the Field (IOM, 1999b), The Role of Protein and Amino Acids in Sustaining and Enhancing Performance (IOM, 1999c), and the letter report on Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress in Military Personnel (February 12, 1999) and will undoubtedly continue to be of interest to the military and the CMNR.
We appreciate the close working relationships with James A. Vogel, who is now retired; Harris R. Lieberman, who replaced him at the Military Nutrition Division (currently the Military Nutrition and Biochemistry Division) at the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine; and LTC Karl E. Friedl of the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command for the excellent liaison they have provided between the military and the committee. They greatly assisted the work of the committee by bringing issues forward for consideration and helping to identify expertise familiar with these problems, particularly from within the Armed Forces.
As chair, I express my deep appreciation to all of the committee members past (Richard L. Atkinson, William R. Beisel, Joël A. Grinker, G. Richard Jansen, Gilbert A. Leveille, Douglas W. Wilmore) and present who have given their time, dedication, and expertise to the careful analysis of the issues and to developing the conclusions and recommendations of the committee. I would especially like to thank Dr. Robert O. Nesheim, who retired as Chair of the committee in June 1998, for providing the strong and thoughtful leadership for CMNR since its inception in 1982. He is a hard act to follow. I also thank all participants in the many workshops who have greatly aided our activities and assured that the appropriate expertise has been available to the committee.
Finally, I wish to express my appreciation to the staff of the Food and Nutrition Board assigned to this activity over the past 5 years. In particular I acknowledge for myself and the entire committee the outstanding support presently provided to this activity by Mary I. Poos, study director and Mariza Silva, project assistant. I also extend my sincere appreciation to Rebecca B. Costello, former study director; Bernadette M. Marriott, former study director; Sydne J. Carlson-Newberry, former program officer; Susan M. Knasiak-Raley, former research assistant; Melissa L. Van Doren, former project assistant; and Donna F. Allen, former project assistant. They have worked with extreme dedication to update and complete publication of several pending CMNR reports and to assure a timely response to the issues currently under consideration by the committee.
JOHN E. VANDERVEEN, Ph.D.
CHAIR