Index
A
Accountability, 16, 230–231, 253
Across Ages program, 150
Add Health, see National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health
Administrative data, 229–230, 232, 233– 234, 236–240, 262–263, 312
geographic factors, 234, 261–262, 312
local government, 226, 232, 234–240
vital statistics, 229, 230, 232, 233, 261–262, 312
Adolescent Decision Making: Implications for Prevention Programs: Summary of a Workshop, 335
Adolescent Development and the Biology of Puberty: Summary of a Workshop on New Research, 335–336
Adolescent Transitions Project, 150, 168
Adventure programs, 179
African Americans, see Black persons
Afterschool Alliance, 271
After-School Corporation, 288–289
After-school programs, 19–21, 30–38, 46, 56, 127, 143, 250, 336
funding, 20, 36, 267, 268, 271, 273, 274, 280, 282, 283–284, 285, 288–289
meta-analyses of prevention program evaluations, 153, 163, 165
Save the Children, 126
After-School Programs to Promote Child and Adolescent Development: Summary of a Workshop, 336
Age factors, 48–50, 64–65, 302, 316, 317, 318
alcohol and drug abuse, 48
comprehensive evaluations, 220
criminal and antisocial behavior, 48
cultural ceremonies, 126, 144–145
dropouts, 48
efficacy and mattering, 134
mentors, older adolescents as, 50, 64
meta-analyses of mental health programs, 150–165, 174
model program evaluations, 186, 188
monitoring/structure, age-appropriate, 9, 90, 93, 94, 117, 130, 301
peers, 47, 49, 50, 54, 60, 102–103
puberty onset, 52–55
scope of study at hand, 34, 38, 46
smoking, 238
social indicator data, general, 201
staffing of programs, 131
unstructured/unsupervised activity, 30
Aggressive behavior, see Violence
Alcohol and drug abuse, 2, 23, 35, 65, 83
communication and social skills, 50, 111
historical perspectives, 25, 27
meta-analyses of prevention program evaluations, 151, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 165, 173, 177, 193
model program evaluations, 188
parental involvement in programs, 110–111
physical activity and, 109
survey data, 236–240, 241, 242–243, 244, 245, 249, 262
unstructured/unsupervised time and, 29, 30
American Indians, 79, 97, 105–106, 128, 144, 272, 280
America’s Promise, 279
Americorps, 273
Annie E.Casey Foundation, 289
Anthropology, see Ethnographic/ anthropological approaches
Artistic endeavors, 20, 121, 127, 135, 237, 240, 241, 283–284, 286, 303
dance, 121, 124, 133, 136, 303
music, 23, 107, 127, 133, 135, 237, 241, 303
Aspen Roundtable on Comprehensive Community Initiatives, 260
Athletics, see Sports and athletics
see also Belongingness;
Mental health
and illness;
Motivation;
Public
opinion;
Self-esteem
meta-analyses of prevention programs, 150–166 (passim)
misogyny, 33
parental, 166
staff of programs, 131
B
Belongingness, 8, 9, 32, 43, 59, 81, 90, 96–99, 117, 132–133, 191, 239, 250, 301
see also Peers and friends
alcohol and drug abuse, 97, 155
cultural factors, 97–99, 326–327
experimental studies, 99, 151, 153, 154, 155;
see also “meta-analyses…” below
gangs, 23–24, 29, 32, 33, 45, 55, 59, 82, 89, 91, 130, 239, 250, 275
gender factors, 132
meta-analyses of prevention programs, 151, 153, 154, 155, 158, 161, 162, 164, 165
religious affiliation, 98–99, 132
The Best of Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and the Well-Being of Children and Families, 336
Bicultural Competence Skills program, 151
Big Brothers/Big Sisters, 12, 95–96, 132, 151, 170–171, 173, 187–189, 190–191, 220, 307
Biological factors, 46, 49, 51–56, 315–316, 321–322, 338
brain development, 56, 316, 338
puberty onset, 46, 51, 53, 54, 55, 316, 335–336
belongingness, 98
ceremonial celebrations, 124–145
educational progress, 26
homicide, 27–28
intellectual development, 76
parents, 111–112
psychological and emotional development, 80–81
smoking, 27
Block grants, 3, 273, 275, 276, 277–278, 279, 280
Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts, 290
Boys and Girls Clubs of America, 76, 107, 124, 274, 275, 290
Brain development, 56, 316, 338
Brainpower Program, 151
Bullying Prevention Program, 152, 170, 173
Byrne Formula Grant Program, 275
C
Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development, 22, 107, 125, 128, 289–290
Catholic Charities, 142–143
Center for Youth Development, 263–264
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 279
Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 236–240, 243–244, 252, 262
Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, 288
Charter schools, 285–286
Child abuse and neglect, 188, 238–239, 249, 278, 281, 340–341
Child Care and Development Block Grant, 280
Child care services, 283
Child Development Project, 153
Children at Risk, 276
Children of Immigrants: Health, Adjustment, and Public Assistance, 336–337
Children, Youth, and Families At-Risk Initiative and Evaluation Collaboration Project, 245
Children’s Aid Society, 141
Cognitive factors, 6, 7, 8, 29, 56–58, 65, 91, 107, 108, 135, 300, 321
see also Decision making;
Education
adventure programs, 179
meta-analyses of prevention program evaluations, 153, 157, 159, 162, 166, 176, 177, 179
nutrition, 74–75
peer interactions, 59
physical activity and sports and, 109– 110
structured supervision, 91
surveys, 236, 244, 246–247, 248
well-being, general, 73, 74, 76–79
Communities That Care, 138–139
Community Change for Youth Development, 140
Community Counts, 123, 124, 131
Community Health Centers, 278
Community Impact!, 123, 125, 130–131, 137, 291
Community Network for Youth Development, 255–256
Community service, see Volunteer programs
Community Services Block Grants, 278
Computer applications, 153, 185, 271
geographic information systems, 247, 263
Conservation Corps, 274
Contraception and contraceptives, 237
funding for programs, 278–279
historical perspectives, 25, 26–27
meta-analyses of prevention programs, 161, 163
Cooperative Extension Service, 244–245
Coping and Support Training, 153
Coping with Stress Course, 153, 169, 171
Corporation for National and Community Service, 273
Cost factors, see Economic factors;
Funding
Counselor-CARE, 153
Creating Lasting Connections, 154
see also Alcohol and drug abuse;
Violence
administrative data, 233–234
child abuse and neglect, 188, 238–239, 249, 278, 281, 340–341
gangs, 23–24, 29, 32, 33, 45, 55, 59, 82, 89, 91, 130, 239, 250, 275
homicide, 27–28
meta-analyses of prevention programs, 155, 158, 161, 173
peer influences, 60;
see also “gangs” above
survey data, 237, 238, 239, 249
voluntary structured activities and, 30
Cultural factors, 9, 22, 33, 35, 37, 47, 85, 87, 88, 90, 114, 135, 136, 305, 316, 320, 325–327
see also Ethnographic/anthropological approaches;
Race/ethnicity;
Racism;
Religious/spiritual
factors and programs
Community Impact!, 125
comprehensive evaluations, 220
efficacy and mattering, 105–106, 108
intellectual development and, 77
meta-analyses of prevention program evaluations, 151
model program evaluations, 185
multiculturalism, 2, 6, 7, 9, 50, 71, 74, 75, 78–79, 82, 90, 97, 98, 99, 107, 151, 165, 241, 248, 287, 301, 327
bilingual education, 276–277
experimental studies, 99, 151, 153, 154, 155
school curricula, 97, 108, 276–277
organizational, 112
parent-child relations, 61, 96, 111–112
skill building, 106–107
structure, levels of, 93
well-being, universality vs cultural specificity, 67–68
D
Dance, 121, 124, 133, 136, 303
Data collection, 11–12, 17–18, 83, 124, 228–264, 308, 312–314, 338–339
see also Administrative data;
Experimental studies;
Longitudinal studies;
Methodological issues;
Nonexperimental studies;
Surveys
committee study methodology, 5
recommendations, 11–12, 17–18, 312– 314
social indicator data, 12, 68–69, 75, 82–83, 197–264, 312–314;
see also Longitudinal studies;
Surveys
Decision making, 6, 7, 8, 27, 56–58, 79, 136, 335, 341
efficacy and mattering, 105–106, 134
employment planning, 46, 50, 51, 57, 65, 323
meta-analyses of prevention programs, 163, 164, 177
program design, adolescent participation in, 65, 134–135
Delinquency, see Crime
see also Age factors;
Gender factors;
Immigrants;
Race/ethnicity;
Rural areas;
Socioeconomic status;
Urban areas
census data, 233
Demonstration programs, 140, 220, 221, 226, 275–276, 279
Department of Agriculture, 244–245, 274– 275
Department of Education, 13
21st Century Learning Centers, 20, 31, 270–271, 280, 281–282, 287, 288, 295
Department of Health and Human Services, 13, 277–279, 281, 293
see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Department of Housing and Urban Development, 276
Department of Justice, 13, 275–276
Department of Labor, 277
Youth Opportunity Grants, 272
Depression, 52, 53, 54, 153, 169, 243
DeWitt Wallace Reader’s Digest Fund, 254–255, 286–287, 289, 294
Diet, see Nutrition
Disabled children, see Special needs children
Dropouts, 25, 26, 30, 236, 299
age factors, 48
Americorps, 273
meta-analyses of prevention programs, 157, 161, 164, 174
Drug abuse, see Alcohol and drug abuse
E
Eating disorders, 52, 53, 54, 236, 244
Economic factors, 2
see also Funding;
Poverty;
Socioeconomic status
ethnographic study costs, 211
evaluation costs, general, 211, 219
experimental evaluation costs, 219
financial incentives, program participants, 116, 185
program costs, 181, 223–225, 252– 253, 268, 269, 289, 290
survey costs, 232, 245, 246, 252
Education, 2, 6, 10, 133, 276–277, 279– 280, 341
see also Cognitive factors;
Mass media;
Mastery;
Schools
compensatory education, 276
comprehensive evaluations, 220
decision making, 46
employment,
adolescents, 2, 6, 48, 51, 65, 74, 82–83, 91, 104–105, 106, 127, 136, 163, 174–175, 185, 192– 193, 269, 273–274, 277–278
school-to-work programs, 3, 23, 49, 273–274, 277
staff of programs, 131, 286–287, 291–292, 293–294, 307;
see also Technical assistance
immigrants, 337
parental, 3, 150–166 (passim), 168, 173, 193
tutoring, 57, 64, 77, 109, 121, 127, 135
well-being, general, 74
Educational attainment, 25, 26, 49, 107– 108, 236, 299, 339
see also Dropouts
gender factors, 77–78
National Assessment of Educational Progress, 26
puberty onset, age at, 54
staffing of programs, 131
unstructured/unsupervised time and, 29, 30
Efficacy, see Self-efficacy
Emotional factors, 2, 5, 6–7, 8, 9, 38, 79– 81, 91, 94, 113, 117, 236, 248, 301
see also Mattering
decision making, 335
meta-analyses of prevention programs, 150–165 (passim), 172, 176, 179
model program evaluations, 188
self-regulation, 70, 72, 74, 79, 96, 103–104, 150, 151, 154, 159, 168, 169–170, 177, 182, 248
structured supervision, 91–92
adolescent development and, 21, 22
occupational safety and health, 339– 340
parental, 1, 33, 133, 283, 297
planning, 46, 50, 51, 57, 65, 323
school-to-work programs, 3, 23, 49, 273–274, 277
skills for,
adolescents, 2, 6, 48, 51, 65, 74, 82–83, 91, 104–105, 106, 127, 136, 163, 174–175, 185, 192– 193, 269, 273–274, 277–278
school-to-work programs, 3, 23, 49, 273–274, 277
staff of programs, 131, 286–287, 291–292, 293–294, 307;
see also Technical assistance
welfare-to-work strategies, 273–274
women, 36–37
ENABL, 154
Erikson, Eric, 47, 57, 70, 315–319
Ethnicity, see Race/ethnicity
Ethnographic/anthropological approaches, 68, 87, 88, 97, 123–124, 206, 210–211, 257, 300, 320, 325– 326
Evaluation, 11–17, 46, 124, 125, 126, 138–139, 147–264, 305–314
see also Data collection;
Experimental studies;
Meta-analyses of program evaluations;
Methodological issues;
Outcome assessment;
Quasi-experimental studies;
Research recommendations;
Theoretical issues
accountability, 16, 230–231, 253
committee study methodology, 4, 5
comprehensive, 12, 14, 15, 16, 67, 76, 81, 85, 120, 128, 149, 181, 199, 206–227, 310–312
diet and cardiovascular health, 76
intermediary organizations, 10, 11, 18, 141–142, 229, 255, 259–261, 294, 295, 304, 313–314
model programs, 181–189, 190, 220, 307
program implementation and operation, 14, 15, 16, 18, 84, 122, 177, 184, 186, 188, 213, 215, 217, 221, 222, 225, 229, 252–261, 309–310
development quality, 253–254
funding for evaluation, 252, 254– 256, 259, 271, 288
process evaluation, 140, 188, 189, 198, 202–203, 206, 208, 209, 210–211, 262–263
psychological and emotional development, 79–80
recommendations, 11, 13–18, 305, 308–312
social indicator data, 12, 68–69, 75, 82–83, 197–264, 312–314;
see also Longitudinal studies;
Surveys
summative evaluations, see Outcome assessment
time-series designs, 214–216, 221
well-being, general, 67–70
youth program participants as evaluators, 135
Exercise, see Physical activity;
Sports and
athletics
Experimental studies, 13, 14–16, 85, 147– 195, 204, 206, 211–213, 214, 216, 219, 220, 221, 227, 305, 309–311
see also Meta-analyses of program evaluations;
Quasi-experimental studies
defined, 205
intellectual development, 78
model program evaluations, 183
multiculturalism and belongingness, 99, 151, 153, 154, 155
social indicator data, 202
well-being, general, 69, 82, 83
Extended Service Schools, 254–255
F
Faith-based programs, see Religious/ spiritual factors and programs
Family factors, 1, 3, 8, 10, 31, 72, 87, 193, 289, 339
see also Parents
child abuse and neglect, 188, 238–239, 249, 278, 281, 340–341
guns in homes, 89
meta-analyses of prevention programs, 150–165 (passim)
norms, 103
structured controls within, 92
technical assistance, 292–293
see also Funding;
Legislation;
specific departments and agencies
Females, see Gender factors
Finance Project, 284, 285, 287
Firearms, see Guns
Foreign countries, see International perspectives
Forgotten Half, 21
Formative evaluation, see Process evaluation
funding, 3, 4, 20, 24, 198, 267–268, 269, 270, 271, 286–289, 294– 295
organizational support, 10, 136–137
4-H program, 274–275
Friendly PEERsuasion, 155
Friends, see Peers and friends
From Generation to Generation: The Health and Well-Being of Children of Immigrant Families, 337
Functional Family Therapy, 155
Funding, 2, 3, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20– 21, 32, 36, 46, 263, 267–296, 309, 313
accountability, 16, 230–231, 253
after-school programs, 20, 36, 267, 268, 271, 273, 274, 280, 282, 283–284, 285, 288–289
block grants, 3, 273, 275, 276, 277– 278, 279, 280
intermediaries, 10, 11, 18, 141–142, 229, 255, 259–261, 294, 295, 304, 313–314
poverty, 268, 272, 276, 279, 280, 281
pregnancy prevention, 274, 278–279
prevention vs promotion programs, 36
private, 3, 4, 10, 11, 13, 18, 20, 223– 224, 254–255, 268–270, 286– 291, 304, 313–314
corporations, 270, 273, 290–291
foundations, 3, 4, 20, 24, 198, 267–268, 269, 270, 271, 286– 289, 294–295
program implementation evaluation and, 252, 254–256, 259, 271, 288
public, 2, 3, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20–21, 37, 139, 223–224, 242, 252, 266–286, 293, 294–296, 298, 304, 306, 313–314
block grants, 3, 273, 275, 276, 278, 279, 280
local government, 20, 268, 280– 286, 294–295, 296, 304
state, 20, 139, 252, 269–270, 274, 278, 279, 280–286, 293, 294– 295, 296
school programs, 276–277, 278, 285– 286, 289
social indicator data and, 198, 206
tobacco, litigation and tax revenues, 282, 285
G
Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs, 277
Gangs, 23–24, 29, 32, 33, 45, 55, 59, 82, 89, 91, 130, 239, 250, 275
see also Pregnancy;
Sexual activity belongingness, 132
comprehensive evaluations, 220
educational attainment, 77–78
employment of women, 36–37
intellectual development, 76, 77–78
misogyny, 33
puberty, 46, 51–54, 55, 316, 335–336
sports and athletics, 101–102, 109
suicide, 27
General Accounting Office, 31
Geographic factors
see also Neighborhood factors;
Rural areas;
Urban areas
administrative data, 234, 261–262, 312
geographic information systems, 247, 263
program scope, general, 32
Girls Clubs, see Boys and Girls Clubs of America
Growing Healthy, 156
Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths , 337–338
Guns, 28, 130, 237, 238, 239, 240, 249
historical perspectives, 25
in home, 89
racial/ethnic factors, 28
in schools, 2, 23–24, 25, 162, 299
H
Handicapped children, see Special needs children
Harvard Family Research Project, 142
Health status, 6, 9, 31, 32, 73–76, 249, 278–280, 335–336
see also Alcohol and drug abuse;
Biological factors;
Mental health and illness;
Nutrition;
Physical activity;
Pregnancy;
Safety and security;
Sexual activity;
Sexually transmitted diseases;
Smoking;
Sports and athletics
administrative data, 233
vital statistics, 229, 230, 232, 233, 261–262, 312
cardiovascular disease, 74, 76
historical perspectives, 26–27
immigrants, 337
meta-analyses of prevention programs, 151, 153, 156, 157, 161
obesity, 2, 27, 74, 75, 115, 299
Healthy People 2010, 230
Hispanics, 23
alcohol abuse, 27
ceremonial celebrations, 144–145
dropouts, 26
homicide, 27–28
psychological and emotional development, 79
smoking, 27
Historical perspectives, 2, 25–31, 115, 128, 138–139, 267
see also Longitudinal studies
adolescent development theory, 21–22, 45, 47, 56, 57, 70, 71
alcohol and drug abuse, 25, 27
foundation funding, 286
previous National Academy reports, 335–341
well-being, general, 2, 25, 70, 71, 72
HIV, see AIDS/HIV
Homicide, 27–28
Homosexuality, 5, 9, 98, 99, 132–133
HOPE VI program, 276
How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition, 338
Human Services Reauthorization Act, 279–280
I
see also Hispanics
Improving Intergroup Relations Among Youth: Summary of a Research Workshop, 338
Improving Social Awareness-Social Problem Solving, 156, 170
Individuals With Disabilities Education
Act, 276–277
Institute for Youth Development, 293
Integrating Federal Statistics on Children: Report of a Workshop, 338–339
Interdisciplinary research, 309
funding, 17
Intermediary organizations, 10, 11, 18, 141–142, 229, 255, 259–261, 294, 295, 304, 313–314
International perspectives, 125
bullying prevention, 152, 170, 173
discretionary time, 28
puberty, 54
school-to-work programs, 23
J
Job Corps, 277
Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants, 275
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Program, 275
K
Kids Learning in Computer Klubhouses, 271
Know Your Body, 156
L
Leadership, 8
Legislation
child labor laws, 339–340
Human Services Reauthorization Act, 279–280
Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, 276–277
Public Health Services Act, 278–279
Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act, 277
Social Security Act, 278
21st Century Learning Centers, 271
Workforce Investment Act, 272–273
Younger Americans Act, 127, 279–280
Life skills, 6, 43, 74, 76, 78, 83, 85, 106, 107–108, 110, 136, 142, 248, 301, 302
employment,
adolescents, 2, 6, 48, 51, 65, 74, 82–83, 91, 104–105, 106, 127, 136, 163, 174–175, 185, 192– 193, 269, 273–274, 277–278
school-to-work programs, 3, 23, 49, 273–274, 277
funding, 274
meta-analyses of programs, 150–165
(passim), 168, 172, 173, 178, 192
model program evaluations, 185
self-regulation, 70, 72, 74, 79, 96, 103–104, 150, 151, 154, 159, 168, 169–170, 177, 182, 248
Life Skills Training program, 157, 173
Local government and organizations, 294
see also Neighborhood factors
administrative data, 226, 232, 234–240
funding, 20, 268, 280–286, 294–295, 296, 304
Longitudinal studies, 12, 13, 69, 72, 83, 85, 229, 245–246, 300, 305, 306, 339
efficacy and mastery, 105
Monitoring the Future, 246, 248–251
National Assessment of Educational Progress, 26
National Educational Longitudinal
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 27, 28, 55, 246, 248–251
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 30, 246
parental support, 95
psychological and emotional development, 79, 80, 81
social development, 81
time-series designs, 214–216, 221
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey, 236–240, 243–244, 252, 262
Longitudinal Surveys of Children, 339
Losing Generations: Adolescents in High-Risk Settings, 339
Louisiana State Youth Opportunities, 157
M
Mass media, 193
alcohol and drug use portrayed in, 1–2, 23
decision making by adolescents, 335
social norms, general, 101
television, 28, 31, 101, 236, 244
violence portrayed in, 1–2, 23, 101, 297
see also Self-efficacy
social development, 81
theoretical perspectives, 8, 47, 70
Mathematica Policy Research, 271
Mathematics achievement, 77–78, 157
A Matter of Time, 22, 107, 128
Mattering, 8, 9, 43, 51, 71, 80, 90, 104– 106, 134–135, 192, 241–242, 302
cultural factors, 105–106, 108
Media, see Mass media
Medicaid, 279
Men, see Gender factors
Mental health and illness, 31, 48, 236, 248, 318
see also Alcohol and drug abuse;
Attitudes;
Belongingness;
Emotional factors;
Mattering;
Self-esteem;
Violence
depression, 52, 53, 54, 153, 169, 243
eating disorders, 52, 53, 54, 236, 244
immigrants, 337
intellectual development and, 76–77
meta-analyses of prevention program evaluations, 148, 149, 150–172, 179
model program evaluations, 182
safety and security, sense of, 1, 7, 9, 43, 70, 89–91, 129–130, 301
well-being, general, 73, 74–75
Mentors, 3, 36, 87, 127, 190–191, 236, 272
Big Brothers/Big Sisters, 12, 95–96, 132, 151, 170–171, 173, 187– 189, 190–191, 220, 307
comprehensive evaluations, 220
meta-analyses of prevention program evaluations, 150, 151, 161, 165
model program evaluations, 186, 187– 189, 190–191
school transitions, 64
Meta-analyses of program evaluations, 147, 148–181
alcohol and drug abuse, 151, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 165, 173, 177, 193
belongingness, 151, 153, 154, 155, 158, 161, 162, 164, 165
cognitive factors, 153, 157, 159, 162, 166, 176, 177, 179
decision making, 163, 164, 177
emotional factors, 150–165 (passim), 172, 176, 179
health status, 151, 153, 156, 157, 161
life skills, 150–165 (passim), 168, 172, 173, 178, 192
mental illness, 148, 149, 150–172, 179
parents, 150–165 (passim), 168, 173, 174, 193
peers, 154, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 168, 169–170, 177
pregnancy, 148, 154, 164, 174–175
religious affiliation, 154, 176
safety and security, 151, 153, 156, 157, 161, 164, 193–194
school programs, 149–173 (passim), 175, 177, 180, 193
sexual activity, 154, 163, 174–175, 177, 192
smoking, 151, 156, 157, 158, 160
social factors, 150–165 (passim), 170, 172, 174, 176, 179
social norms, 153–165 (passim), 172, 176
teachers, 156, 159, 162, 163, 168–169
time factors, 149–172 (passim), 179, 180
violence, 148, 151, 152, 162, 170, 172–174, 177
volunteer programs, 150, 154, 161, 164
Methodological issues, 12–13, 14, 83–84, 124–126, 338–339, 341
see also Administrative data;
Evaluation;
Interdisciplinary research;
Qualitative evaluations;
Surveys;
Theoretical issues
time-series designs, 214–216, 221
Midwestern Prevention Project, 158, 173, 193
Minority groups, see Race/ethnicity
Monitoring the Future, 246, 248–251
Motivation, 7, 9, 70, 75, 81–82, 114, 115, 236, 241
parental support, 95
school discipline, 92
school transitions, 62–63, 64, 322
Move to Opportunity program, 202
Multiculturalism, 2, 6, 7, 9, 50, 71, 74, 75, 78–79, 82, 90, 97, 98, 99, 107, 151, 165, 241, 248, 287, 301, 327
bilingual education, 276–277
experimental studies, 99, 151, 153, 154, 155
school curricula, 97, 108, 276–277
Multidisciplinary research, see Interdisciplinary research
Multisystemic Therapy, 158, 173
Music, 23, 107, 127, 133, 135, 237, 241, 303
N
National Assessment of Educational Progress, 26
National Center for Charitable Statistics, 128
National Center for Community Education, 288
National Coalition for Youth, 279
National Community Education Association, 288
National Educational Longitudinal Survey, 246–247, 248–251
National Institute on Out-of-School Time, 294
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 27, 28, 246, 248–251
sexual behavior, 55
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 30, 124, 246, 248–251
National Neighborhood Data System, 261
National Neighborhood Indicators Project, 247, 260–261
National School Age Child Care Alliance, 293
National Training Institute for Community Youth Work, 294
National Youth Administration, 267
National Youth Development Information Center, 260
Native Americans, see American Indians
Neighborhood factors, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 17, 31, 38, 93, 239, 247, 289, 341
see also Local government and organizations
academic achievement, 26
administrative data, 233
geographic information systems, 247, 263
high-risk, programs for, 22, 29, 184–186
Nonexperimental studies, 16, 42, 120, 122–123, 204–205, 206, 221, 227, 311
see also Longitudinal studies;
Qualitative evaluations
defined, 205
intellectual development, 78
model program evaluations, 183
psychological and emotional development, 80
quasi-experimental approaches, 147, 167, 174–175, 178, 194, 204, 205, 213–214, 221, 227, 309, 311
sexual activity, 101
social development, 81
social norms, 101–102
eating disorders, 52, 53, 54, 236, 244
obesity, 2, 27, 74, 75, 115, 299
O
Obesity, 2, 27, 74, 75, 115, 299
Open Society Institute, 288
Outcome assessment, 14, 16, 67, 72, 79– 80, 137, 140, 148–195, 236– 238, 241, 245, 255, 259, 308, 312
belongingness, 98–99
funding of programs, 268 accountability, 16, 230–231, 253
immigrants, 337
mental health programs, 149, 166
meta-analyses of program evaluations, 148, 150–180
nonexperimental studies, 122
social indicator data, 201–203, 209– 210, 222, 308, 231, 232
see also Administrative data;
Longitudinal studies;
structure/monitoring, appropriate levels, 93, 193–194
Out-of-School Time Technical Assistance Project, 284–285
P
Parents, 1, 7, 47, 48, 60–61, 94–96, 240, 323–325
academic achievement of children, 26
after-school programs, opinion of, 20– 21
child abuse and neglect, 188, 238–239, 249, 278, 281, 340–341
communication with, 50, 56, 61, 160, 161, 181–184, 192, 236, 239
comprehensive evaluations, 220
cost of programs for, 268
cultural factors, 61, 96, 111–112
education for, 3, 150–166 (passim), 168, 173, 193
meta-analyses of prevention program
evaluations, 150–165 (passim), 168, 173, 174, 193
model program evaluations, 181–184, 188
peer influence vs, 59
program involvement, 110–112, 117, 136–138, 150, 240, 251
racism, parental support to palliate effects of , 95, 111–112
school program involvement, 95, 110– 112, 150–173 (passim), 240, 251, 323–324
single-parent households, 28, 188, 239, 298–299
supervision by, appropriate level of, 5, 92–93, 96, 250
survey data, 240, 248, 250, 251
teen pregnancy and parental relations, 61
Parents United for Child Care, 283–284
Peers and friends, 7, 8, 9, 32, 46, 47, 49, 58–60, 64, 79, 107, 117, 145, 272, 302, 338
age factors, 47, 49, 50, 54, 60, 102– 103
communication skills, 50
counseling, 127
crime, 60;
see also “gangs” below
gangs, 23–24, 29, 32, 33, 45, 55, 59, 82, 89, 91
meta-analyses of prevention programs, 154, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 168, 169–170, 177
norms, 100–101, 102–103, 133, 191, 250
parental involvement in programs, 110–111
puberty onset, age at, 54
structured activities involving, 30
survey data, 236, 237, 248, 250
tutoring, 109, 161, 164, 165, 185
unstructured activities, general, 92
Penn Prevention Project, 159, 169–170, 171
Physical activity
see also Sports and athletics adventure programs, 179
alcohol and drug abuse and, 109
dance, 121, 124, 133, 136, 303
high school physical education, 27
nutrition and, 75–76
well-being, general, 73–74
Positive Youth Development Program, 159
Poverty, 2, 5, 11, 28, 72, 114–115, 116– 117, 298–299
Boys and Girls Clubs, 107
compensatory education, 276
computer training, 271
cost of programs for parents, 268
funding of programs, 268, 272, 276, 279, 280, 281
Medicaid, 279
model program evaluations, 188
obesity, 75
racism, 112
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, 273–274, 281–282
welfare-to-work strategies, 273–274
Pregnancy, 2, 48, 55, 101, 306, 336
see also Contraception and contraceptives
funding for programs, 274, 278–279
historical perspectives, 25–26
meta-analyses of program evaluations, 148, 154, 164, 174–175
model program evaluations, 181–184
parental relations and teen pregnancy, 61
qualitative program evaluations, 258
social indicator data, 230
Private/Public Ventures, 138, 254, 256, 258
Private sector, 3, 4, 10, 11, 13, 18, 122, 125, 127
Process evaluation, 140, 188, 189, 198, 202–203, 206, 208, 209, 210– 211, 262–263
Profiles of Student Life:
Attitudes and Behaviors, 235–242, 252, 262
Project ALERT, 160
Project Northland, 160
Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States, 339–340
Puberty onset, 46, 51, 53, 54, 55, 316, 335–336
Public Health Services Act, 278–279
Public opinion
after-school programs, 20–21
funding to enhance, 287
Q
Qualitative evaluations, 4–5, 147, 188– 189, 203, 206, 222–223, 257– 259
case studies, 16, 206, 212, 217–219
defined, 204
ethnographic/anthropological, 68, 87, 88, 97, 123–124, 206, 210–211, 257, 300, 320, 325–326
Quantum Opportunities, 12, 161, 173, 184–186, 190
Quasi-experimental studies, 147, 167, 174–175, 178, 194, 204, 213– 214, 221, 227, 309, 311
defined, 205
R
Race/ethnicity, 23, 27, 90, 303, 338
see also Black persons;
Hispanics;
Multiculturalism;
White persons
alcohol abuse, 27
American Indians, 79, 97, 105–106, 128, 144, 272, 280
bilingual education, 276–277
discrimination, 5
efficacy and mastery, 105–106
funding of programs, 268
guns, 28
identity, 8
model program evaluations, 188
obesity, 75
parents, 111–112
psychological and emotional development, 79, 80–81
puberty onset, 52–54
single parents, 28
staffing of programs, 131
Racism, 48, 49, 55, 80–81, 97, 165, 338
Recreation, 3, 127, 135, 220, 274, 303
see also Sports and athletics
Reducing the Risk, 161
Religious/spiritual factors and programs, 3, 7, 72, 75, 127, 128, 135, 142–143, 303
meta-analyses of prevention programs, 154, 176
norms, 101
technical support, 293
Research methodology, see Methodological issues
Research recommendations, 12–13, 115, 305–307
Responding in Peaceful and Positive Ways, 162
Risk factors, general, 5, 38, 84, 116, 118, 127, 139, 168, 281, 298–299, 339, 340
see also specific risk factors (e.g., Alcohol and drug abuse)
belongingness and, 97
decision making by adolescents, 46–47, 335
immigrants, 337
neighborhoods, 22, 29, 184–186
Risks and Opportunities: Synthesis of Studies on Adolescence, 340
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 285
Rural areas, 2, 126, 133, 272, 299
S
Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act, 277
SafeFutures, 276
Safety and security, 1, 7, 9, 43, 70, 89–91, 113, 117, 129–130, 301
see also Violence
child abuse and neglect, 188, 238–239, 249, 278, 281, 340–341
meta-analyses of prevention programs, 151, 153, 156, 157, 161, 164, 193–194
occupational safety and health, 339– 340
survey data, 238–239, 249, 251
Save the Children, 123, 126, 131, 135
School-Based Community Centers, 140– 141
School-To-Work Programs, 277
Schools, 1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 33, 37, 65, 76–79, 107–109, 113–114, 137, 140– 141, 323–324, 338
see also Dropouts;
Teachers
administrative data, 236
belongingness, 96–97
bullying, 5, 89, 152, 170, 173
charter schools, 285–286
comprehensive evaluations, 220
decision making by adolescents, 46
efficacy and mastery, 104–105
funding of programs, 276–277, 278, 285–286, 289
guns in, 2, 23–24, 25, 162, 299
meta-analyses of mental health
programs, 149–173 (passim), 175, 177, 180, 193
model program evaluations, 181–184, 186
multicultural curricula, 97, 108, 276– 277
parental involvement, 95, 110–112, 150–173 (passim), 240, 251, 323–324
physical education, 27
puberty onset, 54
school-to-work programs, 3, 23, 49, 273–274, 277
survey data, 236–240, 241, 243–244, 249, 250, 251
transitions, 62–64, 156, 162, 170–171, 299–300, 339
bullying, 5, 89, 152, 170, 173
guns in, 2, 23–24, 25, 162, 299
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey, 236–240, 243–244, 252, 262
Search Institute, 30, 71, 116, 241, 292– 293
Security, see Safety and security
Self-efficacy, 7, 8, 9, 32, 43, 61, 70, 75, 79, 80, 81, 84, 90, 103–106, 117, 134–135, 192
see also Mastery
cultural factors, 105–106, 108
meta-analyses of prevention programs, 151, 155, 160, 161, 164, 176, 177
survey data, 240, 241–242, 248, 251
Self-esteem, 54, 58–59, 62, 72, 75, 76–77, 80, 84, 95, 96, 103, 114, 130– 131, 248
meta-analyses of prevention programs, 153, 163, 164, 179
Self-regulation, 70, 72, 74, 79, 96, 103– 104, 150, 151, 154, 159, 168, 169–170, 177, 182, 248
Sexual activity, 2, 9, 55–56, 101, 299
see also Contraception and contraceptives;
Pregnancy
belongingness, 97
cultural pressure, 33
educational interventions, 109
funding for programs, 274, 278–279
gay/lesbian, 5, 9, 98, 99, 132–133
historical perspectives, 25, 26–27, 47
meta-analyses of prevention programs, 154, 163, 174–175, 177, 192
model program evaluations, 181–184, 188
puberty onset, 46, 51, 54, 55, 316
qualitative program evaluations, 258
school transitions, 64
survey data, 238, 241, 244, 245, 249
unstructured/unsupervised time and, 29, 30
Sexually transmitted diseases, 2, 27, 55, 238, 249, 299
Single-parent households, 28, 188, 239, 298–299
Smoking, 2, 27, 30, 101, 109, 299, 337– 338
litigation settlement funds, 285
meta-analyses of prevention programs, 151, 156, 157, 158, 160
survey data, 236–240, 242–243, 249, 262
tax on tobacco, 282
Social Competence Program for Young Adolescents, 163
Social factors, 2, 3, 5–10 (passim), 32, 42, 48, 50, 64, 65, 87, 90, 236, 248, 300, 302, 303, 306, 316, 320, 323–324, 341
see also Cultural factors;
Family factors;
Neighborhood factors;
Parents;
Peers and friends;
Volunteer programs
civic decision making, 127–128, 250, 287
decision making, general, 335
immigrants, 337
indicator data, 12, 68–69, 75, 82–83, 197–264, 312–314
see also Administrative data;
Longitudinal studies;
intellectual development and, 76
meta-analyses of prevention program evaluations, 150–165 (passim), 170, 172, 174, 176, 179
model program evaluations, 182, 191
norms, 8, 9, 11, 43, 53, 64, 67, 68, 77, 78–79, 81–82, 90, 91, 100–103, 112, 113, 117, 127, 133, 191, 239, 250, 301
meta-analyses of prevention programs, 153–165 (passim), 172, 176
peers, 100–101, 102–103, 133, 191, 250
school grading practices, 109
school transitions, 62–63
structured supervision, 9, 30, 90, 91– 94, 117, 130, 193–194, 238, 250, 301
unstructured/unsupervised time, 5, 20, 28–29, 30–31, 38, 92, 299
well-being, general, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 81–82
Social Security Act, 278
Socioeconomic status, 29, 114–115, 116–117
see also Educational attainment;
Employment;
Poverty
academic achievement, 26
census data, 233
comprehensive evaluations, 220
racism, 111–112
Special needs children, 3, 5, 38, 132, 220, 299
Sports and athletics, 3, 19, 32, 53, 58, 59, 93, 95, 101–102, 107, 109–110, 127, 133, 135, 303
adventure programs, 179
survey data, 237, 240, 241, 251
State-level studies and programs, 253–264
funding, 20, 139, 252, 270, 274, 278, 280–286, 293, 294–295, 296
block grants, 3, 273, 275, 276, 277–278, 279, 280
Medicaid, 279
United Way, 269–270
Student Survey of Risk and Protective Factors, and Prevalence of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use, 236–241, 242–243, 262
Substance abuse, see Alcohol and drug abuse
Summative evaluations, see Outcome assessment
Summer programs, 127, 163, 165, 270, 274, 282, 286
Summer Training and Education Program (STEP), 163
Surveys, 12, 18, 30, 109, 115, 121, 124, 125, 126, 131–132, 134, 137, 141, 204, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234–252, 262
see also Longitudinal studies
alcohol and drug abuse, 236–240, 241, 242–243, 244, 245, 249, 262
cognitive factors, 236, 244, 246–247, 248
physical activity, 237, 244, 249
program implementation, 255–256
safety and security, 238–239, 249, 251
schools, 236–240, 241, 243–244, 249, 250, 251
self-efficacy, 240, 241–242, 248, 251
sexual activity, 238, 241, 244, 245, 249
smoking, 236–240, 242–243, 249, 262
sports and athletics, 237, 240, 241, 251
state-level, 234–244, 262, 312
urban areas, 236–240, 243–245, 252, 262
T
Taxation
property, 284
tobacco, 282
Teachers, 338
after-school programs, opinion of, 20– 21
discipline by, 92
efficacy and mattering, student sense
meta-analyses of prevention programs, 156, 159, 162, 163, 168–169
motivational support by, 95, 97
parent-teacher meetings, 240
school transition role, 162, 170–171
Technical assistance, 228–264, 284–285, 291–294, 312, 313
data collection, 17
Internet-based, 18
Teen Incentives Program, 163
Teen Outreach Program, 12, 181–184, 186, 307
Teen REACH program, 274
Television, 28, 31, 101, 236, 244
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, 273–274, 281–282
Theoretical issues, 15–16, 21–22, 38, 42– 43, 47, 49–50, 87–88, 300, 311, 315–327
see also Methodological issues cognition, 57
comprehensive evaluation, 207–208, 211, 216–217, 220, 221, 222, 225, 226, 227, 310
demonstration programs, 15, 226, 311
emotional factors, 70, 37, 74–75
ethnic identity and belongingness, 99
model program evaluations, 181, 186
peer interactions, 59
school transitions, 62–64
social indicator data, 202
social learning, 166
supportive relationships, 94
well-being, general, 68–72
Time factors, 28–29, 225, 231, 235
experimental evaluations, 219, 310
fundraising, 269
mental health programs, 149, 150–165
meta-analyses of prevention program
evaluations, 149–172 (passim), 179, 180
model program evaluations, 183, 185
parent-child relations, 61
positive use of time, 71
program activities, time spent in, 124, 149–172 (passim), 179, 180, 183, 185, 211–212, 255
qualitative evaluations, 259
unsupervised/unstructured, 5, 20, 28– 29, 30–31, 38, 299
Time-series designs, 214–216, 221
Tobacco use, see Smoking
Tutoring, 57, 64, 77, 109, 121, 127, 135
21st Century Learning Centers, 20, 31, 270–271, 280, 281–282, 287, 288, 295
U
Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect, 340
Urban areas, 2, 3, 23, 26, 133, 135, 142– 143, 255, 260–261, 299
alternative schools, 286
funding for programs, 272, 281–282, 283–284, 287, 288–291, 294
Save the Children, 126
survey data, 236–240, 243–245, 252, 262
technical assistance, 292–293
volunteer community service, 121
Big Brothers/Big Sisters, 12, 95–96, 132, 151, 170–171, 173, 187– 189, 190–191, 220, 307
Urban Health Initiative, 285
Urban Institute, 30
V
Valued Youth Partnership, 164
Values in Action, 262
Violence, 27–28, 79, 89–91, 339
see also Crime;
Guns;
Safety and security
child abuse and neglect, 188, 238–239, 249, 278, 281, 340–341
gangs, 23–24, 29, 32, 33, 45, 55, 59, 82, 89, 91, 130, 239, 250, 275
homicide, 27–28
media depictions of, 1–2, 23, 101, 297
meta-analyses of program evaluations, 148, 151, 152, 162, 170, 172– 174, 177
puberty onset, 51
bullying, 5, 89, 152, 170, 173
guns in, 2, 23–24, 25, 162, 299
survey data, 237, 238–239, 241, 244, 249, 250
Violence in Families: Assessing Prevention and Treatment Programs, 340– 341
Vital statistics, 229, 230, 232, 233, 261– 262, 312
Volunteer programs, 2, 3, 8, 30, 33, 36, 121, 127, 135, 240, 272, 291
adults, 32
Big Brothers/Big Sisters, 12, 95–96, 132, 151, 170–171, 173, 187– 189, 190–191, 220, 307
decision making by adolescents, 46
historical perspectives, 25
meta-analyses of prevention programs, 150, 154, 161, 164
model program evaluations, 182, 185, 187–189
tax to fund programs, 284
Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), 273
W
Well-being, general, 2, 6, 38, 42, 43, 66– 85, 266, 298–299, 300, 303
see also Health status;
Mental health and illness
cognitive factors, 73, 74, 76–79
experimental studies, 69, 82, 83
historical perspectives, 2, 25, 70, 71, 72
measurement of, 67–70, 228, 231, 259, 261
social factors, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 81– 82
White persons, 318
alcohol and drug abuse, 27
model program evaluations, 188
puberty onset, 53–54
smoking, 27
suicide, 27
survey data, 235
William T.Grant Foundation, 287–288
Women, see Gender factors
Woodrock Youth Development Project, 165
Workforce Investment Act, 272–273
World Wide Web, see Internet
Y
Younger Americans Act, 127, 279–280
Youth Corps, 274
Youth Development and Neighborhood Influences: Challenges and Opportunities, 341
Youth Development Block Grants, 279
Youth Development Mobilization Initiative, 260
Youth Incentive Entitlement Projects, 175
Youth National Outcome Work Groups, 245, 259
Youth Opportunity Grants, 273
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey, 236–240, 243–244, 252, 262