International Perspectives
THE FUTURE OF NONHUMAN PRIMATE RESOURCES
PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP HELD APRIL 17–19, 2002
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Grant No. RR11611 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Institutes of Health. Other contributions were from GlaxoSmithKline, Association of Primate Veterinarians, and Pfizer. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
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INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: THE FUTURE OF NONHUMAN PRIMATE RESOURCES PROGRAM COMMITTEE
John L VandeBerg, PhD (Chair),
Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas
Christian R. Abee, DVM,
University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
Janet C. Gonder, DVM, PhD, Consultant,
Pinehurst, North Carolina
Hilton J. Klein, VMD,
Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
William R. Morton, VMD,
Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Emilie F. Rissman, PhD,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
William S. Stokes, DVM,
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
John G. Vandenbergh, PhD,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
Staff
Joanne Zurlo, PhD, Director,
Institute for Laboratory Animal Research
Charlotte Kirk Baer, MS, Director,
Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources
Marsha Barrett, Project Assistant
Kathleen Beil, Administrative Assistant
Jennifer Obernier, Program Officer
Susan Vaupel, Editor
INSTITUTE FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
Peter A. Ward (Chair),
Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Stephen W. Barthold,
Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
Rosemary W. Elliott,
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
Michael F. Festing,
MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Janet C. Gonder,
Pinehurst, North Carolina
Coenraad F.M. Hendriksen,
Central Animal Laboratories, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
Jay R. Kaplan,
Department of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Hilton J. Klein,
Department of Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
William Morton,
Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Randall J. Nelson,
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
Emilie F. Rissman,
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
Lilly-Marlene Russow,
Department of Philosophy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
William S. Stokes,
Animal and Alternative Resources, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Michael K. Stoskopf,
College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
Thomas Wolfle,
Cambridge, Maryland
Staff
Joanne Zurlo, Director
Marsha Barrett, Senior Project Assistant
Kathleen Beil, Administrative Assistant
Ralph Dell, Associate Director
Jennifer Obernier, Study Director
Susan Vaupel, Managing Editor,
ILAR Journal
Preface
Nonhuman primates (NHP) continue to play an important role in the research of many human diseases such as malaria and AIDS. As long as NHP are needed for biomedical research, it is essential that suppliers, users and transporters of these animals work together to establish the best standards of characterization and maintenance to ensure that they are treated humanely, used efficiently and that data obtained from experiments on NHP are scientifically useful. Indeed, the harmonization of standards for NHP should allow for effective reproducibility among laboratories throughout the world. In addition, since NHP resources are limited, it is necessary to ensure that adequate conservation practices are considered, and that the quality of the animals used for research is high.
Characterization of the genetics of NHP promises to provide valuable information that may impact the potential use of some species for certain types of studies. For example, with the escalating use of rhesus macaques for AIDS research, it has become important to further characterize the genetic basis of lentiviral infections. In addition, since NHP are used as models for human diseases, knowledge of the genetics will assist researchers in recognizing homology between NHP and human genes as well as give insights into how interindividual variability can contribute to prediction of risk for certain diseases.
The microbiological status of NHP is also critical to research outcomes in these animals as well as to the occupational health and safety of those who work with them. Increased efforts have been initiated to create
specific pathogen-free (SPF) macaque research colonies that have been selectively screened for important simian viruses. In addition to SPF colonies, international standardization of assays utilized for virological assessment of NHP must be addressed.
Finally, there is a crisis with regard to transportation of NHP. Most national and international airline carriers now refuse to transport NHP and, consequently, research and breeding institutions in the United States have had to rely on one of the Chinese carriers for this purpose. In addition to the dearth of transportation sources, there are duplications of national and international regulations for international transport of research animals that must be addressed with the expectations that recommendations for consolidation will be sought.
All of these issues concern scientists, veterinarians and funding authorities from countries that are major users of nonhuman primates for research as well as those from countries that produce and supply these animals. Many of those in the scientific community who direct or support NHP resources or who use these animals for research had expressed a need for addressing these issues on an international level. The Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, within the National Academies, took advantage of its unique position as a focal point for laboratory animal research issues both in the United States and internationally to organize and host a much needed and important workshop. Participants from all over the world gathered in Washington, DC, to discuss critical issues concerning NHP resources. The proceedings from this workshop are reported in the pages of this publication.
Contents
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Primate Priorities—An International Perspective |
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Sustainable Utilization of Kenyan Nonhuman Primates for Biomedical and Conservation Research |
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Supply and Use of Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research: A South African Perspective |
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Sustainable Primate Resources Through SPF Breeding Programs in Indonesia |
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Use of Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research in India: Current Status and Future Prospects |
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Initiative for Primate Resources, Biomedical Research, and Conservation in Nepal |
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Chinese Primate Status and Primate Captive Breeding for Biomedical Research in China |