Index
A
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. See AIDS/HIV
ACTH. See Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). See Leukemia
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) See Leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML). See Leukemia
ADA. See American Diabetes Association Adipose tissue
TCDD distribution, I: 130, 131, 168–169, 259, 269, 280;
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), IV: 59
IV: 117, 120, 123, 150, 160, 303
military early research, I: 25–26;
III: 28;
IV: 150
See also Herbicide application methods;
Herbicides
AFHS. See Air Force Health Study
Aflatoxin, I: 453;
IV: 267
Africa, sub-Saharan, II: 181;
III: 282;
IV: 267
Age and aging
acute lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 384;
acute myeloid leukemia incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 384;
IV: 378
bone cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 302;
IV: 288
brain cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 356;
IV: 351
breast cancer incidence in US women, data for selected age groups, III: 324;
IV: 314
cancer age-specific incidence, I: 436–438
chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 384;
IV: 378
chronic myeloid leukemia incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 384;
IV: 378
diabetes prevalence, data by age, III: 492
epidemiologic studies, control of aging effects, II: 261–262;
III: 409;
female reproductive system cancer
incidence, data by type, for selected age groups, III: 329, 330;
IV: 321
gastrointestinal tract cancer incidence, data by type for selected age groups, III: 267;
IV: 250
Hodgkin’s disease incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 372;
IV: 365
laryngeal cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 292;
IV: 277
latency and, II: 261–262, 273, 275;
III: 409, 414–415, 425, 428, 430;
leukemia incidence, data by type, for selected age groups, III: 384;
IV: 378
liver/intrahepatic bile duct cancers incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 282;
IV: 267
lung cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 296;
IV: 281
melanoma incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 313;
IV: 300
multiple myeloma incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 377
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 289;
IV: 273
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma age of onset, I: 436
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 362;
IV: 356
prostate cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 334;
renal cancers incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 352;
IV: 346
reproductive disorders, IV: 51–52, 59, 63, 66, 71, 80, 200
soft-tissue sarcoma age of onset, I: 436
soft-tissue sarcoma incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 306;
IV: 292
TCDD half-life, IV: 24, 28, 45
testicular cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 343;
IV: 33
urinary bladder cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 347;
IV: 340
See also Demographic data, Vietnam veterans
Agent Blue, I: 27, 89–90, 93, 97, 100;
IV: 118
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136
Agent Green, I: 27, 90, 92, 114;
IV: 118
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136;
IV: 123
Agent Orange, II: 308;
III: 130, 159, 315, 344, 359, 389, 407, 444, 460, 462, 489, 491;
Air Force research activities, II: 31–32;
III: 28–29
birth defects association, II: 298, 300;
III: 435;
IV: 400
cancer latency issues, II: 260–276;
III: 407–431;
IV: 284
chemical composition, I: 27;
II: 102;
IV: 119
chloracne association, II: 317, 318;
III: 479;
congressional hearings, II: 27–28;
III: 25
defoliant effectiveness, I: 90
Department of Veterans Affairs activities,
III: 27–28;
IV: 15
Environmental Protection Agency research
activities, II: 32;
III: 29–30
exposure opportunity index (EOI), II: 290–291;
federal government action/research, I: 45–60;
II: 27–32;
III: 27–32;
IV: 13
health effects of, concerns, I: 2;
III: 19–20, 236, 237, 240, 242, 243
International Agency for Research on Cancer research activities, III: 30
legislation, I: 47–52;
II: 28–29;
III: 26–27;
Orange II formulation, I: 90;
III: 137;
IV: 119
product liability litigation, I: 34–35
spontaneous abortion, II: 283;
suspension of use, I: 92–93;
II: 26
TCDD as contaminant of, I: 91, 114, 126–127;
II: 102;
III: 140;
IV: 133–135
Vietnam amount used, I: 1, 27, 74, 90, 97–98, 106;
III: 136;
Vietnam military application, I: 1, 3, 27, 74, 84–85, 90, 92–93, 97–107, 543–545;
III: 1, 25, 136, 137, 138, 140;
IV: 125–126
Vietnam surplus disposal, I: 93–94
Vietnam veterans’ concerns, I: 32–34;
II: 26–27
Vietnam veterans’ increased disease risk, II: 22–23;
IV: 8–9, 12, 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305, 311, 318, 323, 332, 338, 343, 348, 353, 359, 367, 374, 381, 388
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, II: 136;
See also Herbicides;
Incineration, of Agent Orange
Agent Orange, the Deadly Fog, I: 33
Agent Orange Act of 1991. See Public Law 102–104
Agent Orange Briefs, I: 56;
II: 31;
III: 28
Agent Orange Registry (AOR), I: 20, 53, 56, 729;
See also Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA)
Agent Orange Review, I: 56;
II: 31;
III: 28
Agent Orange Scientific Task Force, I: 60–61
Agent Orange Study, I: 19, 57, 58–59, 63–64, 276–278;
II: 102;
IV: 124
Agent Orange Task Force, II: 24–26;
IV: 124
See also Department of Veterans Affairs, U.S. (DVA)
Agent Orange Validation Study, III: 240;
IV: 156, 159, 160, 162, 283, 304, 327, 403
Agent Orange Victims International, I: 34
Agent Orange Working Group, I: 19, 46, 58, 277, 743
research methodology, I: 728
Agent Orange II. See Agent Orange
Agent Pink, I: 27, 90, 92, 114;
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136;
IV: 123
Agent Purple, I: 27, 89, 92, 114;
Operation Ranch Hand, IV: 123
TCDD in, I: 126;
IV: 122
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136
Agent White, I: 27, 90, 92–93, 97, 115, 189;
IV: 118–119,
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136
Agricultural/forestry workers brain tumors, I: 320, 523;
II: 136
Canadian Farmer Cohort, II: 135–136
cancers, I: 13, 37, 320–323, 443, 447, 454;
case-control studies, I: 326–341, 486–488;
cohort studies, I: 318–323;
II: 118–120, 135– 137, 197–198;
IV: 197–202
epidemiologic studies, I: 37, 318–323;
II: 118–120, 135–137, 232–234, 238–239, 241–243;
III: 178–195, 224–232, 284–285, 335, 364–365, 379–380, 387–388;
IV: 134, 141–142, 145, 257, 260, 263, 265, 271, 285, 290, 296, 306, 312, 318, 324, 333, 338, 349, 353, 360, 368, 374, 381, 401
female reproductive and breast cancers, I: 510–511;
IV: 324–325
hepatobiliary cancer, I: 454;
II: 183–184;
III: 284–285;
IV: 271
herbicide exposure assessment, I: 265–266;
III: 154–157;
IV: 202
Hodgkin’s disease, I: 550–553;
II: 135
Irish agricultural workers study, II: 136–137
kidney cancer, I: 515
leukemia, I: 332–335, 566–568;
II: 136;
III: 387–388
malignant lymphoma in, IV: 201
multiple myelomas, I: 11–12, 558–561;
II: 138–139, 238–239, 241–243;
III: 379–380
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, I: 9, 256–257, 530–540;
III: 364–365;
IV: 359–361
prostate cancer, I: 11, 518, 519, 575;
II: 8–9;
III: 335;
IV: 327–329
reproductive outcomes, I: 510–511, 598
respiratory cancer, I: 11, 466;
II: 197–198
soft-tissue sarcomas, I: 37, 326–328, 479– 481, 486–488
sperm dysfunction, I: 632
suicide, I: 650
See also Forests;
Professional pesticide/herbicide applicators
Agricultural Health Study, IV: 142
See also Iowa
Agricultural herbicides, I: 24, 35, 39, 174–175, 181;
II: 137–139
See also Herbicides
Agriculture. See Agricultural/forestry workers;
Agricultural herbicides;
Food crops;
Forests
Ah receptor (AhR), I: 3, 123, 134;
IV: 25–26, 29–30, 42, 47, 50–58, 60, 68, 69, 70–73, 76, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 93, 94, 95, 99–100
animal studies and, I: 114, 123;
II: 3–4, 51–53, 54–56, 57–62, 92–93;
anti-estrogenicity and, II: 62;
III: 67–69
biological consequences of activation, II: 57;
III: 62;
blood abnormalities, I: 125
cacodylic acid acute toxicity, I: 188
cacodylic acid carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 187;
cacodylic acid chronic exposure, I: 188–189
cacodylic acid developmental toxicity, I: 189
cacodylic acid genotoxicity, I: 187–188
cacodylic acid mechanism of action, I: 188–189
cacodylic acid and mechanism of toxicity,
II: 50–51;
IV: 24
cacodylic acid pharmokinetics, I: 186–187
cacodylic acid renal toxicity, II: 50–51
cacodylic acid reproductive toxicity, I: 189
cacodylic acid toxicity summary, II: 50;
III: 48;
IV: 38
cacodylic acid toxicokinetics, I: 188–189;
combinatorial interactions, II: 57–58
DNA binding capability and transcription, activation of, II: 56–57;
III: 58–61
free radicals and, II: 60;
III: 64–65
growth/differentiation signaling, III: 62–63
growth factor and, II: 59
inconsistencies in, II: 57–62
ligand-independent activation, II: 58
multiple forms of, II: 57
nervous system and, I: 161
protein kinases and, II: 60–62;
III: 65–67;
IV: 69–71
redox signaling, III: 64–65;
IV: 67–69
signaling interactions, II: 59–62;
III: 62–69;
structural and functional aspects of, II: 54–56;
III: 54–58;
IV: 54–56
TCDD biologic plausibility and, I: 3, 133–138, 452–453;
IV: 4, 25–26, 29, 42, 47–53, 322, 386
TCDD carcinogenicity and, I: 118, 439
TCDD hepatotoxicity and, I: 151, 152, 457;
II: 3–4
TCDD immunotoxicity and, I: 122, 150
TCDD reproductive toxicity and, I: 123
TCDD teratogenicity and, I: 159–160
transcriptional-independent responses, II: 58–59
See also ARNT
AIDS/HIV, I: 338, 527, 541, 695;
II: 326;
Air Force. See U.S. Air Force
Air Force Health Study (AFHS), I: 62–63, 260, 272, 622;
III: 23, 25, 29, 239, 438–439, 495, 505, 514;
appropriation for, I: 51
autoimmune disease in, I: 698
basal/squamous cell skin cancer in, III: 318, 321, 322;
IV: 309
baseline mortality studies, II: 151
birth defects in offspring, II: 286, 293–295;
IV: 402
bone cancer in, III: 303;
IV: 289
cancer and latency in, III: 423, 424, 425, 427
circulatory disease in, I: 703–705, 706;
II: 336;
IV: 508–509
data sources, I: 385–386;
II: 150–151
diabetes mellitus in, I: 684;
II: 330;
IV: 485–487
epidemiological studies, II: 31, 32, 149, 150–152, 154–156, 293–295;
III: 28–29, 206–207, 218, 237–240, 303, 309–310, 313–314, 318, 321, 322, 339, 340, 385, 436, 438, 439, 446–447, 449, 452–453, 457–458, 481, 486, 495, 498–500, 502, 505, 506, 507, 510, 513, 514, 517;
IV: 291, 294–295, 298, 301, 305–306, 308–311, 313, 327, 329, 331, 334–36, 342, 345, 347, 350, 352, 355, 357, 362, 366, 370, 373, 376, 380, 383
exposure assessment in, I: 279–280, 281, 386;
III: 6, 146–147, 157–158, 162;
IV: 123–124
gastrointestinal ulcers in, I: 691;
immune system disorders in, I: 696
infertility in, II: 280;
lipid abnormalities in, I: 689;
II: 333;
IV: 494
liver toxicity in, II: 332;
IV: 502
low birthweight in, I: 626, 627;
III: 457–458
melanoma in, III: 313–314;
IV: 303–304
methodology, I: 230–231, 385–386, 445, 757–762
multiple myelomas in, I: 562;
IV: 373
neurological disorders in, I: 659;
IV: 441–443, 445, 454–455, 459
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in, I: 541;
IV: 362
participants, I: 722–723;
II: 150–152
perinatal death in offspring, III: 452–453
peripheral nervous system disorders in, I: 665;
IV: 454–455
porphyria cutanea tarda in, I: 681–682;
II: 321–322;
III: 481
recommendations for, I: 16–17, 722–724;
IV: 13
reproductive outcomes in, I: 601, 612–613, 632, 633, 727;
II: 293–295;
III: 436, 438, 439, 446–447, 449, 452–453, 457–458;
IV: 403
respiratory cancers in, I: 469;
II: 201
respiratory disorders in, I: 711–712;
III: 486
role of, I: 53
skin cancers in, II: 209;
IV: 303
skin disorders in, I: 678
soft tissue sarcoma in, I: 492–493;
III: 309–310;
IV: 294–29
spina bifida in offspring, II: 9, 295–296;
spontaneous abortions in, II: 283–284
status of, I: 53;
II: 31–32
TCDD half-life estimates, I: 260–261;
II: 104–105;
TCDD serum levels, I: 273, 281, 285, 656;
II: 101, 103, 105, 109, 351, 356, 357;
See also Operation Ranch Hand;
U.S. Air Force;
Vietnam veterans
Aktiengesellschaft, Germany, IV: 137
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), II: 331, 332;
IV: 37
Alaskan natives
Inuit, III: 50–51
See also Race/ethnicity
Alberta, Canada, II: 135–136, 232, 242, 246;
Alberta Cancer Registry, III: 235
Alberta Health Care Insurance Plan, III: 235
Alcohol consumption, I: 507
ALL. See Leukemia
III: 487–488;
IV: 469–470
See also Immune system disorders
Alsea, Oregon, I: 42–43, 372–373, 598
ALT. See Alanine aminotransferase
AL-type primary amyloidosis See Amyloidosis
American Association for the Advancement of Science, I: 29, 92
Herbicide Assessment Commission, I: 30–31
American Cancer Society, I: 334;
II: 177, 181, 189, 191, 204, 205, 209, 211, 217, 223, 228, 231, 239, 245;
III: 267, 282, 289, 292, 295, 296, 302, 304, 312, 322, 324, 329, 334, 343, 347, 351, 356, 362, 371, 377, 383;
IV: 250, 267, 273, 277, 281, 287, 291, 299, 300, 314, 320, 326, 335, 339, 345, 350, 355, 364, 371, 377
Cancer Prevention Study, II: 239;
III: 229
American College of Epidemiology, II: 25
American Diabetes Association (ADA), III: 492, 493, 502
American Industrial Hygiene Association, II: 25
American Journal of Epidemiology, II: 281
American Legion, I: 60, 278–279, 399, 601–602, 626, 633;
Vietnam veterans’ epidemiological studies,
American Public Health Association, II: 25
American Thoracic Society Epidemiology Standardization Questionnaire, II: 136
d-Aminolevulinic acid synthetase, I: 153–154
Amitrole, I: 323
AML. See Leukemia
Amyloidosis, IV: 2, 7, 11, 511–513
Anencephaly, IV: 404–405
Angina, I: 708;
IV: 135
See also Circulatory disorders Animal studies;
IV: 254, 256, 269, 275, 279, 290, 293–294, 296 2,4-D carcinogenicity, I: 118–119, 176–178;
II: 48;
IV: 37 2,4-D chronic exposure, I: 179–180;
IV: 34 2,4-D developmental toxicity, I: 124, 180–181;
III: 46 2,4-D disease outcomes and mechanisms of toxicity, II: 48–49;
IV: 30–32, 35 2,4-D genotoxicity, I: 178–179;
IV: 28, 33 2,4-D immunotoxicity, I: 122–123, 181;
IV: 36 2,4-D lethality, III: 44–45;
IV: 35
2,4-D mechanism of action, II: 47–48;
III: 44;
IV: 33
2,4-D mechanism of toxicity, II: 48–49;
2,4-D neurotoxicity, II: 48;
2,4-D pharmacokinetics, I: 175
2,4-D reproductive toxicity, I: 124, 180, 181;
III: 46;
2,4-D toxicity profile update summary, II: 46;
IV: 33
2,4-D toxicokinetics, II: 46–47;
III: 43–44;
2,4,5-T acute toxicity, I: 184
2,4,5-T carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 182–184;
III: 396
2,4,5-T chronic exposure, I: 184
2,4,5-T developmental/reproductive toxicity, I: 124, 185;
II: 49–50
2,4,5-T genotoxicity, I: 184
2,4,5-T immunotoxicity, I: 123
2,4,5-T mechanism of action,
III: 47–48
2,4,5-T mechanism of toxicity, II: 49–50;
IV: 37
2,4,5-T pharmacokinetics, I: 182
2,4,5-T toxicity profile update summary, II: 49;
IV: 37
2,4,5-T toxicokinetics, II: 49;
III: 47;
IV: 37
amyloidosis, IV: 512
blood abnormalities, I: 125;
IV: 496
breast cancer, IV: 29, 317–318
cacodylic acid acute toxicity, I: 188
cacodylic acid carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 187;
cacodylic acid chronic exposure, I: 188–189
cacodylic acid developmental toxicity, I: 189
cacodylic acid genotoxicity, I: 187–188
cacodylic acid mechanism of action, II: 50;
III: 49–50
cacodylic acid mechanism of toxicity, II: 50–51;
IV: 24
cacodylic acid pharmacokinetics, I: 186–187
cacodylic acid renal toxicity, II: 50–51
cacodylic acid reproductive toxicity, I: 189
cacodylic acid toxicity summary, II: 50;
IV: 38
cacodylic acid toxicokinetics, II: 50;
III: 48;
characteristics of, I: 111–114;
IV: 48
epidemiologic studies, IV: 359, 361, 369, 381
evidentiary role, I: 228;
generalizability, I: 112, 113, 114, 118, 122–123, 160;
hepatic abnormalities, I: 124–125, 688;
human health relevance of toxicology, III: 35–36;
male-mediated disorders, I: 593–594
nonhuman primates, I: 151
picloram in, I: 118, 119, 125, 190–192;
III: 51
squamous cell carcinomas, IV: 284
TCDD acute toxicity, II: 75–76
TCDD and bladder cancer in;
IV: 342
TCDD and bone cancer in;
IV: 290
TCDD and Hodgkin’s disease in;
IV: 367
TCDD and leukemia disease in;
IV: 380
TCDD and multiple myeloma in;
IV: 374
TCDD and nasal and nasopharyngeal cancer in;
IV: 275
TCDD and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in;
IV: 358
TCDD and prostate cancer in;
IV: 332
TCDD and soft-tissue sarcoma in;
IV: 279
TCDD carcinogenicity, I: 3, 116, 138–142;
TCDD cardiovascular toxicity, I: 171;
II: 76;
III: 74–75
TCDD dermal toxicity, I: 173–174;
II: 76
TCDD developmental toxicity, I: 123–124, 156–157, 159–160;
III: 92–105;
IV: 58
TCDD disease outcomes, II: 3;
TCDD endocrine effects, III: 83–84
TCDD gastrointestinal toxicity, I: 169–170;
IV: 256
TCDD hepatotoxicity, I: 124–125, 151–156;
III: 76–79
TCDD immunotoxicity, I: 119–122, 146– 151;
III: 85–92;
TCDD-induced diabetes, IV: 488
TCDD-induced wasting syndrome, I: 162–166;
II: 76–77;
III: 80–83;
TCDD lethality, III: 71–73;
IV: 76
TCDD mechanism of action, II: 3, 54–65;
TCDD mechanism of toxicity, II: 65–77
TCDD metabolic toxicity, I: 166–169
TCDD neurotoxicity, I: 160–166;
III: 84–85;
TCDD pharmacokinetics, I: 127–133
TCDD renal toxicity, II: 77;
III: 75–76;
IV: 348
TCDD reproductive toxicity, I: 123–124, 156–159;
III: 92–105;
IV: 26, 64, 323, 337, 411, 432, 434
TCDD respiratory tract toxicity, I: 170
TCDD toxicity update summary, II: 51–53
TCDD toxicokinetics, II: 3, 53–54;
toxicity, potential health risks and contributing factors, III: 106, 107, 108
Anthropometry. See Body weight
AOR. See Agent Orange Registry
Apoptosis, TCDD and, II: 3, 67
Arctic, Inuit natives, III: 50–51
Argentina, III: 224
Arkansas, I: 373–374, 663;
III: 234;
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, I: 494
Army. See U.S. Army
Army Chemical Corps. See U.S. Army Chemical Corps
Army Reserve Personnel Center, II: 152
ARNT, II: 4, 45, 55, 56, 57, 58, 66;
IV: 30, 47–56, 61, 67, 69–73, 86
See also Ah receptor (AhR)
Arsenic
cacodylic acid component, IV: 117–118
respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268;
III: 420
Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, I: 135, 153, 155–156, 170
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). See Ah receptor (AhR)
Asbestos, respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268;
III: 420
Asia, III: 471
Asian Americans, II: 188
See also Race/ethnicity
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), II: 331, 333;
IV: 37
Assembly of Life Sciences (ALS), I: 62, 63
Association of Birth Defect Children, II: 292
AST. See Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Asthma, I: 708, 711, 713;
IV: 199
See also Respiratory disorders
Ataxia, I: 658
See also Motor/coordination dysfunction;
Neurobehavioral toxicity
Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, I: 387
Atlanta, Georgia, II: 241, 296;
III: 229
CDC Birth Defects Study, II: 9;
III: 438;
IV: 237
Atlantic Ocean, III: 108
Australia, I: 61, 91, 340, 406, 418, 444, 470, 488–489, 537, 546, 614–615, 633, 702, 710;
II: 113, 132, 149, 160, 202, 293;
III: 216–217, 218, 237, 244–245;
IV: 8, 10, 144, 150, 159, 210, 304
Air Force veterans, III: 244
IV: 159
Australian National Service Vietnam veterans, III: 273, 286
Bureau of Statistics Health Interview Survey, 1989–1990, III: 245, 485, 511, 517
Department of Defense, III: 244, 245
Department of Veterans Affairs, III: 244, 245
Electoral Commission rolls, III: 245
Health Insurance Medicare, III: 245
herbicide use by forces, III: 137–138
lung cancer mortality in Vietnam veterans,
III: 424
National Death Index, III: 245
Navy veterans, III: 244
Victorian Cancer Registry, III: 232;
IV: 144
Vietnam veterans epidemiologic studies,
III: 9, 273, 285–286, 290, 294, 295, 298, 299, 303, 310, 311, 314, 315, 327, 329, 339, 340, 343, 346, 349, 353, 355, 359, 365, 380, 389, 469, 486, 489, 500, 506, 512–513, 517;
IV: 244–247, 255, 259, 262, 264, 266, 272, 276, 280, 283, 287, 295, 298–299, 305–308, 310, 313, 319, 323–326, 332, 334–335, 337, 339, 345, 350, 355, 362–363, 371, 376, 380, 383, 404–405
See also Tasmania
Austria, IV: 138–139, 189, 467–468, 500
Autoimmune disease, I: 697–699;
IV: 475–481
See also Immune system disorders;
Systemic autoimmune disease;
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Autoimmunity, I: 693, 697–699;
III: 487–488;
IV: 476–477
See also Immune system disorders
B
Baltic Sea, II: 329;
III: 108, 236, 272, 285, 358, 484, 515
Basal/squamous cell skin cancer
biologic plausibility, III: 322;
IV: 311
epidemiologic studies, III: 317–322, 323
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 323;
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 321, 323;
IV: 309
herbicides association with, III: 317–322, 323
incidence, III: 319–320
mortality studies, III: 319, 321
scientific literature update, III: 319–320;
IV: 309
Vietnam veterans and, III: 323
See also Melanoma;
Skin cancer
BASF, I: 312–313, 444, 530, 550, 558;
II: 130–131, 238, 318–319, 325, 330–331, 332– 333, 334, 336;
III: 153, 154, 174, 221–222, 269–270, 273, 297, 349, 484, 495, 506, 511;
IV: 112, 188–189, 257, 260, 271, 285, 290, 301, 333, 343–344, 368, 382
Aktiengesellschaft, III: 221;
IV: 137
Dioxin Investigation Programme, II: 131
Occupational Safety and Employee Protection Department, II: 131
Basic helix-loop-helix (BHLH), II: 54, 55, 56;
IV: 49
Bayer, III: 154;
IV: 112
Beck’s Depression Inventory, I: 650, 651
Benefits. See Compensation, veterans
BHLH. See Basic helix-loop-helix (BHLH)
Bias, methodological. See Methodological bias
Binghamton, New York, III: 234;
IV: 149
Biochemical warfare, I: 29, 45
Biologic plausibility, II: 88, 92;
IV: 2–3, 16, 20–22, 26, 29, 106–107, 249, 385–388
Ah receptor-TCDD interaction, I: 3, 133–137, 439, 452–453;
III: 129;
altered sperm parameters, I: 634;
III: 451
animal studies, I: 228;
II: 176;
IV: 431–435
basal/squamous cell skin cancer, III: 322
birth defects, II: 298;
III: 444;
IV: 403
bladder cancer, III: 351;
IV: 342–343
bone cancer, I: 474;
III: 304;
IV: 290
brain tumors, I: 525;
III: 362;
IV: 352
breast cancer, II: 217;
IV: 317–318
carcinogenicity, I: 116–118, 119, 146, 176–178, 182–184, 187, 190–191, 439, 451;
II: 176;
III: 394–397;
IV: 385–387
childhood cancer, I: 630;
II: 300;
IV: 426
chloracne, I: 678;
II: 320–321;
III: 480;
IV: 466
circulatory disorders, I: 708;
III: 518;
IV: 510
diabetes mellitus, I: 692;
II: 335;
III: 502–503;
IV: 488
endometrial cancer, IV: 322
evidentiary role of, I: 111, 114, 223–224, 240–241, 434;
female reproductive system cancers, I: 512;
III: 334;
IV: 323
fetal/neonatal/infant death, I: 624;
III: 453
gastrointestinal tract cancers, III: 281–282;
IV: 256
gastrointestinal ulcers, III: 513–514
genitourinary tract cancers, I: 521–522
genotoxicity, I: 178–179, 184, 187–188, 191
hepatobiliary cancer, I: 453, 457;
IV: 270
Hodgkin’s disease, I: 557;
III: 377;
IV: 367
hyperlipidemia, I: 692
immunotoxicity, I: 122, 146–151, 181, 192, 699;
III: 491
infertility, I: 634;
II: 282;
III: 451
laryngeal cancer, III: 295;
IV: 279
leukemia, I: 571;
III: 390;
IV: 380–381
liver disorders, I: 691–692;
II: 335;
III: 513–514;
IV: 270
low birthweight outcomes, I: 628;
III: 458
lung cancer, III: 302;
IV: 284
male-mediated reproductive outcomes, I: 593–595;
III: 451;
melanoma, III: 317;
IV: 305
motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 661;
III: 475;
IV: 448
III: 383;
IV: 374
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 460;
III: 292;
IV: 275
neurobehavioral disorders, II: 314;
III: 474–475
neuropsychological disorders, I: 658;
IV: 457–459
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, I: 549;
III: 366;
IV: 358–359
peripheral nervous system disorders, I: 666
porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 679, 682;
II: 323;
III: 482;
IV: 468
prostate cancer, III: 343;
IV: 331–332
renal cancers, III: 356;
IV: 348
renal toxicity, I: 179–180
reproductive outcomes, I: 123–124, 180–181, 185, 189, 192, 605, 618, 628;
II: 300–301;
IV: 411
respiratory cancers, I: 472
respiratory disorders, I: 713;
III: 486
skin cancer, I: 503;
soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 500;
III: 311;
IV: 296
squamous cell carcinomas, IV: 284
testicular cancer, III: 347;
IV: 337
See also TCDD biologic plausibility
Biological samples, I: 20–21, 729–730
Biomarkers
chloracne as, I: 4, 10, 172–173, 262, 401, 672–674;
II: 318
exposure assessment and, I: 259–262, 280–284;
II: 101–104;
III: 146–147;
research recommendations, I: 17, 725;
II: 25
sperm parameters as, I: 631
Bionetics Research Laboratory, I: 30
Birth defects
biologic plausibility, III: 444;
IV: 403
definition of, I: 605–606;
II: 286;
III: 435;
IV: 400
epidemiologic studies, II: 140, 286–296;
epidemiology, I: 606;
II: 286;
III: 435–436
evaluation of epidemiologic data, I: 615–618;
herbicide association first reports, I: 1
herbicide association in, I: 13–14, 618;
III: 436–444;
IV 400–405
herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 608–609;
III: 437
herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: 607–608;
III: 437;
IV: 197
Ranch Hand participants’ children and, II: 293–296;
IV: 18
risk factors of, I: 606–607;
II: 298;
III: 444
scientific literature update, III: 437, 439–443;
IV: 401–402
Seveso, Italy, study, II: 287;
III: 436
summary, II: 295–296;
IV: 400–401
TCDD biologic plausibility in, I: 618;
II: 298;
III: 460–461
Vietnam veterans’ children and, I: 609–615, 618;
IV: 403
See also Cleft lip/palate;
Neural tube defects;
Reproductive disorders;
Spinabifida;
Teratogenicity
Birth Defects Study, II: 9, 290–291, 296;
See also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Births. See Birth defects;
Low birthweight;
Perinatal death;
Preterm delivery (PTD)
Bladder cancer and disorders biologic plausibility, III: 351;
IV: 342–343
epidemiologic studies, I: 515–517;
II: 225–227;
III: 347–351;
epidemiology;
II: 223;
III: 347
herbicide association in, I: 12, 521, 576;
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 349, 350–351;
IV: 341
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 348, 350;
IV: 340–341
histopathology, I: 513
incidence, I: 513
incidence, data by age/gender/race, for selected age groups, III: 347;
IV: 340
risk factors, I: 513–514
scientific literature update, II: 226–227;
III: 348–349;
IV: 340
TCDD, association with, IV: 19, 24
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 513, 517, 522;
See also Genitourinary cancers
Body mass index (BMI), II: 281;
Body weight, loss of and TCDD, II: 3
Boehringer-Ingelheim, I: 313;
III: 153–154;
IV: 111–112
Bone cancer
biologic plausibility, III: 304
children and, I: 628
epidemiologic studies, III: 303–305
epidemiology, I: 472–473;
II: 204;
III: 302
herbicide association in, I: 13, 473–474, 577;
II: 6, 11, 20, 204–205, 249–250;
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 303, 305;
IV: 289
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 303, 305;
IV: 288
incidence of, data by gender/race, for selected age groups, III: 302;
IV: 288
scientific literature update, II: 204–205;
III: 303;
IV: 288
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 473, 474;
II: 204;
IV: 290
Vietnam veterans’ studies, III: 303, 305;
IV: 289
Boston Hospital for Women, II: 291–292
Brain tumors, I: 339;
IV: 350
2,4-D exposure and, I: 119, 176–177
agricultural workers and, I: 320;
II: 136
biologic plausibility, III: 362;
IV: 352
clinical features, I: 522
epidemiologic studies, II: 136, 229–230;
III: 356–361;
IV: 198
epidemiology, I: 522–523;
II: 228–229;
III: 356
herbicide association in, I: 12, 525, 576;
IV: 19
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 358, 361;
IV: 351
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 357–358, 360;
IV: 351
incidence, data by gender/race, for selected age groups, III: 356;
IV: 351
scientific literature update, II: 229–230;
III: 357–359;
IV: 351
TCDD, association with, IV: 19
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 525;
IV: 353
Vietnam veterans’ studies, III: 358–359, 361;
IV: 352
Breast cancer
agricultural workers and, I: 510;
IV: 140
biologic plausibility, II: 217;
IV: 318
epidemiologic studies, II: 214–216, 217;
III: 324–328;
IV: 318–320
epidemiology, I: 505, 506–507;
II: 213–214;
IV: 144
herbicide association in, I: 13;
II: 6, 11, 12, 20, 89, 213–217, 249–250;
herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 511, 512;
III: 328;
IV: 315
herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 214–216;
IV: 315
histopathology, I: 505–506
incidence in US women, data by race, for selected age groups, III: 324;
IV: 314
risk, estimated, II: 218
risk factors, I: 507
scientific literature update, III: 326–327;
IV: 315
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 213, 216–217, 505, 511;
III: 329;
IV: 318
Vietnam veterans’ studies, III: 326, 328;
IV: 316
See also Reproductive system cancers,
women
British Columbia, Canada, III: 10, 227–228, 338, 439–440, 447–448, 449, 452, 453, 457;
IV: 419
Cancer Incidence File, III: 227
Death File, III: 227
Division of Vital Statistics, III: 452, 457
Health Surveillance Registry, III: 227, 439
Bronchitis, I: 708, 711, 713
See also Respiratory disorders
Bronchus cancer. See Lung cancer
Brown, Jesse, II: 24;
Bureau of Census, III: 231
Bureau of Labor Statistics, I: 79, 80
n-Butyl esters, I: 27;
IV: 117–119
C
Cacodylic acid, I: 88–89;
II: 4;
III: 5, 19, 32, 135, 136, 137, 218;
acute toxicity, I: 188
animal studies, I: 185–189;
II: 50–51;
IV: 5
carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 187;
II: 40;
III: 396
chemical properties/structure, I: 111, 114, 186;
II: 38;
III: 32
chronic exposure, I: 188–189
dimethylarsenic radical formation and, II: 4
disease outcomes, III: 34, 50;
domestic use, I: 185–186
kidney toxicity, I: 125;
II: 42
mechanism of action, II: 50;
mechanisms of toxicity, II: 50–51
Operation Ranch Hand, use in, IV: 117
pharmacokinetics, I: 186–187
renal toxicity, II: 50–51
reproductive toxicity, I: 124, 189;
II: 42;
IV: 403
toxicity update summary, II: 50;
toxicokinetics, II: 50;
Vietnam formulations, I: 186
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136
Calcium, homeostasis of and 2,4,5-T, II: 4
California, I: 341;
III: 232
See also Irvine, California
Camp Drum, New York, I: 25–26, 89
Canada, I: 11, 319–320, 323, 374–375, 443, 467–468, 537–539, 620, 650;
II: 8, 132, 135–136, 140, 219–220, 243, 248;
III: 226, 232, 303, 309, 335, 344, 348, 353;
IV: 141, 199, 209, 257, 296, 333, 353, 360, 374, 381
Census of Agriculture, 1971, II: 135
Census of Population, 1971, II: 135
Central Farm Register, 1971, II: 135
Central Farm Register, 1981, II: 135
Mortality Data Base, II: 135;
III: 227
Mortality Study of Canadian Male Farm Operators, II: 135–136;
III: 224;
Saskatchewan Cancer Foundation, II: 139
Saskatchewan Hospital Services Plan, II: 139
Statistics Canada, III: 227
See also Alberta, Canada;
British Columbia,
Canada;
Manitoba, Canada;
New Brunswick, Canada;
Ontario, Canada;
Saskatchewan, Canada
Cancer
age-specific incidence, I: 436–438;
IV: 250, 267, 273, 277, 281, 288, 292, 300, 314, 321, 327, 335, 346, 351, 356, 365, 372, 378
agriculture workers and, I: 320–323, 443;
biologic plausibility, I: 116–118, 119, 434;
II: 176;
III: 394–397;
IV: 249, 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305, 311, 318, 322, 323, 331, 332, 337, 342, 343, 348, 352, 358, 359, 367, 374, 380, 381, 385
children and, I: 14, 594–595, 628–631;
clinical features, I: 433–436
epidemiologic studies, I: 45, 317, 320–323, 325–326, 367, 383–384, 391–393, 443– 445;
IV: 182, 251–255, 268–269, 274–275, 277–278, 282–283, 288–289, 292–295, 302–304, 309–310, 315–316, 321–323, 327–329, 336–337, 340–342, 346–347, 351–352, 356–358, 365–367, 372–373, 379–380
epidemiology, I: 433, 435–438, 442, 525;
II: 175;
III: 265–266
herbicide association, insufficient evidence for determining, I: 13–14, 577–578;
II: 249–250;
III: 393;
IV: 268, 270, 274, 279, 286, 302, 305, 311, 314, 318, 321, 323, 336, 337, 338, 340, 342, 346, 348, 374, 378, 380, 384
herbicide association, limited/suggestive evidence of, I: 10–12, 574–576;
III: 393;
IV: 256, 278, 279, 283, 331, 373, 384, 385
herbicide association, no evidence of, I: 12–13, 576–577;
II: 250;
III: 393–394;
herbicide association, sufficient evidence of, I: 8–10, 572–574;
herbicide environmental exposure
epidemiologic studies, I: 444, 469;
II: 147–148;
IV: 254, 269, 274, 278, 282, 289, 293, 302, 309, 315, 321, 329, 336, 341, 347, 351, 357, 366, 372, 379
herbicide exposure measures, II: 175, 176;
III: 265–266
herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: 443–444;
IV: 251, 268, 274, 282, 288, 292, 302, 309, 315, 321, 327, 336, 340, 346, 351, 356, 365, 372, 379
herbicide/pesticide applicators and, I: 320–321, 323, 325–326, 443, 447, 466–468, 488, 491;
II: 137–138;
IV: 276
herbicides, categories of association in, I: 572
mortality studies, I: 442–445;
III: 410–411, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, 429;
IV: 251–254, 268–270, 277, 282, 288, 289, 292, 293, 294, 299, 302, 303, 305, 327, 329, 330, 331, 332, 336, 341, 346, 347, 351, 352, 356, 357, 358, 365, 366, 367, 372, 373, 379, 380
multistage model, I: 142–143, 434, 439
P450 induction to, I: 144–145, 170
phenoxy herbicide association in, I: 483;
research priorities, I: 19, 727
research recommendations, I: 19, 727
risk assessment, I: 442–443, 578;
III: 430–431
site groupings for ICD-9 cancer codes, III: 537–539
TCDD animal studies, I: 138–142;
II: 176;
TCDD genotoxicity, I: 143–144
TCDD in initiation/promotion, I: 116, 142–143, 434, 439
TCDD in P450 induction to, I: 144–145
Vietnam civilians, II: 148
Vietnam veterans, expected incidence, I: 439–440, 442, 452, 460–461, 473, 475, 501, 505, 513, 522, 526, 564;
II: 176–177;
III: 266–267
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 391–393, 401, 402–403, 405, 436–438, 444–445, 578;
IV: 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305, 311, 318, 323, 332, 338, 343, 348, 353, 359, 367, 374, 381, 388
See also Carcinogen(s);
Latency effects in cancer studies;
specific cancers;
specific cancer sites
Carcinogen(s) 2,4-D as, I: 118–119, 176–178;
IV: 5 2,4,5-T as, I: 118, 119, 182–184;
II: 40;
III: 396
cacodylic acid as, I: 118, 119, 187;
II: 40;
III: 396;
IV: 10, 17, 267, 270, 341, 345, 511
mechanism of action, I: 434
picloram as, I: 118, 119, 190–191;
II: 40;
III: 396
TCDD as, I: 3, 116–118, 434, 439;
IV: 3, 82–83, 134, 256, 274–275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305, 311, 318, 330, 332, 337, 342, 348, 352, 358, 367, 374, 380, 385–387, 477
See also Cancer
Cardiovascular system disorders cardiomegaly, I: 703
circulatory disorders, I: 699–709;
IV: 182
lipid abnormalities in, I: 688
TCDD in, I: 171;
II: 76;
III: 74–75;
See also Circulatory disorders;
Myocardial infarction
Case-control studies
agriculture/forestry workers, I: 326–341;
II: 138–140;
evidentiary role of, I: 234–235, 727;
II: 94–95, 178, 179, 180, 188;
III: 130;
herbicide environmental exposure, II: 144–146, 148–149, 184, 186, 190, 193, 241;
III: 201–204;
herbicide exposure assessment for, I: 256–257, 727;
IV: 9, 137, 144–146, 207–221, 336, 369, 401, 418–420, 428, 444–445, 447
herbicide occupational exposure, II: 122–127, 138–140, 183, 184, 186, 188, 190, 193, 200, 222, 240;
IV: 133, 136, 187, 192, 207–221, 328
paper/pulp workers, II: 126–127, 200;
Vietnam veterans, II: 155–157, 159–160, 187, 223;
III: 208–217;
IV: 124, 236–245, 247, 420, 423–425, 427
Causality
statistical association vs., I: 7, 227, 239, 246;
IV: 6
CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CDDs. See Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
TCDD and, II: 69–70
Cell proliferation
Cellular retinoic acid binding protein, type II (CRABP-II), II: 73
Census Bureau. See Bureau of Census
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), I: 19, 40–41, 51;
II: 9;
Agent Orange action/research, I: 57–62, 63–64;
II: 28;
III: 25;
IV: 125–126
Agent Orange Study, I: 276–278;
II: 102;
IV: 124
birth defects research, I: 387–389, 609–612;
II: 289;
IV: 124
epidemiological studies, II: 113, 155–156;
IV: 156–157, 208, 235, 236, 237
exposure opportunity index, I: 274–276, 611–612;
II: 290–291;
III: 147–148
neural tube defects in children, studies by, IV: 18
research methodology, I: 728
TCDD half-life investigation, II: 104–105
validation study, I: 59, 260–261, 281–284, 285, 387, 742–743;
III: 240
See also Birth Defects Study;
Cerebrospinal Malformation (CSM) Study;
General Birth Defects Study (GBDS);
Selected Cancers Study;
Vietnam Experience Study (VES)
Central nervous system (CNS). See Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders;
Motor/coordination dysfunction;
Neurologic disorders
Cerebrospinal Malformation (CSM) Study, I: 610;
II: 289–290
Cerebrovascular disease, I: 702
stroke, I: 658, 659, 660
Cervical cancer, I: 13, 505, 509, 510, 512;
II: 6;
Chemical production. See Chemicals and chemical industry;
Herbicides;
Industrial accidents;
Production workers
Chemicals and chemical industry
Agent Orange product liability litigation, I: 34–35
hexachlorophene production, I: 40;
II: 128;
production workers exposure studies, I: 303–318;
II: 114–118, 128–135, 171–175, 182–183, 191, 193–197, 206–207, 232, 237–238, 273–274, 275;
III: 170–178, 218, 219–224, 284, 363–364, 378–379, 386–387, 420, 423, 426, 429;
IV: 133–140, 194–197, 252, 257, 258, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 271, 276, 280, 285, 286, 293, 296, 297, 301, 306, 307, 318, 319, 325, 327, 333, 334, 338, 343, 344, 348, 349, 353, 354, 360, 368, 374, 381, 382
TCDD contamination in production, I: 91, 126
See also Herbicides;
Industrial accidents
Chemoreception
characteristics of, I: 133–134
dioxin-responsive enhancers in, I: 135–136
estrogen-mediated, I: 145
TCDD dose-response linearity, I: 137–138
TCDD hepatotoxicity and, I: 154–155
TCDD-induced wasting syndrome and, I: 164
See also Ah receptor
Child mortality studies, II: 147
See also Deaths;
Mortality studies
Children
spina bifida in Vietnam veterans offspring,
III: 7, 8, 9–10, 21, 24–25, 437–438
See also Child mortality studies;
Children, cancer in
Children, cancer in, I: 14, 594–595, 628–631;
IV: 399–400, 417–420, 422, 425–426, 427, 428, 432
epidemiologic studies, II: 299
epidemiology, II: 298;
IV: 422–425
herbicide association in, II: 299–300
scientific literature update, II: 299–300;
IV: 418–422
Seveso, Italy, study, II: 299;
IV: 428
Vietnam veterans’ offspring, II: 299;
See also Wilm’s tumor
China, I: 458;
IV: 273
See also Shanghai, China
Chloracne, I: 39
animal studies, I: 173–174;
III: 480
biological plausibility, II: 320–321;
III: 480;
IV: 466
chemical production workers and, I: 308, 310, 316;
clinical features, I: 672–673
diet and, I: 174;
IV: 463–464
epidemiologic studies, I: 674–678;
III: 479–480;
IV: 135–136, 138– 139, 147, 152, 186, 189, 194, 233
epidemiology, II: 317–318;
III: 478–479
herbicide association in, I: 10, 678;
scientific literature update, II: 318–320;
III: 480;
IV: 465
Seveso, Italy, accident and, I: 366–367;
IV: 464
skin cancer and, I: 502
TCDD biomarker for, I: 4, 10, 28, 172–173, 262, 401, 672–674;
Vietnam veterans and, II: 317, 318, 321;
Vietnam veterans compensation for, I: 50, 51, 55, 56;
See also Skin sensitivity
Chlordane, I: 91
Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs), II: 63–64, 65
Chlorodibenzodioxins, I: 28 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA),
II: 113, 133, 188, 193, 195–196, 207;
IV: 133, 197, 258, 259, 260, 262, 264, 265, 267, 276, 280, 286–287, 290, 291, 297, 299, 312, 334, 335, 338, 339, 344–345, 349, 350, 354, 355, 401
2-[4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy]propanoic acid (MCPP), II: 133, 195–196
Chlorophenols, I: 9;
III: 150, 151, 154, 218, 222, 223, 422, 423, 429;
IV: 16
Chondrosarcomas of the skull. See Bone cancer
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). See Leukemia
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). See Leukemia
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), II: 129;
See also Respiratory disorders
Circulatory disorders
III: 514;
IV: 505
biologic plausibility, III: 518;
IV: 510
epidemiologic studies, I: 700–707;
II: 335–337;
III: 514–518;
IV: 506–509
epidemiology, III: 514
herbicide association in, I: 14, 708;
morbidity studies, II: 336
mortality studies, II: 335
research methodology, I: 699–700;
II: 335
scientific literature update, II: 336–337;
III: 515–518;
IV: 506–509
Vietnam veterans and, II: 336;
III: 514;
IV: 510
See also Angina;
Cardiovascular system disorders;
Depressive disorders;
Hypertension;
Myocardial infarction
Cleanup efforts. See Hazardous materials disposal and cleanup
Cleft lip/palate, I: 373–374, 375, 611, 612;
See also Birth defects
Clinton, William J., III: 24
CLL. See Leukemia
CML See Cell-mediated immunity;
Leukemia
CNS. See Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders;
Motor/coordination dysfunction
Coast Guard. See U.S. Coast Guard
Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders
epidemiologic studies, II: 148, 307–308;
III: 468–469
herbicide association in, I: 657–658;
III: 468–469;
IV: 441–443
herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 651–653;
II: 148
herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: 649–651
scientific literature update, II: 307–308;
III: 469;
IV: 441–442
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 653–656;
II: 308
See also Encephalopathy;
Neurasthenia;
Neurobehavioral toxicity;
Neurological disorders;
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Cohort studies
agriculture/forestry workers, I: 318–323;
definition, I: 229
herbicide environmental exposure, II: 141–147, 190, 218;
III: 197–201;
IV: 224–237
herbicide exposure assessment for, I: 254–256;
herbicide occupational exposure, II: 107–108, 114–122, 130–133, 182–183, 186, 190, 192, 193, 218, 222, 240;
methodology, I: 229–232
Ranch Hand cohort, II: 109, 150–152, 154–156, 201;
Vietnamese civilians cohort, II: 108–109
Vietnam veterans, II: 149–160, 187, 218;
III: 206–217;
IV: 232–247
Colon cancer
agricultural workers and, I: 328–329
epidemiologic studies, III: 276–278;
IV: 250–252, 255–256, 262, 385
herbicide association in, I: 12–13, 576–577;
See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers
Colorado, III: 47
Colorectal cancer, I: 446
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 447, 450, 451, 452;
IV: 256
See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers
Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides, II: 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 264–266;
IV: 15
epidemiologic studies of Vietnam Veterans, recommendations, II: 24–25
Compensation, veterans, I: 227
congressional legislation, I: 47, 50–51;
II: 28–29;
III: 26–27
Department of Veterans Affairs, I: 55–56;
III: 28
product liability litigation, I: 34–35
Confidence intervals, I: 244
Congress. See Congressional hearings;
Legislation;
U.S. Congress
Congressional hearings
Agent Orange and, II: 27–28;
III: 25
Connecticut, tumor registry, III: 235, 388
Con Thieu province, Vietnam, I: 96;
III: 139;
IV: 121
COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Corticosterone, TCDD and, I: 168, 171–172
Cox Proportional Hazard, III: 499, 502
CRABP-II. See Cellular retinoic acid binding protein, type II
CSM. See Cerebrospinal Malformation (CSM) Study
Cytochrome P450. See P450
Cytogenetics
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma studies, III: 365–366
Czechoslovakia, I: 317, 649, 675, 688;
IV: 139
See also Prague, Czechoslovakia
D
2,4-D. See 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Data sources
Agent Orange Registry, I: 20, 53, 56, 729;
II: 153
agricultural/forestry worker studies, I: 265–266, 318–341;
IV: 140–142
animal studies, I: 111–114, 228
biological stored samples as, I: 20–21, 729–730
Cancerlit, IV: 253
case reports, I: 235–236
Centers for Disease Control studies, I: 387–391;
chemical production workers, I: 303–318;
IV: 134–140
computerized data bases, I: 735–736;
Department of Veterans Affairs epidemiologic studies, I: 393–399;
epidemiologic controlled studies, I: 228–237;
II: 150–153
epidemiologic studies as, I: 737–738
herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 267–269, 372–375, 383–384;
IV: 147–150
herbicide exposure reconstruction model, I: 725–726
herbicide non-military exposures, I: 4–5, 222–223, 241–242
herbicide/pesticide applicators, I: 266–267, 323–326;
IV: 142–143
HERBS tapes, I: 20, 62, 85, 96–98, 273–279, 287, 291, 602, 725;
International Register of Workers Exposed to Phenoxy Herbicides and Their
Contaminants, I: 313–314;
IV: 137
mandated efforts, I: 20–21
Medline, IV: 252
organization of, I: 737
paper/pulp mill workers, I: 341, 364;
presentations/reports to committee, I: 739–756;
II: 343–348;
III: 533–536
randomized controlled trials, I: 227–228
reproductive outcomes, I: 593–595
research future recommendations, I: 287–289, 291, 722–725, 729–730;
IV: 13
review of, I: 244–245
self-reports, I: 270–271
state government, I: 60
state-sponsored Vietnam veteran studies, I: 400–405, 495–496;
TCDD production workers, I: 264–265;
IV: 134–140
Toxline, IV: 252
troop location, I: 273–279, 287;
IV: 121
Vietnam casualties, I: 82–83
Vietnam military herbicide use, I: 84–85
Vietnam veteran demographics, I: 79, 80–84
Vietnam veteran exposure assessment use,
I: 270–287
Vietnam veteran reproductive outcomes, I: 601
Vietnamese civilian health outcomes, I: 371–372
women veterans, I: 83–84;
II: 152–153
See also Death certificates;
Epidemiologic studies;
Military records;
Questionnaires
DBCP. See Dibromochloropropane
IV: 141
Death certificates, I: 236–237;
III: 470;
IV: 112
See also Data sources
Deaths
2,4-D lethality, III: 44–45;
IV: 35
Australian Vietnam veterans lung cancer deaths, III: 424
female reproductive system cancer deaths, by cancer site, III: 329
Finland male herbicide applicators respiratory cancer mortality, II: 271
Germany herbicide/chemical production workers cancer mortality, III: 423, 429
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma mortality, III: 429;
IV: 355
prostate cancer mortality, III: 426, 427;
IV: 326
respiratory cancer mortality, III: 421, 422, 423;
IV: 273
Seveso, Italy, male cancer mortality, II: 271, 275;
IV: 282
TCDD lethality, III: 71–73
See also Child mortality studies;
Death certificates;
Mortality studies;
Perinatal death
Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC), II: 24–25
See also Department of Defense, U.S. (DoD)
Defoliants
Agent Orange as, I: 90;
IV: 38
military applications, I: 25, 26;
IV: 117
Vietnam herbicide mission maps, I: 99–100
Vietnam tactical role of, I: 85
See also Herbicides
Dekonta Company, II: 329
Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), IV: 120
Demographic data, Vietnam veterans, I: 79, 80–84
DEN. See Diethylnitrosamine
Denmark, I: 317, 443, 444, 454, 463, 477, 480, 509, 510, 537, 553, 565, 567;
II: 131–134, 139–140, 183, 194–195, 207, 209–210, 212, 215, 232, 238;
III: 223, 224, 307, 313, 318, 325, 330–331;
IV: 199–200, 209, 252, 406, 408
Cancer Registry, III: 232
Central Population Register, II: 133, 139, 224;
III: 352
Danish National Institute for Social Research, II: 140
National Cancer Register, II: 133, 139, 215, 224;
IV: 144
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), II: 45, 48, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57–58, 60, 61, 64, 74, 75;
III: 34, 35, 39, 42, 43, 48, 49, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58–61, 65, 67, 69, 75, 77, 83, 90, 91, 98, 99, 103, 104, 109;
IV: 29, 33, 40, 47, 48, 49, 53, 60, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 75, 77, 85, 458
Department of Agriculture, U.S. (USDA), I: 35, 39, 443;
II: 178, 219, 224, 229, 238–239, 248;
IV: 212, 213, 257, 259, 262, 264, 267, 301, 345, 350, 355, 364, 371, 376, 383
Agricultural Census, IV: 149
extension agents, IV: 144
Department of Air Force, U.S.
Vietnam herbicide use by military, response, II: 31–32;
III: 28–29
Department of Defense, U.S. (DoD), I: 17, 27, 29, 31, 78;
II: 24;
Environmental Services Group, III: 148
herbicide spray mission records, I: 84–85
herbicide use precautions, I: 95;
IV: 121
military records, I: 78, 724–725
See also Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC)
Department of Veterans Affairs, U.S. (DVA), I: 2, 8, 17, 18, 20, 50–51, 284;
II: 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 26, 27, 89, 153, 176, 181, 187, 218, 249, 260, 278, 305, 312;
III: 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 12, 17, 18, 20, 24, 25, 26, 125, 132, 266, 303, 304, 390, 407, 434, 468, 478, 519;
IV: 1, 2, 6, 15, 16, 18, 123, 133, 151, 158, 284, 463
Agent Orange controversy and, I: 33, 53–54;
II: 29–31;
III: 28–29
Agent Orange Coordinator, II: 31
Death Beneficiary Identification and Record Location System (BIRLS), II: 151, 152, 153;
health care in, I: 54;
II: 28;
III: 27
military records, I: 78–79, 724–725;
mortality studies, II: 101, 152–153, 156–157;
III: 146;
outreach activities, I: 56;
II: 31;
III: 28
Patient Treatment File (PTF), III: 242
recommendations for, I: 724–725, 726–730;
II: 24–25
research efforts, I: 54–55;
II: 29–30;
III: 27–28
veterans’ advocacy groups and, I: 61
Vietnam veteran compensation and benefits,
III: 28
Vietnam veteran epidemiologic studies, I: 50, 393–399, 445, 469–470, 493–495, 543–547, 562;
II: 101, 113, 156–157, 201–202;
women veterans epidemiological studies, II: 152–153;
IV: 399
See also Agent Orange Registry (AOR);
Agent Orange Task Force;
Environmental Agents Service (EAS);
Environmental Epidemiology Service (EES)
Depressive disorders, I: 650, 651
See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders;
Neurobehavioral toxicity
Dermal toxicity
TCDD and, II: 76;
III: 73–74;
IV: 76
Desiccant herbicides, I: 88–89;
III: 136
See also Herbicides
Detroit, Michigan, II: 241;
III: 229
Developmental disorders
2,4-D in, I: 180–181; II: 42; III: 46
2,4,5-Tin, I: 185; II: 42, 49–50
cacodylic acid in, I: 189;
II: 42
neurological, I: 660
picloram in, I: 192;
II: 42
TCDD in, I: 123–124, 149, 156–157, 159–160, 185;
III: 92–105
See also Low birthweight
Diabetes mellitus, I: 683–685, 691, 692, 698;
II: 7;
IV: 481
biologic plausibility, III: 502–503;
IV: 488
diagnostic criteria, III: 493, 494
epidemiologic concerns, III: 494
epidemiologic studies, II: 330–331;
III: 494–502;
epidemiology, II: 330;
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 497;
IV: 484–485
herbicide exposure and, II: 332–333;
IV: 152
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 496;
IV: 483–484
pathogenetic diversity of, III: 494
peripheral neuropathy and, relationship, III: 471–472
prevalence, data by age/race/gender, III: 492
scientific literature update, II: 330–331;
IV: 483
Type 2 (adult-onset), IV: 1, 8, 16–18, 21, 150–151, 182–183
Vietnam veterans and, II: 330;
III: 2, 11–12, 495, 497, 498, 500, 502;
Diamond Shamrock Corporation, I: 34, 35
Diazinon, I: 91
Dibenzofurans, I: 126;
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), II: 279
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); II: 4, 18;
acute toxicity, I: 179
Agent Orange and, I: 27
Agent White and, I: 90
altered sperm parameters, I: 632
animal studies, I: 174–181;
II: 46–49;
III: 34, 36–37, 38–39, 43–47, 396, 462, 475
chemical properties, I: 114, 175;
II: 38;
III: 32
chemical structure, I: 111, 114
chronic exposure, I: 179–180
developmental toxicity, I: 124, 180–181;
II: 42;
III: 46
disease outcomes, III: 34, 38–39, 44–47
domestic use, I: 174–175, 177–178
formulations, I: 175
half-life of, II: 4
II: 41;
infertility and, II: 280–282
ingestion of, I: 653
kidney toxicity, I: 125;
II: 42
lethality, III: 44–45
liver toxicity, I: 125;
II: 42;
III: 524
mechanism of action, II: 47–48;
III: 44
mechanisms of toxicity, II: 48–49
military field tests, I: 26
neurobehavioral disorders and, II: 305;
III: 475
neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 649, 650, 653
neurotoxicity, II: 48;
III: 45–46
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, I: 256–257, 574
occupational exposure, I: 36, 37, 310–311, 321;
IV: 117
peripheral neuropathy and, II: 312;
III: 473
pharmacokinetics, I: 175
porphyria cutanea tarda and, II: 322
reproductive toxicity, I: 124, 180–181, 597–598;
role of, I: 88
teratogenic potential, I: 30, 92
therapeutic application, I: 659
toxicokinetics, II: 46–47;
IV: 27–28
toxicologic properties, IV: 22–25, 27–31, 33–37
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136,
IV: 117–119
See also Herbicides
2,4-Dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB) differences with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D);
IV: 5
Diet
breast cancer and, I: 507
cancer risk and, I: 442
chloracne and, I: 174
gastrointestinal cancers and, I: 446
TCDD interactions, II: 64
Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) TCDD and, II: 67;
IV: 71
Digestive disorders. See Metabolic and digestive disorders
Dimethylarsenic radical
bladder hyperplasia and tumors associated with, IV: 31, 40
cacodylic acid and formation of, II: 4
Dinoxol, I: 91;
III: 137;
IV: 119
Dioxin. See Dioxin congeners;
Dioxin-responsive enhancers;
Dioxin toxic equivalent factors (Teq factors); 2,3,7,8-
Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Dioxin congeners, II: 105–107;
III: 158–159
Dioxin Registry, I: 36–37
Dioxin-responsive enhancers, I: 135–136
Dioxin toxic equivalent factors (Teq factors),
III: 99, 106, 107, 108, 158, 159;
IV: 139
Diquat, I: 91;
III: 137;
IV: 119
Diseases and disorders. See Health outcomes of herbicide exposure;
Military health care;
specific cancers;
specific cancer sites;
specific diseases and disorders
DMA. See Cacodylic acid;
Dimethylarsenic radical
DMDC. See Defense Manpower Data Center
DNA. See Deoxyribonucleic acid
DoD. See Department of Defense, U.S.
Domestic herbicide use
2,4-D, I: 174–175
2,4,5-T, I: 181–182
agricultural use, I: 24, 35, 39, 174–175, 181
pet cancers and, I: 119, 177–178
picloram, I: 189
TCDD contamination in, I: 91
See also Agricultural/forestry workers
Dopaminergic system, I: 163–164, 165
Dormagen, Germany, III: 154;
IV: 112
Dose-response relationship 2,4-D pharmacokinetics, I: 175
animal fetal mortality, I: 159
animal studies, I: 111–114, 118
evidentiary role of, I: 239–230, 252
research recommendations, I: 19, 727
TCDD-chloracne, I: 673;
II: 318
TCDD dermal application, I: 128–129
TCDD-exposed workers and, I: 445
TCDD-immune system processes, I: 696
TCDD immunotoxicity, I: 122
TCDD threshold, I: 137–138
TCDD tissue distribution, I: 130
Doubs, France, IV: 116
Dow Chemical Company, I: 34, 35, 307–312, 461–462, 529, 558, 598, 607, 620, 674;
II: 115–116, 130, 178, 191, 193, 207, 232, 238, 286;
III: 152–153, 172–174, 220–221, 270–271, 357–358, 387, 484, 511, 516;
DVA. See Department of Veterans Affairs, U.S.
Dystonia, I: 658
See also Motor/coordination dysfunction
E
EAS. See Environmental Agents Service
East Germany. See German Democratic Republic
EES. See Environmental Epidemiology Service
EGF. See Epidermal growth factor
EGFR. See Epidermal growth factor receptor
Electrical transformers, I: 364–365, 444, 626, 675
Electrophoretic mobility shift gene (EMSA)
TCDD and, II: 66
Emphysema, I: 708, 713
See also Respiratory disorders
EMSA. See Electrophoretic mobility shift gene
Encephalopathy, I: 649
See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders
Endocrine system, I: 150–151;
IV: 156
TCDD toxicity, III: 83–84;
Endometrial cancer, IV: 320–324, 385
England. See United Kingdom
Environmental Agents Service (EAS), II: 31;
III: 28
See also Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA)
Environmental Epidemiology Service (EES), II: 29
See also Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA)
Environmental herbicide exposure
accidental exposures, I: 364–365, 368–370;
IV: 114–116
acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy and, II: 312–313
agricultural areas exposure, I: 372–375
Alsea, Oregon, I: 39, 42–43, 372–373, 598;
II: 149
assessment strategies, I: 262–263, 267–270;
basal/squamous cell skin cancer and, III: 323
birth defects and, I: 608–609;
III: 437
birthweight, low, and, III: 459
bladder cancer and, I: 516–517;
bone cancer and, III: 303, 305
brain tumors and, I: 523;
breast cancer and, III: 328
breast cancer estimated risk, II: 218
cancer risk factor, I: 442
cancer studies, I: 442, 444, 454–455, 469;
chloracne and, I: 676–677
circulatory disorders and, I: 701–702
diabetes and, III: 497
epidemiologic studies, I: 3, 301, 365–384, 469;
III: 197–205, 218, 232–236, 271–272, 275, 277, 279–281, 283, 285, 287–288, 290, 291, 297–298, 301, 303, 305, 309, 316, 323, 328, 333, 336, 338, 342, 344, 345, 349, 350–351, 353, 354, 358, 361, 365, 369, 373, 375, 380, 382, 388–389, 392, 437, 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 497, 520;
evidentiary role of research on, I: 4–5, 222–223, 241–242
female reproductive system cancers and, I: 511;
III: 333
gastrointestinal tract tumors and, II: 179– 180;
III: 271–272, 275, 277, 279–281;
IV: 254
hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 454–455;
IV; 269
Hodgkin’s disease and, II: 236;
IV; 366
immune modulation and, I: 693–694
infant death and, III: 456
leukemia and, I: 568–570;
IV: 379
lipid/lipoprotein disorders and, III: 520;
IV: 493
lung cancer and, III: 297–298, 301;
IV: 282–283
melanoma and, III: 316;
IV: 302–303
motor/coordination dysfunction and, I: 658–659
multiple myeloma and, I: 562;
II: 243;
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, II: 189;
IV: 274–275
neonatal death and, I: 621;
III: 455
neural tube defects, II: 297;
III: 437;
IV: 18
neurobehavioral disorders association studies, II: 306;
III: 467
neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 651–653;
II: 148
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, I: 540–541;
II: 234;
IV: 17
ovarian cancer and, III: 333;
IV: 321–322
peripheral nervous system disorders and, I: 663–665
porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 680–681
preterm birth and, III: 459
prostate cancer and, II: 221, 222;
IV: 329
renal cancers and, III: 353, 354;
IV: 347
respiratory cancers and, I: 469;
soft-tissue sarcomas and, I: 491–492;
II: 207–208;
III: 319;
IV: 116
spontaneous abortion and, I: 598–599
stillbirth and, I: 620;
III: 454
testicular cancer and, III: 344, 345
uterine cancer and, III: 333
Vietnam exposure studies, III: 156–157
Washington residents, II: 149
See also Herbicide exposure assessment;
Herbicides;
Seveso, Italy;
Times Beach,
Missouri
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), I: 39, 59–60, 93
Alsea, Oregon, I: 42–43
directives, IV: 117
Science Advisory Board (SAB), II: 32;
III: 29
TCDD cancer potency estimate, I: 138
Times Beach, Missouri, I: 41;
III: 234;
IV: 148
Vietnam military use of herbicides,
response, II: 32;
Enzyme induction
liver, I: 155–156
lung, I: 170
porphyria, I: 153–154
EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency
Epidemiologic studies
acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy, II: 312–314
aging effects control, II: 261–262;
III: 409
agricultural/forestry workers, I: 318–323, 326–341;
II: 118–120, 135–137, 183, 197–198, 232–234, 238–239, 241–243;
III: 178–195, 224–232, 335, 364–365, 379–380, 387–388;
IV: 134, 140, 144–145, 197–206
Air Force personnel involved in herbicide spraying, II: 31–32;
III: 28–29;
IV: 232–235
altered sperm parameters, I: 632;
amyloidosis, IV: 512
autoimmunity, I: 697–698;
II: 7;
III: 488–491
basal/squamous cell skin cancer, III: 317–322, 323
birth defects, I: 607–618;
IV: 400–405
bladder cancer, I: 515–517;
IV: 340–342
bone cancer, I: 472–473;
IV: 288–289
brain tumors, I: 523;
IV: 351–352
breast cancer, II: 6, 176, 213–217, 218;
IV: 315–316
cancer, I: 45, 59, 317, 320–323, 367, 383–384, 391–393, 401, 402–403, 435–445, 574;
II: 133–138, 147–148, 175, 176;
III: 265–266
cancer latency issues, II: 260–276;
III: 407–431
case-control studies, I: 326–341;
II: 94–95, 118–127, 138–140, 144–146, 148–149, 155, 157, 159–160, 183–184, 186–187, 188, 190, 193, 200, 222–223, 240–241;
cervical cancer, III: 332
chemical industry production workers, I: 303–318;
II: 114–118, 128–135, 191, 193–197, 206–207, 232, 237–238;
III: 170–178, 218, 219–224, 363–364, 378–379, 386–387;
childhood cancer, I: 628–630;
chloracne, I: 674–678;
chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, II: 310–311
circulatory disorders, I: 700–707;
IV: 510
cleft lip/palate, I: 373–374, 375
cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders, II: 7, 307–308;
III: 468–469
cohort studies, I: 229–232;
II: 105–109, 135–138, 141–147, 154–160, 178, 179, 180, 182–183, 186, 187, 190, 192–193, 204, 218, 222, 240;
III: 170–185, 196, 197–200, 206–208, 217;
IV: 140–143, 182–206, 222–230, 232–247
colon cancer, I: 12, 328–329, 576–577;
II: 7;
congressionally mandated, I: 50;
II: 5
controlled observational, I: 228
cost of, I: 727
cross-sectional studies, IV: 187, 188, 196, 197, 199, 204, 226, 228, 229, 238, 242
cytogenetic studies, III: 365–366
developmental studies: 196, 227, 229, 231, 242
diabetes mellitus, I: 684–685;
III: 494–502;
ecological design studies, IV: 231
evaluation of, I: 300–301, 591–592, 737–738;
III: 129–130
evidentiary role of, I: 224–225, 228–237, 300, 305;
IV: 104–105
female reproductive system/breast cancers, I: 508–511;
gastrointestinal tract cancers, I: 446–447;
gastrointestinal ulcers, I: 691;
II: 334;
III: 510–513;
IV: 505
hepatic enzyme disorders, I: 686–688
hepatobiliary cancers, I: 453–455;
herbicide environmental exposures, I: 365–384;
II: 140–149, 189, 190, 193, 200– 201, 207–208, 218, 221, 222, 234, 236, 241, 243, 287–288, 297, 306, 312–313;
III: 197–205, 218, 232–236, 275, 277, 279–281, 283, 285, 287–288, 290, 291, 297–298, 301, 303, 305, 309, 316, 323, 328, 333, 336, 338, 342, 344, 345, 349, 350–351, 353, 354, 358, 361, 365, 369, 373, 375, 380, 382, 388–389, 392, 437, 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 497, 520;
IV: 147–149, 224–231, 255, 269, 274–275, 278, 282–283, 289, 293, 294, 302–303, 315–316, 321–322, 329, 336, 341, 347, 351–352, 357, 366, 372–373, 379
herbicide exposure assessment for, I: 251–259;
II: 99–109;
III: 142–146
herbicide exposure indices development, II: 107–109
herbicide exposure levels, II: 175
herbicide exposure reconstruction model and, I: 725, 726–728
herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 107–108, 112, 113–140, 188–189, 190, 191–199, 206–207, 214–216, 218, 219–220, 222, 232–234, 235–236, 237–243, 286–287, 297, 306, 312;
III: 170–196, 218, 219–232, 274–280, 282–283, 284, 287, 290, 291, 293–294, 296–297, 300–301, 303, 305, 308–309, 312, 316, 317, 321, 323, 324–326, 328, 332–333, 335–336, 337, 338, 341, 344, 345, 348, 350, 353, 354, 360, 363–365, 367–369, 372–373, 374–375, 378–380, 381–382, 386–388, 391–392, 437, 450, 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 483–485, 489, 491, 496, 510–512, 515–516, 520;
IV: 134–143, 182–223, 251–254, 268–269, 274, 277–278, 282, 288–289, 292–293, 302, 321, 327–329, 336, 340–341, 346, 351, 356, 365–366, 372, 379
herbicide/pesticide applicators, I: 323–326;
II: 31–32, 120–122, 137–138, 198–200;
IV: 202–206
Hodgkin’s disease, I: 9, 329, 331, 335–336, 341, 384, 391, 393, 549–556, 574;
immune modulation, I: 693–696
immune system disorders, II: 7, 327–329;
III: 488–491;
IV: 480–481
infant death, III: 456
infertility, I: 632–633;
kidney cancer, I: 515;
III: 352–355
laryngeal cancer, II: 202–203;
III: 293–295
latency (cancer) issues, II: 260–276;
III: 407–431
leukemia, I: 13, 332–333, 334–335, 564–571, 577–578;
IV: 379–380
lipid abnormalities, I: 688–690;
liver cancer, I: 13, 329, 391, 393
liver toxicity, II: 332–333;
III: 510–513;
IV: 499
low birthweight, I: 626–627;
II: 7;
lung cancer, III: 296–298, 300–301;
IV: 282–283
melanoma, III: 313–317
meta-analysis, I: 225, 237–238, 242–243, 244
metabolic and digestive disorders, II: 7, 330–337
motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 658–661;
III: 469–470
multiple myeloma, I: 11–12, 331, 334, 335, 336, 341, 557–563, 576;
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 459;
neonatal death, III: 455
neural tube defects numbers, II: 297
neurobehavioral disorders, II: 305–308, 309–311, 312–314;
III: 457
neurological disorders, I: 365–366, 642–648;
II: 141
neuropsychiatric disorders, I: 649–657;
III: 468–469
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, I: 9, 328, 329, 330, 331, 333–334, 335–338, 383, 384, 391–393, 401, 528–548, 573–574;
II: 5, 6, 134–135, 136, 138, 139, 231–234;
IV: 356–358
NRC Commission on Life Sciences, I: 63
ovarian cancer, III: 333
pancreatic cancer, III: 280–281
paper/pulp workers, II: 126–127, 200, 243;
perinatal death, I: 620–624;
peripheral nervous system disorders, I: 662–666;
porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 680–682;
proportionate mortality studies, I: 232–233
prostate cancer, I: 11, 518–519, 575–576;
III: 7, 8, 9, 335–342, 426–428;
IV: 327–329
Ranch Hand cohort, II: 31, 32, 109, 150–152, 154–156, 201, 209, 280, 283–284, 286, 293–295, 321–322, 330, 332, 336;
III: 28–29, 218, 206–207, 237–240, 309–310, 313–314, 318, 321, 322, 339, 340, 385, 436, 438, 439, 446–447, 449, 452–453, 457–458, 481, 486, 495, 498, 502;
recommendations, I: 15–20, 721–725, 731;
II: 24–25;
III: 23
rectal cancer, III: 278–279
reproductive outcomes, I: 41–42, 311–312, 321, 364–365, 368, 370, 371–375, 387–388, 389–390, 591–592;
II: 280–282, 283–284, 285, 286–296;
III: 436, 437–438, 443, 445–449, 450, 451–453, 454, 455, 456–457, 459;
resolution in, I: 242–243;
IV: 513
respiratory cancers, I: 10–11, 364, 461–472, 575;
respiratory disease, I: 709–713;
III: 483–486;
IV: 475
Seveso, Italy, population studies, I: 44–45, 365–368, 444, 454–455, 469, 491–492, 503, 511, 517, 523, 540, 568–570, 571, 598–599;
II: 141–143, 148, 200–201, 206, 207–208, 209, 210, 211–212, 213, 216, 221, 225, 226–227, 228, 230, 234, 236, 243, 245, 246, 287, 299–300, 312–313;
III: 197–200, 218, 232–233, 283, 285, 290, 296, 297–298, 299, 303, 307, 309, 314, 318, 324–326, 327, 330, 331, 332, 336, 338, 344, 348, 349, 352, 353, 356, 358, 363, 365, 372, 373, 380, 385, 386, 388–389, 390, 408, 414, 420, 422, 427, 436, 449, 495, 505;
IV: 114–115, 464, 468, 472–475, 484, 487, 491, 501, 507, 509
skin cancer, I: 502–503;
IV: 302–303
soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 8, 311, 326–328, 329–330, 335–336, 337, 339–340, 384, 391, 393, 395–396, 401, 403, 476, 477–500, 572–573, 574;
II: 5, 6, 132, 134–135, 205–208;
sperm abnormal parameters, II: 7;
spina bifida, II: 6;
IV: 404–405
spontaneous abortion, I: 42, 336–337, 372–373, 405–406, 596–605;
IV: 410–411
state-sponsored, I: 399–405, 495–496, 546;
II: 153, 158–159, 161, 202, 292;
stillbirth, III: 454
stomach cancer, III: 274–275;
IV: 251–255
strength of evidence in assessment of, I: 238–241
TCDD biomarkers, I: 259–262;
testicular cancer, I: 405, 519;
IV: 336
Times Beach, Missouri, I: 368–370;
II: 144;
usefulness of, IV: 103–108
uterine cancer, III: 333;
IV: 321–324
Vietnam environmental herbicide exposure, II: 144–145;
Vietnam veterans in, I: 50, 57–59, 62–63, 384–418;
II: 149–161, 189, 190, 201–202, 204, 205, 208, 209, 212, 213, 216, 217, 218, 221, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 234, 235, 236, 244, 245, 246, 278, 283, 285, 286, 288–296, 299, 300–301, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 317, 318, 321–322, 323, 330, 332, 333, 336;
III: 206–217, 236–245, 275, 277–278, 279, 281, 283, 285–286, 288, 290, 291, 294–295, 298, 301, 303, 305, 309–310, 312, 316, 317, 323, 326, 328, 333, 336, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343–344, 345–346, 349, 351, 353, 355, 358– 359, 361, 363, 365, 370–371, 372, 373, 376, 380, 382, 385, 386, 389, 392, 435, 436, 437–438, 445, 446, 450, 454, 456, 457, 459, 467, 468, 469, 470, 473, 475, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485–486, 489, 491, 495, 497, 498, 500, 502, 505–506, 512–513, 516–518, 523;
IV: 150–160, 232– 247, 255, 269, 275, 278, 282–283, 289, 294–295, 303–304, 309–310, 316, 322–323, 329, 336–337, 342, 347, 352, 357–358, 366–367, 373, 380
Vietnamese in, I: 370–372, 599–601;
II: 108–109, 144–145, 148, 287–288;
See also Epidemiology;
Exposure assessment
Epidemiology
acute lymphocytic leukemia, III: 383
acute myeloid leukemia, III: 383–384
birth defects, I: 606;
II: 286;
III: 435–436
bladder cancer, II: 223;
III: 347
bone cancer, I: 472–473;
II: 204;
III: 302
brain tumors, I: 522–523;
II: 228–229;
III: 356
breast cancer, I: 505, 506–507;
II: 213–214;
cancer, I: 433, 435–438, 442, 525;
II: 175;
III: 265–266
children, cancer in, II: 298
chloracne, II: 317–318;
III: 478–479
chronic lymphocytic leukemia, III: 384–385
chronic myeloid leukemia, III: 385
circulatory disorders, III: 514
diabetes mellitus, II: 330;
female reproductive system cancers, I: 505, 506–508;
II: 211;
III: 329–330
gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers, I: 445–447;
II: 177;
III: 267–268
gastrointestinal ulcers, II: 334;
III: 508–509
hepatobiliary cancers, I: 452–455;
II: 181–182;
III: 282
Hodgkin’s disease, I: 526, 527–528;
II: 231;
III: 371–372
immune system disorders, II: 326–327;
III: 487–488
infertility, II: 279;
III: 444–445
II: 223;
III: 351–352
laryngeal cancer, III: 292
leukemia, I: 564;
II: 245;
III: 383–385
lipid abnormalities, II: 333;
III: 503–504
liver disorders, II: 331–332;
III: 509–510
low birthweight, I: 625–626;
lung cancer, III: 295–296
malignant lymphomas, II: 231;
IV: 137
multiple myeloma, I: 526, 528;
II: 236–237;
III: 377
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 458–459;
II: 187–188;
III: 288–289
neurobehavioral toxicity, II: 304–305, 307;
III: 466
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, I: 526, 527;
II: 231;
III: 362
porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), II: 321;
III: 480–481;
IV: 10
prostate cancer, I: 513, 514–515;
III: 334
respiratory cancers, I: 460–461;
II: 189–191
respiratory disorders, III: 482–483
skin cancer, I: 501–502;
II: 209;
soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 475;
II: 205;
IV: 116
spontaneous abortion, II: 282–283
stillbirth/neonatal deaths/infant death, III: 451
testicular cancer, I: 515;
II: 223–224;
III: 343
See also Epidemiologic studies
Epidermal growth factor (EOF), I: 145, 154;
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), II: 67;
Epigenetic events. See Apoptosis;
Cell proliferation;
Enzyme induction;
Intracellular communication
Epstein-Barr virus, I: 528;
II: 188
Erbon, I: 309;
II: 128;
III: 219;
IV: 134
EROD. See Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase
Erythrocyte sedimentation, I: 696
Estrogen
hepatic binding, I: 154
receptor mediated responses, I: 145
receptor signaling, III: 65–67
transduction pathway, TCDD interaction, II: 4
Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), I: 153, 155;
II: 52, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 69, 74;
III: 40, 42, 51, 52, 53, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 91, 96;
IV: 386
European registry, II: 197
Evidence of herbicide association. See Herbicide association, insufficient evidence for determining;
Herbicide association, limited/suggestive evidence;
Herbicide association, limited/suggestive negative evidence;
Herbicide association, sufficient evidence
Executive Order 11850, II: 27;
III: 25
Experimental studies, evaluation of, II: 92–93
Exposure assessment. See Herbicide exposure assessment;
Herbicide exposure reconstruction model
Exposure reconstruction model. See Herbicide exposure reconstruction model
F
Farmers. See Agricultural/forestry workers
Fecundity Ratio (FR), IV: 406
Federal government in herbicide management/research, I: 45–60;
II: 27–32;
III: 25–30;
IV: 13
Federal Register, II: 30;
III: 28
Federation of American Scientists, I: 29
Finland, I: 324, 364, 383–384, 443, 444, 467, 492, 541, 561;
II: 134, 137, 140, 179, 183, 188–189, 198, 207, 220, 222, 226, 229–230, 233, 235, 243, 246, 269, 271;
III: 226, 232, 234, 348, 372, 422, 472;
IV: 142, 146, 149, 344, 353, 359, 361, 362, 368–369, 374–375, 381, 415
Finnish Cancer Registry, II: 137
Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations, II: 140
Social Insurance Institution, II: 137
II: 199;
III: 226;
IV: 142, 258, 260, 263, 266, 286, 297, 327–328, 330, 333–334, 336, 338, 344, 349, 354
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), II: 279, 280, 282;
Food crops, I: 89
Agent Orange in destruction of, I: 62, 90
as military target, I: 27, 31, 87, 97, 98–100, 106
Ford, Gerald, II: 27;
III: 25
Foreign veterans, II: 113, 160, 202, 293;
III: 9, 216–217, 218, 244–245, 273, 285–286, 290, 294, 295, 298, 299, 303, 310, 311, 314, 315, 327, 329, 339, 340, 343, 346, 349, 353, 355, 359, 365, 380, 389, 413, 423, 424, 469, 485, 486, 489, 500, 506, 512–513, 517
Forestry workers. See Agricultural/forestry workers
Forests
2,4,5-T spraying, I: 42–43
defoliant early field tests in, I: 26
Vietnam forests, I: 31–32, 62, 90, 104;
III: 137
See also Agricultural/forestry workers;
Lumber industry;
Mangrove forests
Forest Service, U.S., I: 42;
IV: 410
Fort Detrick, Maryland, I: 25
Free radicals, II: 4
TCDD and, II: 60
Frierfjord, Norway, III: 236;
IV: 149
FSH. See Follicle-stimulating hormone
Fungicides, I: 91
G
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), II: 331–332;
Gamma rays respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268;
III: 418
Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, III: 508–514;
IV: 498–505
cacodylic acid in, I: 188
TCDD in, I: 169–170;
See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers;
Ulcers, gastrointestinal
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers biologic plausibility, I: 451;
III: 281–282;
IV: 256
epidemiologic studies, III: 268–273, 274–281;
IV: 251–255
epidemiology, I: 445–447;
II: 177;
III: 267–268
herbicide association in, I: 12, 447–451, 576–577;
herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 179–180;
III: 271–272, 275, 277–278, 279, 280–281;
IV: 254
herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 178–179;
III: 268–271, 274–275, 276–277, 278–279, 280;
IV: 251
incidence, data by type/gender/race/selected
age group, III: 267;
IV: 250
pancreatic cancer, epidemiologic studies,
III: 280–281;
rectal cancer, epidemiologic studies, III: 278–279;
IV: 250–251, 255–256, 262n, 264n, 385
scientific literature update, II: 178–180;
III: 268–273;
IV 251–255
Vietnam veterans and, I: 446, 452;
III: 272–273, 275, 277–278, 279, 281;
IV: 255
See also Colon cancer;
Colorectal cancer;
Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders
GBDS. See General Birth Defects Study
Gender
acute lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data by gender, III: 384
acute myeloid leukemia incidence, data by gender, III: 384
bladder cancer incidence, data by gender,
III: 347;
IV: 339
bone cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 302;
IV: 387
brain cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 356
cancer studies and, II: 180, 181, 183, 190, 191, 204–205, 234, 242, 243, 246;
chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence,
data by gender, III: 384
chronic myeloid leukemia incidence, data by gender, III: 384
diabetes prevalence, data by gender, III: 492
gastrointestinal tract cancer incidence, data by type and gender, III: 267;
IV: 145–146
Hodgkin’s disease incidence, data by gender, III: 372;
IV: 356
laryngeal cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 292;
IV: 277
leukemia incidence, data by type and gender, III: 384;
IV: 378
liver/intrahepatic bile duct cancers incidence, data by gender, III: 282;
IV: 267
lung cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 296;
IV: 281
melanoma incidence, data by gender, III: 313;
IV: 300
multiple myeloma incidence, data by gender, III: 377
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 289;
IV: 273
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma incidence, data by gender, III: 362;
IV: 356
renal cancers incidence, data by gender, III: 352
Seveso, Italy, in, IV: 148
soft-tissue sarcoma incidence, data by gender, III: 306;
IV: 292
See also Demographic data, Vietnam veterans;
Men;
Women veterans
General Accounting Office, I: 52–53, 96;
IV: 121
General Birth Defects Study (GBDS), I: 610, 626;
See also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
General Services Administration, I: 77
Genetic alteration
2,4-D in, I: 119, 178–179 2,4,5-T in, I: 119, 184
cacodylic acid in, I: 119, 187–188
cancer mechanism, I: 433–434
picloram in, I: 191
reproductive outcomes, male-mediated, I: 593–594
TCDD in, I: 118, 142, 143–144, 439
Genetic factors Ah receptor-mediated events and, I: 134
cancer risk and, I: 10;
porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 10, 679
Genetics. See Cytogenetics;
Genetic alteration;
Genetic factors
Geneva Protocol, I: 45;
II: 27;
III: 25
Genitourinary cancers, II: 223–224
See also Bladder cancer;
Kidney cancer;
Prostate cancer;
Testicular cancer
Georgia. See Atlanta, Georgia
German Democratic Republic, III: 226
Germany, I: 312–313, 326, 443, 477, 508–509, 530, 565, 675–676;
II: 105, 108, 130–131, 149, 308, 319–320, 322, 323, 328, 331, 333;
III: 221, 222, 223, 224, 232, 234, 235, 240, 269, 284, 308, 326, 332, 337, 357, 364, 365, 379, 386, 422, 423, 429, 470, 481, 483, 490, 506, 510–511, 515;
IV: 137, 149, 156, 191, 195, 208, 420
German Cancer Research Center, III: 495, 506
herbicide exposure assessment, III: 153–154, 158, 159–160;
IV: 124, 257, 260, 263, 265, 271, 280, 285, 297, 301, 319, 333, 349, 353, 359, 368, 374, 381
See also Aktiengesellschaft, Germany;
Dormagen, Germany;
Hamburg,
Germany;
Ludwigshafen, Germany;
Uerdingen, Germany
GGT. See Gamma-glutamyltransferase
GI. See Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders;
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers
Givaudan Company, I: 43
Glucocorticoid receptor, I: 154
Great Britain. See United Kingdom
Ground/perimeter spraying, I: 20, 24, 74, 85, 90, 91, 94–96, 100, 272, 286, 287, 288–289;
III: 138–140
See also Herbicide application methods;
Herbicides
Growth factors epidermal, I: 145, 154;
II: 59
TCDD induction of, I: 136–137;
III: 62–63;
IV: 66
transforming, I: 145;
II: 59
tumor necrosis, II: 59
Guillain-Barre syndrome, II: 10, 312
H
Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, I: 125, 126, 151;
hepatic enzyme induction and, I: 155
Hamburg, Germany, II: 195, 214–215, 329;
IV: 191
Hamburg Boehringer Company, IV: 138
Hancock County, Ohio, III: 229;
IV: 213
Hanoi, Vietnam, II: 148
II: 292;
III: 243
Hazardous materials disposal and cleanup Agent Orange surplus disposal, I: 93–94
Nitro, West Virginia, accident efforts, I: 38;
IV: 136
Seveso, Italy, I: 43–44, 367–368
See also Incineration, of Agent Orange
HBV. See Hepatitis B virus
HC. See Hydrocortisone
HD. See Hodgkin’s disease
HDLP. See High-density lipoprotein (HDLP) receptors
Headaches, I: 650, 660
Health and Human Services, U.S., Department of, I: 57–59
Health care. See Military health care
Health outcomes of herbicide exposure
2,4-D outcomes, II: 48–49;
2,4,5-T outcomes, II: 49;
III: 48;
IV: 185
cacodylic acid outcomes, II: 50–51;
categories of evidence for assessing, I: 227–237
categories of herbicide association in, I: 5–8, 221, 223–225, 246–247;
III: 6–15, 19–22, 132, 390, 392–394;
IV: 6–12
disease outcomes of, II: 37;
III: 33–35, 38–43, 44–47, 48, 50, 71–105;
early herbicide research, I: 29–32, 35–36;
II: 19–23;
III: 19–23
early TCDD research, I: 28–29
evaluating exposure reconstruction model and, I: 289–290;
IV: 85
evidence insufficient for determining herbicide association in, I: 13–14, 19, 247, 457, 460, 473–474, 512, 521, 571, 577–578, 605, 618, 624, 627, 630, 634, 657, 666, 691, 699, 708, 713, 727;
II: 6–7, 11–12, 20–21, 22, 97, 181–187, 249–250, 282, 284, 285–286, 298, 300, 325, 329, 334–335, 337;
III: 7–8, 10–12, 21, 132, 133, 292, 304, 316, 322, 327, 332, 334, 346, 349, 351, 355, 390, 393, 444, 449, 453, 458, 459, 473–474, 486, 491, 503, 507, 513, 518, 522;
IV: 11
evidence limited/suggestive of herbicide association in, I: 10–12, 19, 247, 472, 519–521, 563, 574–576, 727;
II: 6, 8–10, 20, 22, 97, 247–249, 298, 300, 323;
III: 7, 8–10, 20–21, 133, 295, 299, 340, 342, 383, 393, 444, 458, 474, 482, 519;
evidence of no association of herbicides in, I: 12–13, 224, 247, 447–451, 503, 521, 525, 576–577;
II: 7, 12–13, 21–22, 97, 177–181, 250–251;
III: 8, 12, 21–22, 133, 359, 393–394, 522;
evidence sufficient for herbicide association in, I: 8–10, 246–247, 500, 548, 556–557, 572–574, 678, 682;
II: 5, 6, 8, 19, 20, 21, 97, 247, 320;
III: 6, 7, 8, 20, 132–133, 311, 366, 373, 374, 390, 392, 480, 519;
research priorities, I: 19, 726–727
research update, II: 37
statistical association of herbicide exposure, II: 88, 90–91;
IV: 6–12
TCDD outcomes, III: 34–35, 71–105;
IV: 20
toxicity potential health risks, estimation of, III: 105–108;
IV: 20
Vietnam veterans’ increased risk of disease, II: 14, 22–23, 88, 91, 218, 223, 251, 276, 283, 298, 300–301, 321, 323;
III: 12–13, 14–15, 22–23, 124, 127–128, 329, 334, 343, 397, 430–431, 444, 462, 475–476, 491, 503, 507–508, 525;
IV: 12, 403, 407, 411, 413, 417–418, 421–422, 424, 426, 431, 435, 459, 468, 475
See also Epidemiologic studies;
specific cancers;
specific cancer sites;
specific diseases and disorders
Healthy worker effect, I: 230
Hearing loss, I: 659–660
Heat shock protein (HSP90), IV: 30
Helicobacter pylori, II: 334;
IV: 145
Helicopters
herbicide delivery use, I: 26, 86, 87, 93, 94;
IV: 117
Hematopoietic cancers, IV: 198
Hepatic phosphoenol pyruvate carboxy kinase (PEPCK), II: 63, 75–76, 77;
Hepatitis B infection, I: 453
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), II: 182, 183
Hepatitis C infection, I: 453
Hepatitis C virus, II: 182
Hepatobiliary cancers
biologic plausibility, III: 286, 288
epidemiologic studies, III: 282–288;
IV: 268–269
epidemiology, I: 452–455;
II: 181–182;
III: 282
herbicide association and, I: 13, 577;
II: 2, 6, 11, 12, 20, 89, 182–187, 249–250;
herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 184;
IV: 269
herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 182–184;
IV: 268–269
incidence, data by gender/race, for selected age groups, III: 282;
IV: 267
risk estimates, II: 186–187
scientific literature update, III: 284–286;
IV: 268
TCDD and, IV: 77
Vietnam veterans and, II: 181, 185, 187;
IV: 269
See also Liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma, II: 148;
IV: 149
Hepatotoxicity
III: 76–79;
Herbicide application methods
military early research, I: 25–26
Operation Ranch Hand use, I: 85–87;
Vietnam use, I: 1, 3, 24, 27, 74, 85–87, 94–96;
III: 135–142
See also Aerial spraying;
Ground/perimeter spraying;
Herbicides;
Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators
Herbicide association, insufficient evidence for determining
altered sperm parameters and, I: 14, 634;
IV: 7
amyloidosis, IV: 7
basal/squamous cell skin cancer and, III: 322, 393;
IV: 311
basis for finding of, I: 13, 247, 577;
II: 6–7, 11–12, 20–21, 22, 97, 249–250;
birth defects and, I: 14, 605;
IV: 7
bladder cancer and, III: 7, 10, 132, 349, 351, 393;
bone cancer and, I: 13, 473–474, 577;
IV: 7
breast cancer and, II: 217;
IV: 7
chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, II: 311, 314;
IV: 7
circulatory disorders and, I: 14, 708;
IV: 7
cognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders and, I: 14, 657–658;
III: 473–474;
IV: 441
diabetes mellitus and, I: 14, 691;
female reproductive system/breast cancers and, I: 13, 14, 512, 577;
IV: 7
gastrointestinal tract ulcers and, I: 14, 691;
II: 335;
genitourinary tract cancers and, I: 13, 521, 577
hepatic enzyme abnormalities and, I: 14, 691
hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 13, 577;
IV: 7
immune system disorders and, I: 14, 699;
IV: 7
infertility and, I: 14, 634;
IV: 7
leukemia and, I: 13, 571, 577–578;
lipid abnormalities and, I: 14, 691;
liver cancer and, I: 13, 457, 577
liver toxicity and, II: 335;
low birthweight and, I: 14, 627;
III: 458;
IV: 7
melanoma and, III: 316
metabolic and digestive disorders and, II: 334–335;
IV: 7
motor/coordination dysfunction and, I: 14, 661;
III: 474;
IV: 7
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, I: 13, 460, 577;
IV: 7
neonatal/infant deaths and stillbirths, IV: 7
neurobehavioral disorders, II: 314;
III: 473–474
neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 14, 657, 666;
III: 473–474;
IV: 7
perinatal death and, I: 14, 624;
peripheral nervous system disorders and, I: 14, 666;
II: 21;
III: 474
renal cancer and, I: 13, 521, 577;
IV: 7
research recommendations, I: 19, 727
respiratory disorders and, I: 14, 713;
IV: 7
skin cancers, II: 210–211;
spontaneous abortions and, I: 14, 605;
IV: 7
testicular cancer and, I: 13, 521, 577;
IV: 7
Vietnam veterans’ children, cancer in, I: 14, 630;
IV: 7
Herbicide association, limited/suggestive evidence
acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy, II: 314;
acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), IV: 7
basis for finding of, I: 10–12, 247, 574–575;
II: 6, 8–10, 20, 22, 97, 247–249;
cancer, I: 10–12, 519–521, 574–576;
II: 247–249;
III: 393
diabetes, Type 2, IV: 6
laryngeal cancer, III: 295, 393
multiple myeloma, I: 10, 11–12, 563, 574, 576;
neurobehavioral disorders, II: 314
peripheral neuropathy, II: 6
porphyria cutanea tarda, II: 6, 323;
prostate cancer, I: 11, 519–521, 575–576;
III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 340, 342, 393;
research recommendations, I: 19, 727
respiratory cancers, I: 10–11, 472, 574, 575;
spina bifida, II: 6, 298, 300;
III: 7, 8, 9–10, 21, 444, 458;
Herbicide association, limited/suggestive negative evidence
basis for finding of, I: 12–13, 224, 247, 576–577;
III: 8, 12, 21–22, 133, 393–394, 522;
brain tumors, I: 12, 525, 576;
IV: 7
gastrointestinal tract cancers, I: 12–13, 447–451, 576–577;
III: 8, 12, 21, 268, 273, 282, 394;
III: 21
urinary bladder cancer, I: 12, 521, 576;
III: 21
Herbicide association, sufficient evidence
basis for finding of, I: 8–10, 246–247, 572;
II: 5, 6, 8, 19, 20, 21, 97, 247;
III: 6, 7, 8, 20, 132–133, 390, 392;
II: 247;
chloracne and, I: 10, 678;
Hodgkin’s disease and, I: 8, 9–10, 556–557, 573–574;
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, I: 8–9, 10, 548, 573–574;
porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 10, 682;
III: 20;
soft-tissue sarcoma and, I: 8, 9–10, 500;
Herbicide exposure assessment
agricultural/forestry workers studies, III: 154–155;
IV: 111–113
biomarkers for, I: 17, 259–262, 280–284;
II: 101–104;
IV: 111
cancer studies use, I: 436–439
case-control studies use, I: 256–257;
IV: 124
Centers for Disease Control Agent Orange Study, I: 58;
II: 102;
IV: 124–125
Centers for Disease Control exposure opportunity index, I: 274–276, 611–612;
III: 147–148;
IV: 124–125
Centers for Disease Control validation study, I: 59, 260–261, 281–284, 387;
IV: 125–126
Centers for Disease Control Vietnam Experience Study, II: 101;
III: 240;
IV: 123
cohort studies use, I: 254–256;
II: 107–109
cumulative exposure, III: 144
current estimates, I: 284–287
data sources (existing) limitations, I: 14–15, 290–291
definition of, methodological issues, II: 4–5;
III: 5–6;
Department of Veterans Affairs mortality studies, II: 101;
IV: 123
difficulties in, I: 14–15, 222, 247–248, 284, 286–287
dioxin congeners, recent literature, II: 106–107;
III: 158–159
environmental studies use, I: 262–263, 267–270;
III: 156–157;
epidemiologic studies evaluation and, II: 99–101;
III: 142–146
evidentiary role of, I: 4, 15, 250–253
exposure-dose relationship, I: 252–253
ground spraying, I: 288–289;
III: 138–140
historic exposure reconstruction, I: 17–18, 19–20, 254, 255–256, 725–726, 728;
III: 143
indices development, II: 107–109;
III: 161–162
individual differences, I: 261, 286
job exposure matrix, I: 259–262
literature update, II: 104–109;
III: 157–162
methodological issues, II: 4–5;
III: 5–6
misclassification bias in, I: 17, 257–259, 724
non-military settings and, I: 4–5, 15, 222–223, 241–242
occupational studies use, I: 262–267, 269–270;
II: 107–108;
III: 150–156
paper/pulp mill workers, I: 266–267;
III: 155–156;
process perspective, I: 252–253
Ranch Hand study use, I: 386;
II: 109;
III: 145–147
research recommendations, I: 16–18, 287–290, 291, 721–722, 724–725
risk assessment use, I: 14–15, 247–248, 250, 578;
III: 14–15
sawmill workers, III;10, 156, 227–228, 338, 439–440, 447–448, 449, 452, 453, 457;
IV: 114
self-reports, I: 270–271;
IV: 113
serum TCDD in, I: 19, 20–21, 261, 282–285, 289, 290, 725, 742–743;
III: 159–161;
Seveso, Italy, accident, I: 267–268, 285, 598–599;
III: 156;
IV: 400
state-sponsored studies, I: 400, 401–402, 403–404
Stellmans’ study, I: 278–279, 284
strategies for, I: 253–254;
III: 144–145
TCDD exposure levels for epidemiological studies, II: 105–106;
III: 159–161
TCDD half-life investigation, II: 104–105;
III: 157–158;
Times Beach, Missouri, case, I: 268, 368–369
Vietnam military records in, I: 271–280;
IV: 125
Vietnam service as element of, I: 271, 284–287;
II: 101–104;
III: 146–150
Vietnam spray data, I: 273–279
Vietnam troop movement data in, I: 95–96, 273–279, 287
Vietnamese population, I: 108–109, 269, 731;
III: 156–157;
IV: 148–149
workshop on, I: 746–747
See also Environmental herbicide exposure;
Herbicide exposure reconstruction model;
Herbicides;
Occupational herbicide exposure
Herbicide exposure reconstruction model
data sources, I: 725–726
epidemiologic research and, I: 726–728
evaluation of, I: 18, 289–290, 726;
II: 25
recommendations, I: 15–16, 17–20, 287–290, 291, 721–722, 725–728;
II: 25
Request for Proposals (RFP), II: 25–26;
IV: 5
See also Herbicide exposure assessment;
Herbicides
Herbicide/pesticide applicators. See Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators
Herbicides
action of, I: 88
acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy and, II: 2, 312–313;
agricultural role of, I: 24, 35, 39, 174–175, 181
Air Force research activities, II: 31–32;
III: 28–29
basal/squamous cell skin cancer association, III: 317–322, 323;
IV: 311
biologic plausibility, II: 88, 92, 176, 217, 282, 298, 300;
III: 2, 23, 124, 128, 281–282, 286, 288, 292, 295, 302, 304, 311, 317, 322, 327, 329, 334, 343, 347, 351, 356, 362, 366, 377, 383, 390, 444, 451, 453, 458, 460–462, 467, 480, 482, 486, 491, 502–503, 507, 513–514, 518, 522–525;
IV: 22, 26, 29, 48, 85, 86, 249, 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 306, 311, 318, 322, 323, 331, 332, 337, 342, 343, 348, 352, 358, 359, 367, 374, 380–381, 385
birth defects association, II: 286–298;
III: 436–444;
IV: 403
bladder cancer association, II: 225–227;
IV: 342
bone cancer association, II: 204–205;
IV: 289
brain tumors association, II: 229–230;
IV: 352
breast cancer association, II: 213–217;
IV: 318
cancer latency issues, II: 2, 13–14, 175, 260–276;
IV: 289
cancer risk and development, II: 13–14, 175;
carcinogenicity, I: 118–119;
II: 175;
III: 265–266;
IV: 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305, 311, 318, 323, 332, 337, 342, 348, 352, 358, 367, 374, 380, 387
cervical cancer association, III: 332;
IV: 323
chemistry of, II: 38
childhood cancer association, II: 299–300;
IV: 424–425
chloracne association, II: 318–320;
IV: 466
chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy and, II: 310–311
circulatory disorders association, II: 335–337;
IV: 510
cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders and, II: 307–309;
III: 468–469;
IV: 443
congressional hearings, II: 27–28;
III: 25
congressional legislation on, II: 28–29;
III: 26–27
Department of Veterans Affairs activities,
II: 29–31;
III: 27–28;
developmental toxicity, I: 124;
diabetes mellitus association, II: 330–331, 334–335;
disease outcomes of exposure, III: 6–15, 33–35, 38–43, 44–47, 48, 50, 71–105
early concerns about, I: 29–32, 35–36, 17–19;
II: 26;
III: 25
environmental exposure studies, I: 140–149, 184, 186, 189, 190, 193, 200–201, 221, 222, 234, 236, 241, 243, 287–288, 306, 312–313;
II: 271–272, 275, 277, 279–281 ;
III: 197–205, 218, 232–236, 283, 285, 287–288, 290, 291, 297–298, 301, 303, 305, 309, 316, 323, 328, 333, 336, 338, 342, 344, 345, 349, 350–351, 353, 354, 358, 361, 365, 369, 373, 375, 380, 382, 388–389, 392, 437, 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 497, 520;
IV: 249, 254–255, 258, 261, 263, 266, 269, 271, 274, 276, 278, 280, 282, 286, 289, 291, 293, 297, 302, 305–306, 309, 312, 314–316, 319, 321, 323, 325–326, 328–329, 334, 336, 338, 341, 344, 347, 349, 351, 354, 356–357, 361, 366, 369, 372, 375, 379, 382–383
Environmental Protection Agency research activities, II: 32;
III: 29–30
evidence insufficient for determining association in health outcomes, I: 13–14, 19, 247, 457, 460, 473–474, 512, 521, 571, 577–578, 605, 618, 624, 627, 630, 634, 657, 666, 691, 699, 708, 713, 727;
II: 7, 11–12, 20–21, 22, 97, 181–187, 189, 205, 210–211, 213, 217, 225, 228, 247, 282, 284, 285–286, 298, 300, 308–309, 310, 311, 314, 325, 329, 334–335, 337;
III: 7–8, 10–12, 21, 132, 133, 286, 292, 304, 316, 322, 327, 332, 334, 346, 349, 351, 355, 390, 393, 444, 449, 453, 458, 473–474, 486, 491, 503, 507, 513, 518, 522;
IV: 268, 270, 274, 275, 279, 288, 289, 302, 305, 308, 311, 314, 318, 321, 323, 329, 336, 337, 342, 348, 374, 380, 384, 400, 403, 406, 407, 410–414, 416, 418, 424, 425, 426, 430–432, 441–443, 448, 454–457, 475, 480, 495, 500, 505, 506, 510, 512, 514
evidence limited/suggestive of association in health outcomes, I: 10–12, 19, 247, 472, 519–521, 563, 574–576, 727;
II: 6, 8–10, 20, 22, 97, 203, 223, 244, 298, 300, 314, 323;
III: 7, 8–10, 20–21, 133, 295, 299, 340, 342, 383, 393, 444, 458, 474, 482, 519;
IV: 7
evidence of no association in health outcomes, I: 12–13, 224, 247, 447–451, 503, 521, 525, 576–577;
II: 7, 12–13, 21, 22, 97, 181, 227, 230;
III: 8, 12, 21–22, 133, 268, 273, 282, 359, 393–394, 522;
IV: 251, 256, 340, 351, 352, 385, 514
evidence sufficient of association in health outcomes, I: 8–10, 246–247, 500, 548, 556–557, 572–574, 678, 682;
II: 5, 6, 8, 19, 20, 21, 97, 208, 234, 236, 320;
III: 6, 7, 8, 20, 132–133, 311, 366, 373, 374, 390, 392, 480, 519;
IV: 6
exposure assessment issues, II: 4–5, 99–109;
federal government response to concerns over military use of in Vietnam, II: 27–32;
III: 25–30
female reproductive cancers association, II: 211–213;
gastrointestinal tract cancers association, II: 177–181;
IV: 256
gastrointestinal ulcers association, II: 334–335;
III: 510–514
hepatobiliary cancer and, II: 2, 176, 181–187;
IV: 270
Hodgkin’s disease association, II: 235–236;
IV: 367
immune system disorders and, II: 327–329;
IV: 480
immunotoxicity, I: 122–123
infertility association, II: 280–282;
III: 445–451;
IV: 407
International Agency for Research on Cancer research activities, III: 30;
laryngeal cancer and, II: 202–203;
III: 292–295;
IV: 279
latency and cancer risk, II: 13–14, 175, 260–276;
leukemia association, II: 245–246;
IV: 380
lipid abnormalities association, II: 333–335;
IV: 495
liver toxicity association, II: 332–333, 334–335;
III: 510–514;
IV: 505
low birthweight and, III: 456–458, 459;
IV: 416
lung cancer and, III: 296–302, 421, 422, 423, 424;
IV: 284
mechanism of action, II: 36;
III: 33, 38, 44, 47–48, 49–50, 53–71
mechanisms of toxicity, II: 37
melanoma association, III: 313–317;
IV: 306
metabolic and digestive disorders association, II: 330–335;
III: 3
military research and development, I: 25–26
military (U.S.) use ban, I: 32, 45
motor/coordination dysfunction and, II: 309–310;
III: 469–470
multiple myeloma assocation, II: 237–244;
IV: 512
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, II: 2, 176, 187–189;
IV: 275
neural tube defects associated with herbicides, numbers, II: 297
neurobehavioral disorders and, II: 305, 306, 314;
IV: 457
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma association, II: 231–234;
IV: 358
occupational exposure settings, I: 36–38;
III: 150–156
occupational exposure studies, II: 113–140, 182–184, 186, 188–189, 190, 191–200, 214–216, 219–220, 222, 232–234, 235–236, 237–243, 286–287, 306, 312;
III: 170–196, 218, 219–232, 268–271, 274–281, 282–283, 284, 287, 290, 291, 293–294, 296–297, 300–301, 303, 305, 308–309, 312, 316, 317, 321, 323, 324–326, 328, 332–333, 335–336, 337, 338, 341, 344, 345, 348, 350, 353, 354, 357–358, 360, 363–365, 367–369, 372–373, 374–375, 378–380, 381–382, 386–388, 391–392, 437, 450, 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 483–485, 489, 491, 496, 510–512, 515–516, 520;
IV: 114, 249, 251, 253, 255–257, 259, 262, 265, 268, 270–271, 273–274, 276–282, 285, 288–290, 292, 296, 300–303, 305–307, 309, 312, 315, 317–318, 321, 324–325, 327–329, 331–333, 336, 338, 340–342, 346–348, 351, 353, 356, 358–361, 364–365, 368–369, 371–374, 377, 379, 381, 383
Operation Ranch Hand volume use, data by herbicide type, III: 136
ovarian cancer association, III: 333
perinatal death association, II: 285–286;
IV: 413
porphyria cutanea tarda association, II: 321–323;
IV: 468
preterm birth and, III: 456–458, 459
prostate cancer association, II: 2, 176, 217–223, 273–275;
III: 7, 8, 9, 335–343, 426–428;
IV, 10
renal cancer association, II: 224–225;
IV: 348
reproductive toxicity, I: 124;
II: 278–301;
III: 434–435
research recommendations, II: 23–24;
III: 23;
IV: 13
respiratory cancers and, II: 189–203, 268–273;
respiratory disorders association, II: 335–337;
skin cancers association, II: 209–211;
IV: 305
soft-tissue sarcomas association, II: 205–208;
IV: 384
spontaneous abortions association, II: 283–284;
IV: 411
statistical association with diseases, II: 88, 90–91;
TCDD contamination of, I: 2, 3, 27, 91–92, 114, 126–127;
testicular cancer association, II: 227–228;
IV: 337
time-related factors and cancer risk, II: 263–264, 270, 271, 273, 274;
III: 411–412, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, 429
toxicity profiles update, II: 45–77;
III: 43–108
toxicokinetics, II: 35, 36, 38–39;
III: 32–33, 36–37, 43–44, 47, 48, 50–53
types of, I: 88
uterine cancer association, III: 333
Vietnam use by U.S. military, I: 1, 3, 24, 27, 74, 84–96, 98–107, 286;
III: 135–142
Vietnam veterans’ cancer risk and latency, II: 276;
Vietnam veterans’ disease increased risk, II: 14, 22–23, 88, 91, 298, 300–301, 321, 323;
III: 12–13, 14–15, 22–23, 124, 127–128, 329, 334, 343, 430–431, 444, 462, 475–476, 491, 503, 507–508, 525;
IV: 2, 9, 12, 20, 103, 105–106, 124
Vietnam veterans’ exposure concerns, II: 26–32
Vietnam veterans’ exposure studies, II: 149–161, 185, 187, 189, 190, 201–202, 204, 205, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 216–217, 218, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 234, 235, 236, 244, 245, 246, 278, 280, 283, 285, 286, 288–296, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 318–320, 321–323, 324–326, 327–329, 330–337;
III: 206–217, 236–245, 272–273, 275, 277–278, 279, 281, 282–283, 287–288, 290, 291, 294–295, 298, 301, 303, 305, 309–310, 312, 316, 317, 323, 326, 328, 333, 336, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343–344, 345–346, 349, 351, 353, 355, 358–359, 361, 363, 365, 370–371, 372, 373, 376, 380, 382, 385, 386, 389, 392, 435, 436, 437–438, 445, 446, 450, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459, 467, 468, 469, 470, 473, 475, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485–486, 489, 491, 495, 497, 498, 500, 502, 505–506, 512–513, 516–518, 521;
IV: 249–250, 255–256, 259, 262, 264, 266–267, 269–270, 272, 275–276, 278–281, 283–284, 287, 289–292, 294, 296, 298–299, 301, 303–311, 313–314, 316–320, 322–327, 329–332, 334–336, 338–340, 342–343, 345, 347–348, 350, 352–353, 355–359, 362–364, 366–367, 370–371, 373–374, 376–378, 380–381, 383, 387–388
See also Aerial spraying;
Agent Orange;
Agricultural herbicides;
Chemicals and chemical industry;
Defoliants;
Desiccant herbicides;
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid;
Domestic herbicide use;
Environmental herbicide exposure;
Ground/perimeter spraying;
Herbicide application methods;
Herbicide exposure assessment;
Herbicide exposure reconstruction model;
Occupational herbicide exposure;
Phenoxy herbicides;
Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators;
Selective herbicides;
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCCD);
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)
HERBS tapes, I: 20, 97–98, 602, 725;
II: 108–109;
exposure assessment use, I: 273–279, 287, 291;
Hercules, Inc., I: 35
2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl (HxCB), II: 64, 65
1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD), II: 64, 65, 67
Hexachlorophene, I: 40;
II: 128;
HI. See Humoral immunity (HI)
High-density lipoprotein (HDLP) receptors, II: 333, 334;
Highway workers, I: 326
Historic exposure reconstruction, I: 17–18, 19–20, 254, 255–256, 725–726, 728;
III: 143;
IV: 126–127
HIV-I. See AIDS/HIV
Ho CM Minh City, Vietnam, II: 108;
IV: 228
Hodgkin’s disease (HD)
agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 328, 329, 331, 335–336, 341, 550–553;
II: 138
biologic plausibility, I: 557;
III: 377;
IV: 367
chemical industry workers and, I: 549–550
epidemiologic studies, II: 138, 235–236;
III: 372–376;
epidemiology, I: 526, 527–528;
II: 231;
III: 371–372
herbicide association in, I: 8, 9–10, 556–557, 574;
II: 5, 6, 20, 138, 235–236, 247;
IV: 17
herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 384;
II: 236;
IV: 366
herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 235–236;
IV: 365
histopathology, I: 526–527
incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 372;
IV: 365
research recommendations, I: 19, 727
scientific literature update, II: 235–236;
III: 372–373;
IV: 365
Vietnam veterans and, I: 258, 526, 554–556;
IV: 366
Vietnam veterans’ compensation, II: 24, 30, 31
See also Malignant lymphomas
Hoffman-Taff, I: 40
Hormonal system
estrogen-mediated responses, I: 145, 154
TCDD carcinogenesis and, I: 116, 145
TCDD in, I: 156–159;
IV: 71
TCDD-induced wasting syndrome and, I: 165
Hormones. See Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH);
Hormonal system;
Luteinizing hormone (LH);
Testosterone
Hourglass spray system, I: 25
House Committee on Veterans Affairs, II: 27;
III: 25
H.R. 1565, II: 28
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-I). See AIDS/HIV
Humoral immunity (HI)
TCDD and, II: 69–70
HxCB. See 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl
HxCDD. See 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin
Hydatidiform mole, I: 30, 600–601
See also Reproductive disorders
Hydrocephalus, I: 609, 611
See also Reproductive disorders
Hydrocortisone (HC), II: 73
Hypercholesterolemia, I: 690
See also Lipid abnormalities
Hyperlipidemia, I: 152–153, 688, 692
See also Lipid abnormalities
Hypertension, I: 705, 706, 707, 708;
IV: 135
See also Circulatory disorders
Hyperthyroidism
TCDD-induced, I: 168
See also Metabolic and digestive disorders
Hypoglycemia
TCDD-induced, I: 166–168
See also Metabolic and digestive disorders
Hypospadias, I: 609, 611
See also Reproductive disorders
I
IARC. See International Agency for Research on Cancer
ICD. See International Classification of Diseases
Iceland, III: 228, 319, 338, 339, 344, 353;
Association of Vegetable Farmers, III: 228
Cancer Registry, III: 228, 338
Committee on Toxic Substances, III: 228
Farmers’ Association of Iceland, III: 228
Horticultural College, III: 228
Horticulturist’s Association, III: 228
Market Gardeners Association Pension Fund, III: 228
National Registry, III: 228
Register of Deaths, III: 228
I Corps, I: 52, 96, 98, 394, 493–494, 542, 543, 546;
II: 201;
mortality study, I: 233;
IV: 121
II Corps, I: 542
III Corps, I: 59, 104, 276, 281–282, 542, 543;
II: 228;
IV: 125–126
IL. See Interleukin-1;
Interleukin-4
ILO. See International Labor Organization
Immune system disorders
2,4-D toxicity, I: 181;
II: 41;
IV: 197
cell-mediated immunity, II: 69–70
cellular immunity, I: 147
endocrine system and, I: 150–151
epidemiologic studies, II: 327–329;
III: 488–491;
epidemiology, II: 326–327;
III: 487
herbicide toxicity, I: 122–123;
humoral immunity, I: 147–148;
II: 69–70
immune modulation in, I: 692–696, 698–699
macrophage function, I: 148
picloram toxicity, I: 192;
II: 41;
IV: 5
research methodology, I: 692
scientific literature update, II: 328–329;
III: 489–491
suppression in, I: 693;
TCDD toxicity, I: 119–122, 146–151, 338;
III: 85–92, 488, 489, 490, 491;
IV: 31–32
See also Allergies;
Autoimmune disease;
Autoimmunity;
Systemic autoimmune disease;
Systemic lupus erythematosus;
Viral infection
Immunoglobulin antibodies, I: 693, 696, 697
2,4-D and, IV: 31
Immunotoxicity
Incineration, of Agent Orange, I: 93–94;
IV: 116
Indiana, III: 47
Industrial accidents, I: 316–317;
BASF, I: 312–313, 444, 530, 550, 558;
IV: 188–189
Nitro, West Virginia, I: 38–39, 305–307, 597, 607, 686, 700;
IV: 136
Industrie Chimiche Meda Societa Anonima, I: 43
Infant deaths. See Perinatal death
Infertility, I: 631–634;
biologic plausibility, II: 282;
III: 451
epidemiological studies, II: 280;
epidemiology, II: 279;
III: 444–445
herbicide association in, II: 278, 280–282;
III: 445–451;
IV: 405–409
new studies summary, II: 280–281;
Vietnam veterans and, III: 445, 446, 450
See also Reproductive disorders
Influenza, I: 713
See also Respiratory disorders
Institute of Medicine (IOM), I: 2, 20, 57, 62–64, 742, 743–744;
III: 1, 2, 5–6, 17, 23, 24, 25, 125, 150;
Interagency Working Group on the Long-Term Health Effects of Phenoxyherbicides and Contaminants, I: 46
Interleukin-1, I: 148;
II: 59
Interleukin-4, II: 70–71
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), II: 152, 153
Social Security database, II: 151;
III: 238;
IV: 151
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), I: 8, 12–13, 246, 264–265, 270, 313–314, 478, 479, 499, 565, 573, 577, 731;
II: 101, 107, 131–135, 178–179, 196, 206, 212, 215, 220, 226, 232, 269;
III: 20, 151, 175–177, 218, 222–223, 268, 269, 284, 290, 293, 296, 303, 306, 307, 308, 310, 311, 314, 319, 325, 326, 331, 337, 344, 348, 353, 357, 364, 378, 379, 386, 422–423, 424, 425, 429, 484, 511, 516;
IV: 17
herbicide exposure assessment in occupational studies, III: 151–152, 154;
IV: 189–194, 252, 257, 259–260, 262–263, 265, 271, 276, 280, 290, 293, 296–297, 300, 306, 312, 318–319, 324–325, 333, 338, 341, 343, 348–349, 353, 359–360, 368, 374–375, 381
Vietnam military use of herbicides, response, III: 30
International Classification of Diseases (ICD), II: 325;
III: 265;
ICD.9 cancer codes, SEER program site groupings for, III: 537–539;
IV: 524–526
International Labor Organization (ILO), II: 324
International Register of Workers Exposed to Phenoxy Herbicides and Their Contaminants, I: 313–314;
II: 131–135, 220, 232, 235, 238, 245;
International Society of Exposure Analysis, II: 25
Intracellular communication
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), I: 625, 626;
IV: 413–414
See also Reproductive disorders
IOM. See Institute of Medicine
Iowa, I; 11, 37, 60, 318–319, 332, 333, 334–335, 374, 400, 447, 495, 534, 550, 560, 567, 603, 660, 677;
335;
IV: 140, 142, 143, 144, 149, 158, 210, 258, 261, 266, 290, 300, 334, 344, 349, 354, 361, 369, 375, 382
Iowa Health Registry, II: 138–139
See also Agricultural health Study
Ireland, Republic of, II: 136, 230, 233, 242, 246;
IV: 198
Agricultural Institute, II: 136
Central Statistics Office of Ireland, II: 136
IRS. See Internal Revenue Service
Irvine, California, III: 533
Italy, I: 320–321, 338–340, 340–341, 384, 486–487, 492, 523, 537, 552, 553, 561, 566, 632;
III: 9, 224, 230, 232, 234, 235, 271, 284–285, 294, 297, 299, 337, 358, 364, 373, 379–380, 387, 388, 516;
IV: 133, 140, 144, 147–148, 149, 208, 212, 214, 230, 278, 282, 315, 325, 336, 341, 347, 351, 354, 357, 360, 368, 372, 375, 379 381, 425, 430, 445, 464, 472, 501, 507
Forli Province, III: 230
National Statistics Institute, II: 141
Novara Province, III: 225;
IV: 197
See also Lombardy, Italy;
Milan, Italy;
Seveso, Italy
IUGR. See Intrauterine growth retardation
J
Japan, II: 237;
IV: 414
Job exposure matrix, I: 256
Johnston Island, I: 93
K
Kansas, I: 9, 37, 335–336, 487, 490, 550;
II: 231;
III: 363;
IV: 215, 260, 297, 361, 369, 446
Kaposi’s sarcoma, I: 338, 487, 695;
See also Soft-tissue sarcoma
Khe Sanh-Thonh Son Lam area, I: 96;
III: 140;
IV: 121
Kidney cancer
biologic plausibility, III: 356;
IV: 348
children and, I: 628;
epidemiologic studies, I: 515;
II: 224–225;
III: 352–355;
IV: 346–348
II: 223;
III: 351–352;
IV: 345–346
herbicide association in, I: 13, 521, 577;
II: 7, 11, 20, 139–140, 224–225, 249–250;
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 353, 354;
IV: 347
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 353, 354;
IV: 346
histopathology, I: 513
incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 352;
IV: 345–346
risk factors, I: 514;
scientific literature update, II: 224–225;
IV: 346–347
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 522;
IV: 348
See also Genitourinary cancers;
Wilm’s tumor
Kidneys
2,4-D toxicity in, I: 125, 179–180;
II: 42;
IV: 28, 37, 42, 43, 66, 68, 73, 76
arsenic toxicity in;
IV: 39
cacolydic acid toxity in, II: 42;
IV: 387
Korea, III: 240;
IV: 156
Korean War, II; 150;
III: 237;
IV: 150
L
Laos, I: 106
Laryngeal cancer, I: 461, 470–471;
II: 202–203;
IV: 277–280
biologic plausibility, III: 295;
IV: 279
epidemiologic studies, III: 293–295;
epidemiology, III: 292;
IV: 277
herbicide exposure and, III: 293–295;
herbicide occupational exposure studies, III: 293–294;
IV: 277–278
incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III : 292;
IV: 277
scientific literature update, III: 293–294, 295;
IV: 277–278
Vietnam veterans studies, III: 294–295;
IV: 278
See also Respiratory cancers
Latency effects in cancer studies, I: 231–232, 434, 435, 436–438, 494, 495, 727;
aging effects control, II: 261–262;
III: 409
arsenic and, II: 268;
III: 420
asbestos and, II: 268;
III: 420
data limitations, III: 413, 414, 415, 416
data requirements, II: 264, 265, 266;
IV: 283
epidemiological studies, analysis of, II: 261–266;
III: 408–412
epidemiological studies, new, III: 419;
IV: 148, 254, 256, 269, 293, 329, 473, 483, 484, 506
gamma rays and, II: 268;
III: 418
literature review results, II: 266–267;
III: 416–418, 420–424, 426–427, 429;
IV: 257, 260, 263, 265, 271, 280, 297, 333, 343, 353, 368, 375
measurement errors, II: 263–264;
III: 411–412
mortality and incidence studies for examining, II: 263;
III: 410–411, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, 429
nickel and, II: 269;
III: 420
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, III: 428–430
potential problems with, II: 264, 265, 266;
prostate cancer, II: 273–275;
III: 426–428
radon daughters and, II: 268;
III: 418
random misclassification and, II: 263–264;
III: 411–412
relative risks, II: 264, 265, 266, 271, 275, 351;
III: 412, 413, 414, 415, 418, 420, 422, 426–427, 428, 430–431
respiratory cancer, II: 268–273;
smoking and, II: 268;
III: 418;
time-related factors, II: 262, 263–264;
III: 411–412, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, 429;
Vietnam veterans, relevancy for, II: 276, 351;
IV: 466
See also Cancer
IV: 274
LDL. See Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors
Legal issues
Agent Orange manufacturers’ liability, I: 34–35
federal government liability, I: 34
South Korean Vietnam veterans, I: 62
Times Beach, Missouri, I: 41;
IV: 133
Legislation
epidemiologic studies on Agent Orange, II: 28;
III: 26
federal, I: 45–60;
III: 26–27
health care associated with Agent Orange, II: 28
Public Law 91–441,
Public Law 96–151,
II: 28;
Public Law 97–72,
I: 50;
II: 28;
III: 26
Public Law 98–181,
I: 51
Public Law 98–542,
I: 50–51;
II: 28–29;
III: 26–27
Public Law 99–272,
I: 50;
II: 28;
III: 26
Public Law 100–687,
I: 51
Public Law 101–239,
I: 51
Public Law 102–4,
I: 2, 7, 20, 21, 51, 572, 721, 728–730;
II: 1, 5, 17, 19, 29, 97, 247;
III: 1, 6, 14, 17, 20, 124, 132, 390, 397, 462, 475, 519, 525;
IV: 1, 2, 6, 15, 103, 132, 388
Public Law 102–585,
II: 28;
III: 26
Public Law 103–452,
II: 28;
III: 26
Public Law 104–110,
III: 26
Public Law 104–204,
Public Law 104–262,
III: 26
Public Law 105–114,
III: 25
Veterans’ Health Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1979, III: 240
Vietnam veterans’ compensation, I: 47, 50–51, 55–56;
II: 28–29;
III: 26–27
Leiomyosarcomas, I: 475
See also Soft-tissue sarcoma
Lethality. See Deaths
Leukemia
acute lymphocytic leukemia, III: 383, 384;
IV: 377
acute myelogenous leukemia, IV: 417–429, 432
acute myeloid leukemia, III: 383–384;
IV: 9,377
agricultural workers and, I: 13, 332–333, 334–335, 566–568;
II: 136;
III: 387–388;
IV: 140,143–144, 216
children and, I: 628;
chronic lymphocytic leukemia, III: 384–385;
chronic myeloid leukemia, III: 384, 385;
epidemiologic studies, I: 564–572;
IV: 379–380, 381–383, 418–422, 427–429
epidemiology, I: 564;
II: 245;
III: 383–385;
IV: 377–378
herbicide association in, I: 13, 571, 577–578;
II: 7, 11, 20, 245–247, 249–250;
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 388–389, 392;
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 386–388, 391–392;
incidence, data by type/race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 384;
IV: 377–378
production workers and, I: 564–566;
III: 386–387;
IV: 379
pulp/paper workers and, I: 568;
IV: 379
risk factors, I: 564
scientific literature update, II: 245–246;
III: 386–389;
Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 13, 568–570, 571, 577;
IV: 379
TCDD biologic plausibility in, I: 571;
III: 390;
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 564, 570, 571–572;
Vietnam veterans’ studies, III: 385, 386, 389, 392;
III: 445;
IV: 405
LH. See Luteinizing hormone
Lindane, I: 91
Lipid and Lipoprotein Disorders, I: 688–690, 692;
IV: 492–497
biologic plausibility, III: 507;
IV: 495
epidemiologic studies, I: 45;
epidemiology, II: 333;
III: 503–504;
IV: 492–493
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 520;
IV: 493–494
herbicide exposure association with, II: 7, 21, 333–334;
IV: 493–494
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 520;
IV: 493–494
scientific literature update, II: 334;
IV: 493–494
Vietnam veterans and, II: 333;
IV: 494
See also Hypercholesterolemia;
Hyperlipidemia;
Liver disorders;
Metabolic and digestive disorders
Listeria
TCDD exposure and, II: 68
Liver cancer
background, IV: 267
biologic plausibility, IV: 270
children and, I: 628
epidemiologic studies, I: 453–455;
IV: 268–270
herbicide association in, I: 13, 457, 577;
picloram in, I: 190
research recommendations, I: 19, 727
risk factors, I: 453
Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 454–455;
IV: 269
TCDD in, I: 116, 138–139, 142, 143;
Vietnam veterans and, I: 391, 393, 455, 457;
IV: 269
See also Hepatobiliary cancers
Liver disorders
2,4-D in, I: 179;
III: 524;
IV: 505
2,4,5-T in, II: 42;
III: 524;
arsenic and, IV: 39–41
biologic plausibility, III: 513–514, 524;
IV: 505
enzyme activity, I: 155–156, 685–687, 691–692
epidemiologic studies, I: 45;
II: 332–333;
III: 510–513;
IV 500–504
epidemiology, II: 331–332;
III: 509–510;
IV: 498–500
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 510–512;
IV: 500–501
herbicides in, I: 125;
II: 332–333;
III: 510–514;
picloram chronic toxicity, I: 191–192;
II: 42;
III: 524
scientific literature update, II: 332–333;
III: 510–513;
IV: 500–504z
Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 367;
IV: 501–502
TCDD in, I: 115, 124, 129–130, 151–156, 165–166;
III: 509;
IV: 25–30, 34, 37, 41–44, 56–60, 66–73, 77, 83, 498–505
Vietnam veterans and, II: 332;
III: 512–513;
IV: 502–504
See also Lipid abnormalities;
Metabolic and digestive disorders
Lombardy, Italy, II: 147, 299;
IV: 329
Low birthweight
biologic plausibility, III: 458;
IV: 416–417
definition, I: 625;
IV: 413–414
epidemiologic studies, III: 456–457, 459;
IV: 414–416
epidemiology, I: 625–626;
IV: 413–414
herbicide association in, I: 14, 627–628;
IV: 413–417
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 459;
IV: 414–416
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 459;
IV: 414–416
risk factors, I: 625–626;
IV: 412
scientific literature update, III: 457, 459;
IV: 414–416
Vietnam veterans exposure studies, III: 457, 459;
IV: 417
See also Preterm delivery (PTD);
Reproductive disorders
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, I: 154–155;
III: 503;
Ludwigshafen, Germany; III: 153, 154, 269, 297, 484, 511
Lumber industry
sawmill workers herbicide exposure, III: 10, 156, 227–228, 338, 439–440, 447–448, 449, 452, 453, 457;
IV: 114, 142, 290, 296, 306, 307, 312, 333, 338, 343, 368, 404, 408, 418, 419, 422, 427
See also Forests
Lung cancer
2,4-D in, I: 177
agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 466;
IV: 142
biologic plausibility, III: 302;
IV: 284
cacodylic acid and, I: 187;
IV: 24
environmental exposure studies, III: 297–298, 301;
IV: 282–283
epidemiological studies, II: 139;
IV: 157, 210, 278, 282–284, 285–287, 473
epidemiology, III: 295–296;
IV: 281
herbicide association in, I: 472;
II: 6;
III: 296–302;
IV: 282–284
herbicide/pesticide applicators and, I: 326, 466–468;
II: 139;
IV: 142
incidence, data by gender/race, for selected age groups, III: 296;
IV: 281
latency and, III: 421, 422, 423, 424
occupational exposure studies, III: 296–297, 300–301, 421, 423;
paper/pulp mill workers and, I: 364, 468
production workers and, I: 461–466;
IV: 282
scientific literature update, III: 296–298;
IV: 282–284
Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 469;
Vietnam veterans and, I: 469–470, 472;
See also Respiratory cancers
Luteinizing hormone (LH), II: 182, 279, 280, 281;
Lymphocytic leukemia. See Leukemia
M
II: 292;
III: 243;
IV: 158
Malignant lymphomas
2,4-D exposure and, I: 119, 177–178
epidemiology, II: 231;
See also Hodgkin’s disease (HD);
Multiple myeloma;
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)
Mangrove forests, I: 31, 62, 90, 104
See also Forests
Manitoba, Canada, II: 135–136, 232, 242, 246;
IV: 198
March of Dimes, II: 286;
III: 435;
IV: 400
Marine Corps. See U.S. Marine Corps
Maryland. See Fort Detrick, Maryland
Massachusetts, I: 60, 400–401, 405–406, 445, 470, 496, 602–603, 613, 620, 621, 622;
IV: 158, 291, 298, 299, 308, 334, 339, 345, 350, 363
Cancer Registry, III: 244
Mast cells, I: 693
MC-1 spray system, I: 25
MCPA. See 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid
MCPP. See 2-[4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy]-propanoic acid
Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, I: 735
Mekong Delta, II: 104
Melanoma
biologic plausibility, III: 317;
IV: 305
epidemiologic studies, III: 313–317;
herbicide association with, III: 313–317;
IV: 302–308
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 316;
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 316, 317;
IV: 302
IV: 299–300
mortality studies, III: 314–315, 316;
IV: 306–307
scientific literature update, III: 314–315;
IV: 302–304
Vietnam veterans studies, III: 316, 317;
IV: 303–306
See also Basal/squamous cell skin cancer;
Skin cancer
Melatonin, TCDD-induced wasting syndrome and, I: 165
Meta risk ratio (MRR), IV: 253, 265, 267n
Metabolic and digestive disorders
biological plausibility, II: 335;
III: 513–514;
IV: 505
epidemiological studies, II: 330–331, 332–335;
III: 510–513;
IV: 500–504
epidemiology, III: 508;
IV: 498–500
herbicides association in, II: 7, 11, 21, 330–331, 332–335;
IV: 500–505
herbicides occupational exposure and, III: 510–512;
IV: 500–501
scientific literature update, III: 510–513;
IV: 500–504
Vietnam veterans and, III: 510, 512–513;
IV: 502–504
See also Diabetes mellitus;
Hyperthyroidism;
Hypoglycemia;
Lipid abnormalities;
Liver toxicity;
Ulcers, gastrointestinal
Methodological bias
biological stored samples, analysis, I: 20–21, 729–730
cancer studies, I: 436
controlling for, I: 33, 226–227, 234–235, 242–246;
healthy worker effect, I: 230
herbicide exposure assessment, I: 17, 257–259, 286–287, 291, 724
latency studies, II: 263–264;
III: 408–412
proportionate mortality studies, I: 233
reproductive outcome studies, I: 591–592, 601
self-reports, I: 270–271;
See also Methodology
Methodology
Agent Orange Study, I: 58–59, 63–64;
II: 2
Agent Orange Working Group, I: 19, 728
Alsea, Oregon, investigation, I: 372–373, 598
American Legion Agent Orange study, I: 602
assessment of strength of evidence, I: 238–241;
II: 88–97;
III: 124–133
BASF study, I: 312–313
biologic plausibility, II: 88, 92;
burden of proof approach, I: 226–227, 245
cancer expected incidence, I: 439–440
cancer studies, I: 435–440, 442–443, 445;
III: 265–266
case-control studies, I: 234–235, 256–257, 326–341;
II: 94–95;
III: 130;
VI: 9
case reports, I: 235–236
Centers for Disease Control Birth Defects Study, I: 611–612
Centers for Disease Control epidemiologic studies, I: 19, 387–393, 498, 728
circulatory disease studies, I: 699–700, 705–706, 707;
II: 335;
cohort studies, I: 229–232, 254–256, 318–323;
IV: 8–13, 28, 43, 46, 111, 114, 123–161 passim, 182–247 passim, 251–253, 256–388 passim, 402, 409, 418–422, 425–431, 473–474, 478–479, 483, 486–492, 500–509
confidence intervals, I: 244;
IV: 19, 43, 251, 278, 342, 385, 419, 445, 472, 483, 515
controlled observational studies, I: 228
Department of Veterans Affairs studies, I: 393–399, 494–495;
IV: 1, 15, 133, 151, 157–158, 255, 284, 399, 421
disease latency effects, I: 231–232, 434, 436–438, 494, 495, 727;
II: 351–357
dose-response relationship, I: 239–230, 252;
II: 89;
IV: 40
Dow studies, I: 307–312
epidemiologic studies evaluation, I: 300– 301;
II: 93–94;
III: 129–130;
IV: 103– 109, 132–161, 182–247
evidence categories, I: 227–237;
III: 132;
IV: 103–109 passim
experimental studies evaluation, II: 92–93
health outcome categories for herbicide association, I: 5–8, 223–225, 246–247;
II: 97;
III: 132;
IV: 6–12
herbicide environmental exposure assessment, I: 262–263, 269–270;
III: 156–157
herbicide exposure assessment strategies, I: 251–259, 270–287;
III: 144–145
herbicide exposure reconstruction model evaluation, I: 18, 289–290, 726;
II: 25
herbicide exposure, statistical association with diseases, II: 88, 90–91;
IV: 103
herbicide occupational exposure assessment, I: 262–264, 269–270;
III: 150–156
immune system research, I: 692
indirect adjustment, I: 229
information management, I: 735–738
judgment in, I: 245–246;
II: 96;
III: 131–132
latency and cancer studies, II: 261–266, 351;
III: 407–416
meta-analysis, I: 225, 237–238, 242–243
neurological assessment, I: 14, 641–642, 649
neuropsychiatric studies, I: 657
new evidence integration, II: 96;
III: 132
NIOSH studies, I: 303–305;
Nitro, West Virginia, industrial accident studies, I: 305–307
NRC Commission on Life Sciences, I: 63
odds ratio determination, I: 234, 239;
II: 90;
III: 126–127;
IV: 105
Office of Technology Assessment, I: 19, 728
paper/pulp mill worker studies, I: 341, 364
publication bias, II: 95–96;
III: 131;
IV: 108
Ranch Hand study, I: 230–231, 385–386, 498, 757–762
random misclassification and latency, II: 263–264;
III: 411–412
relative risk assessment, I: 229, 239, 258;
IV: 105
reproductive outcome studies, I: 591–592
respiratory disease studies, I: 708–709, 712–713;
II: 324
risk assessment, I: 225–226;
II: 89;
III: 127–128
sample size and disease frequency, I: 231, 242–243, 440, 499
Selected Cancers Study, I: 234–235, 498
self-reports, I: 270–271;
II: 109;
IV: 9, 113, 122, 125–126, 135, 141, 154–157, 159, 255, 262, 287, 297, 299, 304, 308, 310, 313, 320, 324, 325, 326, 335, 336–337, 339, 364, 380, 383, 402, 406, 418–419, 421–425, 484, 487, 492, 503–504, 507–509
soft-tissue sarcoma studies, I: 482–490, 497–500
standardized mortality ratio, I: 229–230
statistical significance/power, I: 226–227, 243
TCDD biomarkers, I: 259–262
Times Beach studies, I: 368–370
toxicologic studies evaluation, III: 128–129
type I error, I: 243
type II error, I: 243
Vietnam veterans disease risk estimation and latency, II: 349–357
Vietnam veterans serum TCDD mean maximum estimation, II: 349–350
See also Data sources;
Literature review;
Methodological bias;
Research needs;
Risk assessment methodology
2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, I: 700
6-Methyl-1,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran, I: 153
III: 159, 160, 218, 221, 234, 235, 243, 270, 357–358, 363, 373, 387, 388, 484, 511, 516;
IV: 133, 136, 149, 158, 231, 266, 335, 350, 355, 363, 368, 370, 381, 383, 414
Department of Management and Budget’s Vietnam-era Bonus List, II: 153, 161, 202, 208, 221, 225, 230, 234, 236, 246;
Department of Public Health, II: 161
See also Detroit, Michigan;
Midland, Michigan;
Tecumseh, Michigan
Midland, Michigan, III: 152, 221, 234;
IV: 149
Midwest Research Institute, I: 29–30
Milan, Italy, II: 243;
III: 232;
IV: 144
Military health care
Agent Orange legislation, II: 28;
Department of Veterans Affairs activities, II: 29;
III: 27
Military occupation specialty code (MOS), II: 153;
III: 242
Military operations
Agent Orange surplus disposal, I: 93–94
herbicide early research, I: 25–26;
II: 27–32;
III: 25–30
herbicide (strategic) use ban, I: 32, 45
herbicide use precautions, I: 95
South Vietnam tactical zones, I: 98
Vietnam distribution of personnel, I: 81, 82
Vietnam herbicide applications, I: 1, 3, 24, 27, 74, 84–96, 98–107, 286;
II: 26–27;
III: 135–142
Vietnam herbicides aerial spraying, I: 27, 85–91;
II: 26;
Vietnam herbicides ground spraying, I: 94–96;
II: 26;
III: 138–140
Vietnam herbicides use early objections, I: 29, 31–32;
II: 26–27
Vietnam troop movements, I: 52–53, 96, 273–279, 287
Vietnam U.S. involvement, I: 75–76, 84
See also Military records;
Operation Ranch Hand
Military personnel. See Demographic data, Vietnam veterans;
Foreign veterans;
Military health care;
Military occupation specialty code (MOS);
Military operations;
Military records;
Operation Ranch Hand;
U.S. Air Force;
U.S. Army;
U.S. Army Chemical Corps;
U.S. Coast Guard;
U.S. Marine Corps;
U.S. Navy;
U.S. Special Forces;
Vietnam veterans;
Women veterans
Military records, I: 742–743
herbicide exposure assessment use, I: 271–280, 287–288;
II: 101;
IV: 125
herbicide spray missions records, I: 27, 62, 84–85, 104–106
IV: 123–125
research recommendations, I: 17, 724–725
Vietnam casualties, I: 82–83
Vietnam herbicide ground spraying, I: 94, 95;
Vietnam service identification in, II: 24–25, 175
Vietnam veterans in, I: 75–80, 106;
II: 150–153
Minnesota, I: 37, 326, 332, 333, 468;
II: 47, 137–138, 178, 199, 325;
IV: 144, 210, 286, 306, 344, 349, 354, 362, 369, 375, 382
Department of Agriculture, II: 137;
IV: 149
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, I: 641
Miscarriages. See Spontaneous abortion
Missouri, I: 621, 626, 664–665, 681;
II: 280;
III: 500;
IV: 133, 135, 148, 227, 272, 404, 484, 487, 493
See also Times Beach, Missouri;
Verona, Missouri
Mixed-function oxidase activity, I: 131, 155, 156
Models and modeling. See Herbicide exposure reconstruction model;
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models
Monsanto Company, I: 34, 35, 38, 305–307, 444, 674, 700;
II: 114–115, 179, 182, 193, 204, 207, 220, 236;
IV;136, 185–186, 257, 260, 271, 371, 290, 301, 333, 343
Montana, II: 268;
III: 420;
IV: 149, 344, 349, 354, 362, 369, 375, 382
Mortality. See Child mortality studies;
Deaths;
Mortality studies;
Perinatal deaths
Mortality of Vietnam Veterans: The Veteran Cohort Study, III: 273, 285–286
Mortality studies, II: 130;
IV: 140, 141, 144, 146, 149, 156, 157, 159, 184–194, 252, 253
basal/squamous cell skin cancer, III: 319, 321
cancer, I: 442–445;
circulatory disorders, II: 335
death certificate data, I: 236–237;
female reproductive cancers statistics, II: 211
Finland respiratory cancer mortality and latency, II: 271;
III: 422
latency results, II: 263;
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted by, IV: 105, 136, 251
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and latency, III: 429
prostate cancer and latency, II: 273, 274, 275, 276;
Ranch Hand baseline mortality studies, II: 151;
IV: 151–153
respiratory cancer mortality and latency, II: 270, 271;
Seveso, Italy, children study, II: 147;
IV: 148
Seveso, Italy, males cancer mortality and latency, II: 271, 275;
IV: 148
standardized mortality ratio, I: 229–230
women veterans, II: 152–153, 201
See also Child mortality studies;
Deaths;
Perinatal deaths
MOS. See Military occupation specialty code
Motor/coordination dysfunction
epidemiological studies, II: 309–310;
III: 469–470;
IV: 445–447
herbicide association in, I: 661–662;
III: 469–470;
IV: 443–447
herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 658–659;
IV: 445–447
herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: 658;
IV: 445–447
scientific literature update, II: 309–310;
III: 470;
IV: 445–447
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 662;
See also Ataxia;
Dystonia;
Neurobehavioral toxicity;
Neurological disorders;
Parkinsonism;
Stroke
Motor/sensory/coordination problems, I: 14, 658–662
MPTP, I: 661;
MRR. See Meta risk ratio
Multiple myeloma, I: 331, 334, 335, 336, 341;
agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 558–561;
II: 138–139, 238–239, 241–243,
III: 379–380;
IV: 140
biologic plausibility, I: 563;
III: 383;
IV: 374
epidemiologic studies, I: 331, 334, 335, 336, 341, 557–563;
III: 377–383;
IV: 199, 209, 211, 212, 215, 372–373, 374–376
II: 236–237;
III: 377;
IV: 371–372
herbicide association in, I: 10, 11–12, 563, 574, 576;
II: 6, 8, 20, 89, 236–244, 247;
III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 24, 377–383,
herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 241, 243;
IV: 372–373
herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 237–243;
IV: 372
histopathology, I: 527
incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 377;
IV: 371–372
paper/pulp workers and, II: 143
production workers and, II: 237–238;
III: 378–379;
IV: 373
risk estimates, II: 240–241
scientific literature update, III: 378–380;
IV: 372–373
Vietnam veterans’ compensation, II: 24, 30, 31
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 563;
IV: 374
Vietnam veterans’ studies, III: 380, 382;
IV: 373
See also Malignant lymphomas
Myeloid leukemia. See Leukemia
Myocardial infarction, I: 708;
See also Cardiovascular disorders;
Circulatory disorders
N
NAS. See National Academy of Sciences
Nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer
biologic plausibility, III: 292;
IV: 275
clinical description, I: 457–458
epidemiologic studies, II: 6, 187–189;
III: 290–291;
epidemiology, I: 458–459;
II: 187–188;
III: 288–289;
IV: 273
herbicide association in, I: 13, 19, 460, 577;
II: 2, 6, 11, 12, 20, 89, 187–189, 249–250;
herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 189;
IV: 274–275
herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 188–189;
IV: 274
incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 289;
IV: 273
scientific literature update, III: 290;
IV: 274–275
treatment, I: 458
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 460;
IV: 275
Vietnam veterans’ studies, II: 189;
IV: 275
Nasal olfactory mucosa, I: 130
National Academy of Sciences (NAS), I: 2, 28–29, 31, 43, 47, 51, 55, 57;
National Cancer Institute (NCI), I: 9, 30, 37, 439;
II: 231;
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), III: 266;
IV: 249
ICD-9 cancer codes, SEER program site groupings for, III: 537–539;
IV: 524–526
National Death Index, II: 130, 152, 153
National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG), III: 492, 493
National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey III (NHANES III), III: 498
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), III: 499;
IV: 411
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), I: 8, 12, 36–37, 260, 264, 270, 285, 303–305, 443, 478, 479, 499, 564, 573, 577, 650–651, 686, 731;
II: 13, 95, 101, 103, 105, 114–115, 128–129, 132, 178, 196, 206, 221, 229, 269, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 280, 309, 322, 350–351, 356, 357;
III: 11, 12, 131, 144, 162, 170–171, 218, 219–220, 306, 310, 420, 421, 424, 425, 426, 428, 445, 449, 469, 481, 500, 502;
IV: 10, 111, 133–134, 136, 182–184, 251, 257, 260, 263, 265, 268, 270–271, 277, 280, 282–283, 288, 290, 292, 295, 297, 300, 327, 331, 333, 341, 343, 346, 349, 351, 353, 356, 358, 366, 368, 372, 375, 379
National Institutes of Health (NIH), I: 92
National Library of Medicine, I: 735
National Medical Expenditures Survey (NMES), III: 243;
IV: 238
National Occupational Mortality Surveillance System, III: 231, 470
National Personnel Records Center, I: 17, 77, 385, 724;
National Research Council, I: 20, 62–64
National Survey of the Vietnam Generation, IV: 411
National Technical Information Service, III: 29
National Toxicology Program, I: 139–141;
IV: 284
National Veterans Legal Services Project, I: 60
National Vietnam Veterans Birth Defects/ Learning Disabilities Registry and Data Base, I: 741–742;
II: 292–293
National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study, I: 79, 83, 655
Nature, IV: 511
Navy. See U.S. Navy
NCHS. See National Center for Health Statistics
NCI. See National Cancer Institute
NDDG. See National Diabetes Data Group
Nebraska, I: 9, 37, 332, 333–334, 535;
IV: 143–144, 211, 216, 360, 375, 382
Nebraska Lymphoma Study, II: 139
Neonatal death. See Perinatal death
Netherlands, I: 316–317, 323, 325–326, 443, 464, 468, 477, 558;
II: 132–133, 179, 196, 199, 220, 226, 232, 238, 243, 269;
III: 10, 223, 226, 230, 236, 348, 441–442, 490;
IV: 252–253, 256–257, 259–260, 262, 265, 293, 295–296, 302, 306, 333, 340, 343, 346, 348, 351, 353, 356, 358–360, 365, 368, 372, 374–375, 379, 381, 404–405
Central Bureau of Statistics, II: 133
herbicide exposure assessment, III: 150–151
National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, II: 132–133
See also Rotterdam, Netherlands
Neural tube defects, II: 297;
III: 437–438;
See also Birth defects;
Reproductive disorders;
Spina bifida
Neurasthenia, I: 649;
IV: 440
See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders
Neurobehavioral toxicity
2,4-D, I: 180;
II: 305;
biological plausibility, II: 314;
III: 474–475
definition, II: 304
epidemiological studies, II: 306, 307–308, 309–310, 311, 312–313, 314;
III: 467–473
epidemiology, II: 304–305, 307;
evidence in epidemiological studies, II: 314;
III: 473–474
herbicide association, II: 305–314;
herbicide environmental exposure studies, II: 306;
III: 467
herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 306;
III: 467
TCDD, II: 305, 307–308, 309, 310–311, 314;
IV: 25–26
Vietnam veterans increased risk, II: 305, 306, 314;
III: 475–476
See also Ataxia;
Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders;
Depressive disorders;
Motor/coordination dysfunction;
Neurological disorders;
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) disorders;
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD);
Stroke
Neuroblastoma, I: 594
children and, I: 628;
Neurologic disorders
2,4-D in, I: 179;
II: 48;
assessment issues, I: 14, 641–642;
IV: 440–441
biologic plausibility, III: 474–475;
IV: 457–459
childhood cancer, I: 628
classification of, I: 640;
II: 304–305
cognitive and neuropsychiatric effects, I: 649–658;
III: 468–469;
IV: 441–443
epidemiologic studies, I: 44–45, 643–648;
III: 467–473;
IV: 441–459
herbicide association in, I: 14, 657, 661, 666;
III: 467–476;
IV: 441–459
herbicide occupational exposure studies and, I: 649–651, 658, 662–663;
III: 467
motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 14, 658–662;
III: 469–470;
IV: 443–448
peripheral nervous system disorders, I: 662–666;
III: 470–473;
IV: 454–459
Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 365–366, 523;
II: 141;
IV: 227
TCDD in, I: 160–166;
III: 84–85, 469, 470–471, 474, 475;
Vietnam veterans’ compensation, I: 55
Vietnam veterans’ offspring and, I: 609, 660
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 658, 662, 666;
III: 475–476;
IV: 459
See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders;
Motor/coordination dysfunction;
Neurobehavioral toxicity;
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) disorders
Newark, New Jersey, II: 128–129;
IV: 134–135
New Brunswick, Canada, III: 234;
IV: 149
III: 232;
New Jersey, I: 656, 695;
II: 280;
Agent Orange Commission, I: 60, 280–281, 401–402, 741;
II: 292
See also Newark, New Jersey
III: 243;
IV: 159
New York, I: 60, 364–365, 402–403, 444, 470, 495, 626;
II: 202;
IV: 149, 159, 230, 291, 298, 355, 364, 371
See also Binghamton, New York;
Camp Drum, New York
New Zealand, I: 329–331, 373, 486, 490, 535–536, 552, 560–561;
IV: 113, 142, 143, 149, 206, 215, 216, 297, 361, 369, 375, 404
See also Northland, New Zealand
NHANES III. See National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey III
NHIS. See National Health Interview Survey
NHL. See Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Nickel, respiratory cancer and latency, II: 269;
III: 420
NIH. See National Institutes of Health
NIOSH. See National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Nitro, West Virginia
industrial accident, I: 38–39, 305–307, 597, 607, 686, 700;
II: 287;
IV: 136
NMES. See National Medical Expenditures Survey
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)
2,4-D in, I: 256–257
age of onset, I: 436
agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 530–540;
III: 364–365;
IV: 140
biologic plausibility, III: 366;
IV: 358–359
cytogenetic studies, III: 365–366
epidemiologic studies, I: 328, 329, 330, 331, 333–334, 335–338, 383, 384, 391–393, 401, 528–540, 573–574;
II: 134–135, 138, 139, 231–234;
III: 362–371;
IV: 116, 137, 199, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 294, 356–358, 359–364
II: 231;
III: 362;
IV: 355–356
herbicide association in, I: 8–10, 548, 573–574;
II: 5, 6, 20, 102, 108, 231–234, 247;
herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 540–541;
II: 234;
herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 232–234;
histopathology, I: 526
incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 362;
IV: 355–356
latency issues, III: 428–430
paper/pulp workers and, I: 540
production workers and, I: 9, 529–530, 548;
II: 232;
research recommendations, I: 19, 727
scientific literature update, II: 232–234;
III: 363–366;
IV: 356–358
Selected Cancers Study and, I: 234–235
Vietnam veterans and, I: 9, 401, 526, 541–548, 549;
Vietnam veterans compensation, I: 51, 55–56;
See also Malignant lymphomas
Nonmelanoma skin cancer. See Basal/ squamous cell skin cancer;
Skin cancer
North America, II: 197;
III: 510
North Carolina, IV: 202
See also Agricultural Health Study
North Dakota, IV: 149, 344, 349, 354, 362, 369, 375, 382
Northeast Pharmaceutical and Chemical Corporation, I: 40
Northland, New Zealand, III: 234;
IV: 149
Norway, III: 10, 225, 442–443;
Central Population Register, III: 225, 442
Medical Birth Registry, III: 225, 442
Population Registry, III: 236
See also Frierfjord, Norway
Null hypothesis, I: 225
O
Occupational herbicide exposure, I: 5, 303
acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy and, II: 312;
IV: 10
agricultural/forestry workers, II: 183–184, 197–198, 232–234, 238–239, 241–243;
III: 178–195, 224–232, 284–285, 335, 364–365, 379–380, 387–388;
basal/squamous cell skin cancer and, III: 321, 323;
IV: 309
birth defects and, II: 286–287;
III: 437;
IV: 404
bladder cancer and, III: 348, 350;
IV: 341–342
bone cancer and, III: 303, 305;
IV: 288–289
brain tumors and, III: 357–358, 360;
IV: 351
breast cancer and, II: 214–216;
IV: 317
breast cancer estimated risk, II: 218
cancer mortality, I: 443–444;
cancer risk factor, I: 442;
II: 133–135
cervical cancer and, III: 332
childhood cancer, IV: 418–419, 427
circulatory disorders and, III: 515–516;
IV: 506–507
diabetes mellitus and, III: 496;
IV: 483–484
epidemiologic studies, I: 303–365;
III: 170–196, 218, 219–232, 268–271, 274–280, 282–283, 284, 287, 290, 291, 293–294, 296–297, 300–301, 303, 305, 308–309, 312, 316, 317, 321, 323, 324–326, 328, 332–333, 335–336, 337, 338, 341, 344, 345, 348, 350, 353, 354, 357–378, 360, 363–365, 367–369, 372–373, 374–375, 378–380, 381–382, 386–388, 391–392, 437, 450, 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 483–485, 489, 491, 496,
IV: 134–147, 251–254, 257–258, 259–260, 262–263, 265–266, 268–269, 276, 277–278, 280, 285–286, 290, 292–293, 306, 307, 312, 318–319, 324, 325, 333–334, 338, 343–344, 348–349, 353–354, 359–361, 368–369, 374–375, 381–382, 404, 408, 418–419, 427, 445, 446, 473–474, 483–484, 489–490, 500–501, 506–507
exposure assessment strategies, I: 253–256, 258–259, 262–267, 269–270;
exposure indices development, II: 107–108;
III: 161–162
female reproductive system cancers and, III: 332–333;
IV: 321
gastrointestinal/digestive disorders and, III: 510–512;
IV: 500–501
gastrointestinal tract tumors and, II: 178–179;
IV: 251–254
hepatobiliary cancer and, II: 182–184, 185, 186;
IV: 268–269
Hodgkin’s disease and, II: 235–236;
IV: 365–366
immune system disorders and, III: 489, 491
infant death and, III: 456
infertility and, III: 450;
IV: 406–407
laryngeal cancer and, III: 293–294;
IV: 277–278
leukemia and, III: 386–388, 391–392;
lipid abnormalities and, III: 520;
low birthweight and, III: 459;
IV: 414–416
lung cancer and, III: 296–297, 300–301, 421, 422, 423, 424;
IV: 282
IV: 302
multiple myeloma and, II: 237–243;
IV: 372
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, II: 188–189;
IV: 274
neonatal death and, III: 455
neural tube defects numbers, II: 297
neurobehavioral disorders association studies, II: 306;
III: 467
non-Hodgkin’s disease and, II: 232–234;
IV: 356
ovarian cancer and, III: 333
production workers, II: 182–183, 191, 193–197, 206–207, 232, 237–238;
III: 170–178, 219–224, 284, 363–364, 378–379, 386–387, 420, 423, 426, 429;
IV: 111–112, 134–140, 251–254, 271, 282, 288–289, 296–297, 302, 321, 327–329, 336, 340–341, 346–347, 351, 356, 365–366, 372, 379
professional herbicide/pesticide applicators, II: 198–200;
prostate cancer and, II: 219–220, 222;
III: 335–336, 337, 338, 341, 426, 427;
IV: 327–329
pulp/paper workers, I: 37–38, 267, 341, 364, 443, 447, 454, 468, 516, 523, 540, 561–562 , 568;
renal cancers and, III: 353, 354;
IV: 346–347
research recommendations, I: 15–16, 731
respiratory cancers and, II: 190, 191–200;
IV: 282
respiratory disorders and, III: 483–485;
IV: 473–474
sawmill workers, III: 10, 156, 227–228, 338, 439–440, 447–448, 449, 452, 453, 457;
IV: 114
skin cancer and, III: 312;
soft-tissue sarcomas, II: 206–207;
III: 308–309;
IV: 292–293
stillbirths and, III: 454
testicular cancer and, III: 344, 345;
IV: 336
uterine cancer and, III: 333
Vietnam veteran exposure vs., I: 4, 285, 290
See also Herbicide exposure assessment;
Herbicides
Occupations. See Agricultural/forestry workers;
Highway workers;
Leather tanners;
Paper/pulp industry workers;
Production workers;
Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators;
Railroad workers;
Tannery workers
II: 90;
III: 126–127;
IV: 105
Office of Technology Assessment, I: 19, 50, 52, 57, 728;
II: 28;
III: 26
OGTT. See Oral glucose tolerance test
See also Hancock County, Ohio
Olshan, Andrew, III: 25
Ontario, Canada, II: 199
Operation Ranch Hand, I: 3, 4, 15, 16–17, 24, 74;
II: 5, 14, 18, 23, 54, 251, 293;
III: 6, 11, 12, 22, 23, 37, 50, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139;
IV: 13, 18, 117–119, 150–156, 160–161
application techniques, I: 25, 85–86, 87–88;
IV: 120–122
Army Chemical Corps and, IV: 123–124
birth defects in offspring of, IV: 18, 403–404, 408, 430
continuation of, IV: 21, 160–161
epidemiological studies, II: 31, 32, 150–152, 154–156;
III: 28–29, 237, 438–439, 498;
IV: 9, 10, 150–156, 255, 262, 269, 272, 275–276, 278, 280, 283–284, 287, 291, 295, 298–299, 301, 303–305, 308–310, 313, 327, 329, 331–332, 334–336, 339, 342–343, 345, 347, 350, 352, 355, 357, 359, 362–363, 366, 370, 373, 376, 380, 383, 430–431, 435, 474, 479, 480, 485–488, 494, 502–504, 508–510
herbicide formulations, I: 88–91
herbicide surplus disposal, I: 93–94
herbicide volume used, data by type, III: 136
neurological disorders in, IV: 442, 454–455, 459
number of military personnel in, I: 94, 273
objectives, I: 85
operations data, I: 86, 87, 92, 106–107
porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), IV: 466–467
questionnaires, self-administered, II: 109, 151;
IV: 124
suspension of, I: 27, 31, 32, 92–93;
II: 109
targeting procedures, I: 86
TCDD half-life in, IV: 24, 28, 43
See also Air Force Health Study (AFHS)
Operational Report Lessons Learned, IV: 125
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), III: 498, 500
II: 149;
See also Alsea, Oregon
Outreach activities
Vietnam Veterans and, II: 31;
III: 28
Ovarian cancer, I: 338–339, 506, 510–511;
III: 333
herbicide association in, I: 13, 512;
II: 6;
III: 333;
See also Reproductive system cancers, women
P
P450, I: 130, 144–145, 170, 709;
III: 220;
IV: 27, 41–42, 47–48, 50–52, 54–55, 58–60, 63, 65, 67–69, 72–76, 78
PACER HO, I: 93
PAI-2. See Plasminogen activator inhibitor
Pancreatic cancer. See Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers
Paper/pulp industry workers
cancers in, I: 443, 454, 468, 516, 523, 540, 568;
II: 200;
chemical exposures in, I: 37–38, 267;
III: 155–156;
epidemiologic studies, I: 38, 341, 364;
hepatobiliary cancer, II: 184
multiple myeloma and, II: 243
Parkinsonism, I: 661;
See also Motor/coordination dysfunction
Parma, Italy, IV: 445
See Also Italy
PCBs. See Polychlorinated bephenyls
PCDDs. See Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins
PCDFs. See Polychlorinated dibensofurans
PCMR. See Proportionate cancer mortality ratio
PCP. See Pentachlorophenol
PCT. See Porphyria cutanea tarda
Pennsylvania, I: 60, 403, 562;
II: 244;
III: 243;
IV: 186
1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PnCDD), II: 64, 65
2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PnCDF), II: 64, 65
Pentachlorophenol (PCP), II: 320;
IV: 257, 260, 263, 265, 271, 280, 285, 290, 296, 338, 353, 359, 368, 381
Pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (PROD)
TCDD and, II: 64
PEPCK. See Hepatic phosphoenol pyruvate carboxy kinase
Perimeter spraying. See Ground/perimeter spraying
Perinatal death
biologic plausibility, III: 453, 458;
IV: 413
definitions, I: 618–619;
II: 284;
III: 451;
IV: 412
descriptive epidemiology, I: 619–620;
II: 284–285;
III: 451
epidemiological studies, I: 620–624;
II: 285–286;
herbicide association in, I: 14, 624;
IV: 413
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 454, 455, 456
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 454, 455, 456
risk factors, I: 619–620
scientific literature update, II: 285;
TCDD biologic plausibility in, I: 624
Vietnam veterans and, II: 285;
IV: 413
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) disorders, I: 55, 662–666;
IV: 440
acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy, II: 2, 6, 89, 311–314;
chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, II: 89, 310–311;
epidemiological studies, II: 310–311, 312–314;
III: 470–473;
herbicide association with, I: 666;
II: 2, 6, 10, 11, 21, 89, 310–314;
III: 7, 8, 21, 470–473; 454–457
herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 663–665;
II: 312–313
herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: 662–663;
II: 312
methodology, II: 311–312
scientific literature update, II: 310–311;
Seveso, Italy, residents and, II: 312–313
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 666;
See also Neurobehavioral toxicity;
Neurological disorders
Pesticide/herbicide applicators. See Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators
Pesticides. See Agricultural herbicides;
Desiccant herbicides;
Fungicides;
Herbicides;
Insecticides;
Phenoxy herbicides;
Selective herbicides
Pharmacokinetics
2,4-D, I: 175
2,4,5-T, I: 182
cacodylic acid, I: 186–187
picloram, I: 190
TCDD, I: 127–133, 260–261, 284;
II: 53–54;
III: 161;
TCDD-induced wasting syndrome, I: 162–166
Phenoxy herbicides, I: 8, 9, 10, 11, 27;
III: 150, 151, 154, 222, 223, 422, 423, 429
action of, I: 27;
IV: 16
IARC registry and, IV: 137
See also Herbicides
Phenoxyenolpyruvate carboxykinase, I: 172
Phenoxypropionic acids, I: 327
II: 4;
III: 5, 19, 135, 136, 137, 218;
acute toxicity, I: 191
animal studies, I: 189–192;
biologic plausibility, III: 460, 524;
IV: 426
carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 190–191;
II: 40;
III: 396
chemical properties/structure, I: 111, 114–115, 189;
II: 38;
III: 32
chronic exposure, I: 191–192
developmental/reproductive toxicity, I: 192;
II: 42;
III: 460;
domestic use, I: 189
genotoxicity, I: 191
immunotoxicity, I: 122–123, 192;
II: 41
liver toxicity, I: 125;
II: 42;
III: 524
pharmacokinetics, I: 190;
IV: 27–28
toxicity profile update, II: 51;
III: 50;
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136;
IV: 117
PKC. See Protein kinase C
Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-2), II: 74
Plasmodium, TCDD exposure and, II: 68
Plausibility. See Biologic plausibility
Pleurisy, I: 711, 713
See also Respiratory disorders
PMRs. See Proportional mortality ratios
PnCDD. See 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PnCDD)
PnCDF. See 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
Pneumoconiosis, I: 713
See also Respiratory disorders
Pneumonia, I: 710, 713
See also Respiratory disorders
PNS. See Peripheral nervous system (PNS) disorders
Pointman Project, I: 60, 280, 401–402, 656
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), II: 64, 67, 68, 182, 329;
Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), I: 126, 327;
II: 53, 64, 133, 149, 320, 329;
III: 153, 154, 156, 160, 221, 223, 236, 511, 515, 516;
Polychlorinated diensofurans (PCDFs), II: 53, 64, 68, 149, 320, 329;
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils, I: 148
Population characteristics. See Age and aging;
Gender;
Deaths;
Demographic data, Vietnam veterans;
Perinatal death;
Race/ethnicity
Porphyria, I: 153–154
Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT)
biological plausibility, II: 323;
III: 482;
IV: 468
clinical features, I: 679,
IV: 466–467
epidemiologic studies, I: 680–682;
III: 481–482;
epidemiology, II: 321;
III: 480–481;
herbicide association in, I: 10, 682;
II: 5, 6, 10, 20, 129, 321–323;
IV: 17, 18, 135, 183, 467, 468
scientific literature update, II: 322–323;
III: 482;
IV: 467–468
Vietnam veterans’ compensation, I: 50, 55;
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 682–683;
IV: 468
See also Skin sensitivity
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), I: 397–398, 653–656, 658;
IV: 440
See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders
Prague, Czechoslovakia, III: 224
Preterm delivery (PTD), III: 454, 455, 456–458, 459;
See also Low birthweight
PROD. See Pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase
Production workers
bladder cancer, I: 513–517;
IV: 341–342
brain cancer, I: 523;
IV: 351
cancer mortality, I: 443–444;
chemical industry production workers studies, I: 303–318;
II: 114–118, 128–135, 171–175, 182–183, 191, 193–197, 206–207, 232, 237–238, 273–274, 275;
III: 170–178, 219–224, 363–364, 378–379, 386–387, 422, 423, 426, 429;
chloracne, I: 674–676
circulatory disorders, I: 700–701;
IV: 506–507
diabetes mellitus, I: 684 ;
IV: 483–484
epidemiologic studies, I: 36–37, 303–318;
II: 113, 114–118, 128–135, 182–183, 191, 193–197, 232, 237–238;
III: 170–178, 219–224, 284, 363–364, 378–379, 386–387;
female reproductive/breast cancer, I: 508–510;
gastrointestinal tract cancers, I: 447;
IV: 251–254
gastrointestinal ulcers, I: 691
German herbicide employees, exposure assessment, II: 4–5, 105, 108;
hepatic enzyme dysfunction, I: 686, 687
hepatobiliary cancers, I: 453–454, 455;
II: 182–183;
III: 284;
IV: 268–269
herbicide exposure assessment, I: 264–265;
III: 150–154
Hodgkin’s disease, I: 9;
IV: 365–366
immune system disorders, I: 697–698
international register of workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides, II: 131–135;
latency and cancer, II: 269, 270, 272, 273–274, 275;
leukemia, I: 564–566, 570–571;
III: 386–387;
IV: 379
lipid abnormalities, I: 688–689;
IV: 493
multiple myeloma, I: 557–578;
II: 237–238;
III: 378–379;
IV: 372
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancers, I: 458, 459;
IV: 274
neurologic/neuropsychiatric disorders, I: 649, 650–651, 662–663
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, I: 9, 529–530, 548;
IV: 356
porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 680;
II: 129
prostate cancer, I: 518;
IV: 327–329
renal cancer, I: 515;
IV: 346–347
reproductive outcomes, I: 596–598, 607, 620, 621
respiratory cancer, I: 10, 461–466, 471;
II: 191, 193–197, 269, 270, 272;
III: 423;
IV: 282
respiratory disorders, I: 709–710;
IV: 273–274
skin cancer, I: 502;
soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 8, 477–479, 499;
IV: 292–293
testicular cancer, I: 519;
IV: 336
See also Indutrial accidents
Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators cancer in, I: 320–321, 323, 325–326, 443, 447, 466–468, 488, 491;
III: 422;
cohort studies, IV: 202–206
epidemiologic studies, I: 323–326, 447, 466–468;
Finland respiratory cancer mortality and latency, II: 271;
III: 422
herbicide exposure assessment, I: 266–267;
II: 107–108;
III: 155;
IV: 113–114
reproductive outcomes, I: 324–325;
IV: 410
See also Herbicide application methods;
Herbicides
Prolactin, I: 165
Proportionate cancer mortality ratio (PCMR), II: 179, 183, 197–198, 203, 204–205, 207, 210, 212, 216, 219, 224, 226, 227, 229, 233, 235, 246
Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR), I: 232–233;
II: 161, 180, 185, 208, 225, 230, 234, 236, 242, 246;
Prostate cancer
biologic plausibility, III: 343;
IV: 332
epidemiologic studies, I: 518–519;
III: 335–342;
IV: 202, 327–329, 330–331, 333–335
epidemiology, I: 513, 514–515;
III: 334;
IV: 326–327
evidence of association for, IV: 18
herbicide association in, I: 10, 11, 519–521, 575–576;
II: 2, 6, 8–9, 20, 89, 217–223, 247;
herbicide environmental exposure studies, II: 221, 222;
IV: 329
herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 219–220, 222;
histopathology, I: 513
incidence, data by race, for selected age groups, III: 334;
III: 426–428
mortality and latency, II: 273, 274, 275;
research recommendations, I: 19, 727
risk, estimated, II: 222–223
scientific literature update, III: 336–339;
Seveso, Italy, male mortality and latency, II: 275,
IV: 329
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 11, 518, 519, 522;
IV: 332
Vietnam veterans’ studies, III: 336, 338, 339, 340, 342;
IV: 329
See also Genitourinary cancers
Protein kinase C (PKC), II: 4, 52, 59, 60, 61, 62;
Psychiatric disorders
assessment for, I: 641
epidemiological studies, I: 649–657
herbicide association in, I: 14, 657;
posttraumatic stress disorder, I: 397–398, 653–656, 658;
IV: 440
PTD. See Preterm delivery
PTSD. See Posttraumatic stress disorder
Public concern, I: 1, 2, 23–24, 29–32, 35–36, 39
federal government response to, I: 45–60;
II: 27–32;
III: 25–30
Public Law 91–441,
Public Law 96–151,
II: 28;
Public Law 97–72,
I: 50;
II: 28;
Public Law 98–181,
I: 51
Public Law 98–542,
I: 50–51;
II: 28–29;
Public Law 99–272,
I: 50;
II: 28;
III: 26
Public Law 100–687,
I: 51
Public Law 101–239,
I: 51
Public Law 102–4,
I: 2, 7, 20, 21, 51, 572, 721, 728–730;
II: 1, 5, 17, 19, 29, 97, 247;
III: 1, 6, 14, 17, 20, 124, 132, 390, 397, 462, 475, 519, 525;
Public Law 102–585,
II: 28;
III: 26
Public Law 103–452,
II: 28;
III: 26
Public Law 104–110,
III: 26
Public Law 104–204,
Public Law 104–262,
III: 26
Public Law 105–114,
III: 25
Pulmonary system
TCDD absorption, I: 129;
Vietnam veterans disorders, I: 402
See also Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD);
Respiratory cancers;
Respiratory disorders
Q
QSAR models. See Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models
Quail Run mobile home park, I: 268, 369–370, 455, 665, 681, 687, 694;
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models, III: 106;
VI: 84
Questionnaires, II: 109, 136, 150, 292;
R
RA. See Retinoic acid
Race/ethnicity
acute lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data by race, III: 384;
IV: 378
acute myeloid leukemia incidence, data by race, III: 384;
IV: 378
bladder cancer incidence, data by race, III: 347;
IV: 340
bone cancer incidence, data by race, III: 302;
IV: 288
brain tumor incidence, data by race, III: 356;
IV: 351
breast cancer incidence, data by race, III: 324;
IV: 314
cancer studies and, II: 179, 180, 181, 183, 214, 219, 227, 237;
IV: 249–250
cardiovascular disorders, adjusted by, IV: 494, 507
chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data by race, III: 384;
IV: 378
chronic myeloid leukemia incidence, data by race, III: 384;
IV: 378
diabetes prevalence, data by race, III: 492;
female reproductive system cancer incidence and other effects, data by race, III: 330;
gastrointestinal tract cancer incidence, data by race and cancer type, III: 267;
IV: 250
Hodgkin’s disease incidence, data by race, III: 372;
IV: 365
laryngeal cancer incidence, data by race, III: 292;
IV: 273
leukemia incidence, data by type and race, III: 384;
IV: 378
liver/intrahepatic bile duct cancer incidence, by race, III: 282;
lung cancer incidence, data by race, III: 296;
IV: 281
melanoma incidence, data by race, III: 313;
IV: 300
motor dysfunction, adjusted by, IV: 444
multiple myeloma incidence, data by race, III : 377;
IV: 372
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer incidence, data by race, III: 289;
IV: 273
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma incidence, data by race, III: 362;
IV: 356
prostate cancer incidence, data by race, III: 334;
IV: 326–327
renal cancers incidence, data by race, III: 352;
IV: 346
risk adjusted by, IV: 135, 150–152, 154–156
soft-tissue sarcoma incidence, data by race, III: 306;
IV: 292
testicular cancer incidence, data by race, III: 343;
IV: 335
Vietnam veterans, I: 81, 82, 83, 84;
II: 180
See also Alaskan natives;
Asian Americans;
Demographic data, Vietnam veterans
Radiation exposure, I: 564, 595
Radon daughters
respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268;
III: 418
Railroad workers, I: 323–324, 467, 486, 649–650, 658;
IV: 206
Ranch Hand study. See Air Force Health Study (AFHS)
RARb. See Retinoic acid receptor b
Reagan, Ronald, III: 26
Rectal cancer. See Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers
Registries. See Agent Orange Registry (AOR);
Dioxin Registry;
European registry;
National Vietnam Veterans Birth Defects/Learning Disabilities Registry and Data Base
Regression analysis, II: 281
Relative risk, I: 224, 229, 230, 239, 258;
II: 90, 178, 264, 265, 266, 271, 275, 297, 351, 356;
III: 126–127, 412, 413, 414, 415, 418, 420, 422, 426–427, 428, 430–431;
IV: 83, 105, 138, 142, 153, 254, 277, 278, 282, 284, 303, 310, 315, 321, 322, 329, 331, 332, 366, 373, 379, 424, 447, 472, 500
Renal cancer
See Kidney cancer
Renal toxicity
cacodylic acid and, II: 50–51
TCDD and, II: 77;
III: 75–76;
IV: 76–77
Reproductive disorders
2,4-D in, I: 180–181;
IV: 416
2,4,5-T in, I: 185;
III: 462;
IV: 404;
IV: 416
animal studies, I: 123–124;
III: 460–462;
biologic plausibility, II: 300;
III: 444, 451, 453, 458, 460–462;
cacodylic acid in, I: 189;
II: 42;
IV: 403, 407, 411, 413, 416, 431, 435
epidemiologic studies, III: 436, 437–438, 443, 445–449, 450, 451–453, 454, 455, 456–457, 459;
IV: 135, 153, 209, 227, 228, 233, 431;
herbicide association in, I: 13–14, 605, 634;
III: 3, 434– 435, 436–444, 445–454, 455, 456–458, 459;
IV: 135
male-mediated, I: 593–595;
III: 444–451;
IV: 413
methodological approach to study of, I: 591–592
occupational risk factors, I: 594–595;
IV: 399–400, 402, 404, 408, 418–419
picloram in, I: 192;
II: 42;
III: 462;
Ranch Hand study, I: 758–762;
II: 293–295;
III: 436, 438, 439, 446–447, 449, 452–453, 457–458;
IV: 233
research recommendations, I: 727
II: 3, 41–42, 71–72, 282, 285–286;
III: 92–105, 446–449, 460–461, 462;
Vietnam veterans’ increased disease risk, II: 278, 298, 300–301;
See also Birth defects;
Cervical cancer;
Endometrial cancer;
Hydatidiform mole;
Hydrocephalus;
Hypospadias;
Infertility;
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR);
Low birthweight;
Neural tube defects;
Ovarian cancer;
Perinatal death;
Preterm delivery (PTD);
Reproductive system cancers, women, I: 13, 14, 505–512, 577;
II: 6;
IV: 320–326
biologic plausibility, III: 334;
IV: 323
epidemiologic studies, I: 508–512;
II: 211–213;
III: 330–334;
IV: 321–326
epidemiology, I: 505, 506–508;
II: 211;
III: 329–330;
IV: 320–321
herbicide association in, I: 13, 14, 512, 577;
II: 6, 11, 20, 211–213, 249–250;
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 333;
IV: 321–322, 325, 326–329, 334
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 332–333;
IV: 321
histopathology, I: 506
incidence and mortality statistics, II: 211;
III: 329–330;
IV;321
scientific literature update, II: 212;
III: 331–332;
IV: 321–324
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 512;
III: 334;
IV: 323–324
Vietnam veterans’ studies, III: 333;
IV: 322–323
See also Breast cancer;
Ovarian cancer;
Reproductive disorders;
Uterine cancer
Request for Proposals (RFP), II: 25, 26;
Research
Department of Veterans Affairs efforts, II: 29–30;
III: 27–28;
experimental studies update, II: 43–45
herbicide exposure and cancer latency, literature review, II: 266–275;
III: 416–431
herbicide exposure assessment strategies, recent literature, II: 104–109;
III: 157–162;
IV: 5
publication bias, II: 95–96;
III: 131;
IV: 108
See also Research needs
Research needs
biomarkers, I: 17, 725;
II: 25
cost of, I: 727
health outcome priorities, I: 19, 726–727
herbicide exposure assessment, I: 4, 15, 16–17, 287–290, 291, 721–722, 724–728
herbicide occupational exposure data, I: 731
Hodgkin’s disease, I: 19, 727
military records, I: 17, 724–725;
II: 24–25
motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 660–661
neurobehavioral functioning, I: 657
recommendations, I: 15–21, 721–731;
II: 23–24;
III: 23;
IV: 13
research management, I: 16, 17–18, 723–724, 726
risk assessment, I: 731
serum mandated testing, I: 21, 730
Vietnamese population studies, I: 731
Respiratory cancers
agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 466;
II: 197–198
arsenic and, latency, II: 268;
III: 420
asbestos and, latency, II: 268;
III: 420
epidemiologic studies, I: 461–472;
II: 189–203;
IV: 274–275, 276, 277–278, 280, 285–287
epidemiology, I: 460–461;
II: 189–191;
evidence of association for, IV: 6, 8, 18
Finland male herbicide/pesticide applicators mortality and latency, II: 271;
III: 422
gamma rays and, latency, II: 268;
III: 418
herbicide association in, I: 10–11, 19, 574–575;
herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 190, 193, 200–201;
herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 190, 191–200;
latency issues, II: 13–14, 268–273;
literature review, II: 269–272;
III: 420–424
nickel and, latency, II: 269;
III: 420
paper/pulp workers and, I: 468–469;
II: 200
production workers and, I: 461–466;
professional herbicide/pesticide applicators, II: 198–199
radon daughters and, latency, II: 268;
III: 418
relative mortality and latency, II: 270;
risk estimates, II: 190, 192–193
risk factors, I: 461
Seveso, Italy, men lung cancer mortality, II: 271;
IV: 278
Seveso, Italy, outcomes, I: 469;
smoking and, latency, II: 268;
III: 418
Vietnam veterans’ compensation, I: 55;
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 460–461, 469–470, 472;
III: 430–431;
See also Laryngeal cancer;
Lung cancer;
Respiratory disorders
Respiratory disorders
biologic plausibility, III: 486;
IV: 475
epidemiologic studies, II: 324–326;
III: 483–486;
IV: 272–274
epidemiology, III: 482–483;
IV: 468–471
herbicide association in, I: 14, 713;
IV: 275
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 483–485;
IV: 273–274
paper/pulp mill workers and, I: 341, 364
production workers and, I: 709–710;
IV: 273–274
research methodology, I: 708–709, 712–713;
II: 324
scientific literature update, II: 325;
III: 483–486;
IV: 272–274
TCDD in, I: 170, 472, 709–710, 712, 713–714;
III: 484;
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 713–714;
III: 485–486;
IV: 275
See also Asthma;
Bronchitis;
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD);
Emphysema;
Influenza;
Pleurisy;
Pneumoconiosis;
Pneumonia;
Respiratory cancers;
Tuberculosis
Retinoic acid (RA), II: 73;
Retinoic acid receptor b (RARb), II: 73
RFP. See Request for Proposals
Ribonucleic acid (RNA), II: 55, 58, 59, 62, 74, 75;
III: 80, 82, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104
Risk assessment methodology, I: 5, 221, 246
EPA dioxin research, I: 59–60
predisposing factors, I: 731
relative risk determination, I: 224, 229, 258;
IV: 105
standardized mortality ratio in, I: 229–230
strength of association in, I: 239
terminology, I: 224
Vietnam veterans’ disease risk estimation, II: 349–357;
IV: 17
Vietnam veterans’ TCDD concentrations with time after exposure, II: 356–357
Vietnam veterans’ TCDD serum levels back-extrapolated to measure dose, II: 357
Vietnam veterans’ TCDD serum levels linear extrapolation, II: 356
Vietnam veterans’ TCDD serum levels use to estimate disease risk, II: 350–357;
IV: 182
Risk assessment, Vietnam veterans, I: 5, 14–15, 221, 225–226, 246, 247–248, 578;
III: 14–15, 22–23, 127–128, 475–476, 525;
amyloidosis, IV: 513
birth defects, I: 618;
bone cancer, I: 474–475;
IV: 290
breast cancer risk, II: 218;
III: 329;
IV: 318
cancer in offspring, I: 630–631;
IV: 426
chloracne, I: 678–679;
II: 321;
IV: 466
circulatory disorders, I: 708;
IV: 510
diabetes mellitus, I: 692;
III: 503;
IV: 489
disease risk methodology, II: 349–357
female reproductive system cancers, I: 512;
III: 334;
IV: 323
fetal/infant death, I: 625;
IV: 413
gastrointestinal cancers, I: 452;
IV: 356
genitourinary tract cancers, I: 522
hepatic enzyme disorders, I: 692;
IV: 505
hepatobiliary cancers, I: 457;
II: 187;
IV: 270
Hodgkin’s disease, I: 557;
IV: 367
immune system disorders, I: 699;
III: 491;
IV: 481
leukemia, I: 571–572;
IV: 381
linear extrapolation of exposure and risk, II: 356
lipid abnormalities, I: 692;
III: 507–508;
IV: 495
low birthweight outcomes, I: 628;
IV: 417
motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 662
multiple myeloma, I: 563;
IV: 374
nasal/nasopharyngeal, I: 460;
IV: 275
neuropsychiatric outcomes, I: 658
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, I: 549;
IV: 359
peripheral nervous system disorders, I: 666;
II: 314;
IV: 459
porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 682–683;
II: 323;
IV: 468
prostate cancer risk, II: 223;
III: 343;
IV: 332
reproductive outcomes, I: 634;
II: 300–301;
respiratory cancer, I: 472;
respiratory disorders, I: 713–714;
IV: 475
skin cancer, I: 505;
soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 500;
spina bifida in offspring, II: 298, 301;
IV: 403
spontaneous abortion, I: 605;
IV: 411
TCDD concentrations with time after exposure, II: 356–357
TCDD serum levels back-extrapolated to measure dose, II: 357
TCDD serum levels linear extrapolation, II: 356
TCDD serum levels use to estimate disease risk, II: 350–357
RNA. See Ribonucleic acid
Ronnel, II: 128;
III: 219;
IV: 134
Rotterdam, Netherlands, III: 236
Rung Sat Special Zone, I: 100, 104, 105, 106
Russia, II: 319
See also USSR
S
Salmonella, TCDD exposure and, II: 68
Saskatchewan, Canada, II: 135–136, 200, 232, 242, 246, 325;
III: 232
Sawmills. See Lumber industry
Schistosoma haematobium, III: 347
Scientific literature update, IV: 27–32, 104–105, 108, 248–388 passim, 399–435 passim
Seasonal factors
SEER program. See Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program
Selected Cancers Study
exposure assessment use, II: 101;
hepatobiliary cancers, II: 185;
III: 283
Hodgkin’s disease in, I: 554–556
liver cancer in, I: 455
methodology, I: 57, 234–235, 243, 258, 391–393, 440, 527
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 459;
II: 189
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in, I: 9, 541–543, 573;
II: 231;
IV: 17
soft-tissue sarcoma in, I: 493, 498
Selective herbicides, I: 24, 88
See also Herbicides
Self-Report Symptom Inventory, I: 641
Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs, II: 24, 27–28;
Serontonergic system, I: 166
Serum levels, TCDD, I: 4, 19, 21, 261, 281–285, 289, 290, 725, 728, 729, 742–743;
IV: 37, 46, 112, 114, 125–126, 252, 293, 331
back-extrapolated serum TCDD as measure of dose, II: 357;
IV: 154
Centers for Disease Control validation study, I: 281–284;
concentrations of TCDD with time after exposure, II: 356–357;
III: 159–161
estimated mean maximum levels, II: 252–255
latency results, linear extrapolation from long exposure, II: 356
measurement technique, I: 260;
II: 349–350
pharmocokinetics, I: 259–261
recommendations, I: 20–21
significance of, I: 4, 19, 261, 284–285, 289, 290, 725, 742–743;
testing, mandated, I: 728, 729
Vietnam veterans disease risk estimation, use for, II: 350–357
Services HERBS tapes. See HERBS tapes
Seveso, Italy; III: 9;
accidental contamination in, I: 43;
II: 140–141;
III: 232–233;
IV: 147
birth defects, II: 287;
III: 436
bladder cancer, I: 517;
II: 226–227;
IV: 341
bone cancer, III: 303;
IV: 289
brain tumors, I: 523;
II: 230;
IV: 351–352
breast cancer, II: 216;
IV: 315
cancer incidence, II: 141, 148
cancer mortality, I: 444;
childhood cancer, II: 299–300;
IV: 425
child mortality study, II: 147
chloracne, I: 267, 676–677;
IV: 464
circulatory disorders, I: 701–702;
IV: 507–509
diabetes mellitus, III: 495;
epidemiologic studies, I: 44–45, 63, 365–368;
III: 130, 197–200, 232–233, 283, 285, 290, 296, 297–298, 303, 307, 309, 314, 318, 325–326, 327, 330, 331, 332, 336, 338, 344, 348, 349, 352, 353, 356, 358, 363, 365, 372, 373, 380, 385, 386, 388–389, 390, 436, 449, 495, 505;
IV: 224, 225, 226, 227, 258–259, 261, 263–264, 266, 271–272, 276, 280, 286–287, 291, 297–298, 306–307, 313, 319, 325–326, 334, 338, 344, 349, 354–355, 361–362, 369–370, 375–376, 382–383, 428, 430–431, 491
exposure assessment, I: 267–268, 285, 598–599;
III: 150, 156, 158, 160–161, 162;
female reproductive cancers, I: 511;
IV: 321–322
gastrointestinal tract tumors, II: 177, 180;
IV: 254
gastrointestinal ulcers, I: 691;
IV: 501–502
hepatic enzyme disorders, I: 686–687
hepatobiliary cancers, II: 184;
IV: 269
Hodgkin’s disease, II: 236;
immune modulation, I: 695
infertility, III: 449
latency and cancer risk, II: 271, 272, 273, 274, 275;
III: 13, 408, 414, 420, 422, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 430
leukemia, I: 13, 569–570, 571;
II: 245–246;
lipid abnormalities, I: 689;
III: 505
liver cancer, I: 454–455
liver disorders, I: 367;
IV: 501–502
lung cancer, I: 469;
II: 271;
III: 296, 297–298, 299, 422, 424;
IV: 282–283
mortality studies, I: 652;
multiple myeloma, I: 562;
II: 243;
III: 380;
IV: 372–373
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, II: 189;
III: 290;
IV: 275
neurological disorders, II: 141
neuropsychiatric outcomes, I: 651–652
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, I: 540–541;
II: 234;
IV: 357
‘peripheral nervous system disorders, I: 663–664;
porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 680–681
prostate cancer, I: 11;
IV: 329
renal cancer, II: 225;
IV: 347
reproductive outcomes/toxicity, I: 598–599;
II: 72;
respiratory cancer, II: 200–201, 269, 272;
respiratory outcomes, I: 710;
response to accident, I: 43–44
skin cancer, I: 503;
IV: 302
soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 491–492;
testicular cancer, II: 228;
III: 344;
IV: 336
SFR. See Standardized fertility ratio
SGOT. See Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
SGPT. See Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Shanghai, China, II: 188
II: 128;
III: 219;
IV: 134
Skaraborg, Sweden, III: 234;
IV: 149
Skin cancer
animal studies, I: 141, 142–143;
biologic plausibility for TCDD, I: 503;
clinical features, I: 501, 502
epidemiologic studies, I: 502–503;
II: 209–211;
III: 312–313;
IV: 19, 149, 154, 232, 302–305, 306–308, 312–313
epidemiology, I: 501–502;
II: 209;
IV: 299–300
herbicide association in, I: 12, 576;
II: 7, 11–12, 21, 209–211, 249–250;
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 312;
IV: 302
TCDD in, I: 141, 142–143, 502–503;
II: 209–211;
III: 313–316, 317, 319, 320, 322;
IV: 19
Vietnam veterans and, II: 209;
III: 312;
See also Basal/squamous cell skin cancer;
Melanoma
Skin sensitivity
2,4-D and, I: 181
picloram and, I: 192
Ranch hands, IV: 8
TCDD and, I: 172–174
See also Chloracne;
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Sleep disorders, I: 650;
IV: 442
SMRs. See Standardized mortality ratios
Social Security Administration, II: 130, 152, 153
Society for Epidemiologic Research, II: 25
Soft-tissue sarcoma (STS), I: 311, 314
age of onset, I: 436
agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 322, 326–328, 329–330, 335–336, 337, 339–340;
biologic plausibility of TCDD in, I: 500;
III: 311;
IV: 296
case-control studies, I: 481–491;
IV: 143–44
CDC Selected Cancers Study and, IV: 157
children and, I: 628
clinical features, I: 475, 476
epidemiologic studies, I: 231, 476, 477–500;
IV: 149, 187, 216, 292–295, 296–299
epidemiology, I: 475;
II: 205;
IV: 116, 136–137, 140, 143–144, 149, 157
herbicide association in, I: 8, 9–10, 500, 572–573;
III: 6, 7, 20, 24, 306–310, 311;
herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 375, 383, 384;
II: 207–208;
III: 309;
IV: 293–294
herbicide occupational exposure studies, III: 308–309;
IV: 292–293
incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 306;
IV: 292
Midland, Michigan cohort, IV: 136
pesticide applicators and, I: 491
production workers and, I: 8, 477–479, 499;
research recommendations, I: 19, 727
scientific literature update, II: 206–208;
Vietnam veterans and, I: 395–396, 401, 475, 492–498, 500;
III: 309–310;
Vietnam veterans compensation, I: 51, 55, 56;
See also Kaposi’s sarcoma;
Leiomyosarcomas
South America, III: 510
South Dakota, IV: 149, 344, 349, 354, 362, 369, 375, 382
Southeast Asia, II: 181, 188, 294, 295;
III: 29, 237, 239, 241, 243, 282, 289, 318, 321, 452;
IV: 267
South Korea, I: 61–62;
II: 108–109
Soviet Union. See Russia;
USSR
Special Forces. See U.S. Special Forces
Sperm parameter disorders
altered sperm parameters, I: 631, 632, 633–634;
III: 444–451;
See also Reproductive disorders
Spina bifida, I: 609, 611, 612;
Vietnam veterans offspring, II: 9–10, 296, 298, 309;
III: 7, 8, 9–10, 21, 24–25, 437–438;
See also Birth defects;
Neural tube defects
Spontaneous abortion, I: 592
agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 336–337;
Alsea, Oregon, case, I: 42–43, 372–373, 598
definition, I: 595–596;
II: 282;
IV: 409
epidemiologic data, quality of, I: 603–605
epidemiologic studies, II: 283;
IV: 410–411
epidemiology, II: 282–283
herbicide association in, I: 14, 605;
II: 7, 20, 278, 283–284; 411–412
herbicide environmental exposure and, I: 598–599;
IV: 410–411
herbicide occupational exposure and, I: 596–598;
IV: 410
maternal risk factors, I: 596
Ranch Hand participants, II: 283–284
risk factors, I: 594;
IV: 409
scientific literature update, II: 283–284;
IV: 410–411
Vietnamese civilians and, I: 599–601
Vietnam veterans’ increased risk, II: 283;
IV: 411
Vietnam veterans’ wives and, I: 405–406, 601–603
See also Reproductive disorders
Standardized fertility ratio (SFR), III: 448
Standardized incidence ratio (SIR), IV: 252–253, 269, 289, 293–294, 328–329, 336, 357, 365–366, 379
Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs)
cancer studies, II: 134, 136, 137, 178, 182, 183, 191, 193, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 206, 269, 270, 271, 273, 274;
III: 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 429;
IV: 251–253, 268, 292, 302, 327, 332, 341, 346–347, 351–352, 365–366, 372, 379
role of, I: 229–230
State governments, I: 60
Vietnam veterans epidemiologic studies by, I: 399–405, 495–496;
II: 153, 158–159, 161, 202, 292;
See also specific state
Statistics Sweden, IV: 145
Umea Department of Oncology, II: 138;
III: 228
University Hospital, Linkoping, II: 138;
University Hospital, Umea, III: 228
See also Skaraborg, Sweden;
Umea, Sweden;
Uppsala, Sweden
Stillbirth. See Perinatal death
Stomach
III: 274–275;
TCDD effects in, I: 169
See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers
Streptococcus pneumoniae
TCDD exposure and, II: 68
Stroke
herbicide exposure risk, I: 658, 659, 660
See also Motor/coordination dysfunction;
Neurobehavioral toxicity
STS. See Soft-tissue sarcoma
Subcommittee on Hospitals and Health Care, III: 25
Substance abuse, I: 655
Suicide, I: 398, 650, 655–656;
IV: 440
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, I: 336, 439–440, 506;
ICD-9 cancer codes, site groupings for, III: 537–539;
IV: 524–526
Sweden, I: 8, 9, 13, 37, 322–323, 326–329, 375, 443, 444, 447, 467, 479, 480, 481, 482–486, 490, 510, 528–529, 530–533, 539, 548, 551–553, 561, 572–573;
II: 138, 183–184, 185, 197, 198, 199, 209, 215, 231, 233, 235–236, 242–243;
III: 226, 228–229, 236, 271–272, 285, 297, 306, 308, 309, 310, 314, 315, 317, 319, 325, 338, 340, 349, 353, 358, 363, 372, 484, 515;
IV: 201, 202, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214, 322, 328, 330, 367
Cancer Environment Register, III: 224;
IV: 140
Cancer Registry, III: 224, 228, 229;
IV: 142
Lund University Hospital, III: 229
National Register of Causes of Death IV: 141
Orebro Medical Center Hospital, III: 229
Regional Cancer Registry, II: 138;
Switzerland, II: 134
Systemic autoimmune disease, I: 697–699
See also Autoimmune disease;
Immune system disorders
Systemic lupus erythematosus, I: 697
See also Autoimmune disease;
Immune system disorders
T
2,4,5-T. See 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
T cell function, I: 147–148, 151;
II: 3;
autoimmunity and, I: 697
immune modulation and, I: 694, 695
TCDD and, II: 68–70;
Vietnam veterans and, I: 698
chloracne as a biomarker in, IV: 464
Movement Disorders Clinic, National Taiwan University Hospital, III: 231
II: 293;
III: 244;
IV: 246
TCDD. See TCDD biologic plausibiltiy;
Serum levels, TCDD;
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
TCDD biologic plausibility, IV: 2, 3, 11–12, 107, 110, 385–387, 432–435, 515–517
Ah receptor in, I: 133–138;
IV: 25–27, 29–30, 42, 47–58, 85–86, 458
animal carcinogenicity studies, I: 138–146, 439;
brain tumors and, I: 525;
IV: 352
cancer, II: 176;
IV: 248–388 passim
carcinogenesis, I: 116–118, 434, 439;
cardiovascular toxicity, I: 171;
IV: 510
childhood cancer and, I: 630;
IV: 426
chloracne and, I: 172–174, 678;
II: 320–321;
III: 480;
IV: 466
cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders and, II: 314
diabetes mellitus, III: 502–503;
IV: 488
fetal/infant death and, I: 624;
IV: 413
gastrointestinal toxicity, I: 169–170, 451;
III: 513–514
genitourinary tract cancers and, I: 521–522
hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 457;
IV: 270
Hodgkin’s disease and, I: 557;
immune system disorders and, I: 122, 146–151, 699;
III: 523–524;
IV: 481
leukemia and, I: 571;
IV: 380
lipid abnormalities, III: 507;
IV: 495
liver disease, III: 522–524;
motor/coordination dysfunction and, I: 661;
II: 314
multiple myeloma and, I: 563;
IV: 374
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, I: 460;
IV: 275
neurological disorders and, I: 160–166;
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, I: 549;
peripheral neuropathy and, II: 314;
IV: 457–459
porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 682;
II: 323;
IV: 468
reproductive disorders and, I: 123–124, 156–159, 605, 618, 634;
II: 282;
respiratory toxicity, I: 170;
IV: 475
skin cancer and, I: 503;
IV: 305–311
soft-tissue sarcoma and, I: 500;
See also Ah receptor (AhR);
Biologic plausibility;
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
TCP. See 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
TEC. See Toxic equivalent concentration
Tecumseh, Michigan, III: 235, 388
TEFs. See Toxic equivalency factors
Teq factors. See Dioxin toxic equivalent factors
Teratogenicity, I: 57, 62, 606–607
2,4-D, I: 180–181
II: 4
cacodylic acid, I: 189
picloram, I: 192
TCDD, I: 28, 30, 123, 159–160, 185, 368, 370, 372;
III: 461;
viral potential, I: 607
See also Birth defects
Testicular cancer, I: 405
biologic plausibility, III: 347;
IV: 337
epidemiologic studies, I: 519;
III: 343–346;
epidemiology, I: 515;
II: 223–224;
III: 343;
IV: 335
herbicide association in, I: 13, 521;
II: 7, 11, 20, 227–228, 249–250;
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 344, 345;
IV: 336
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 344, 345;
IV: 336
histopathology, I: 513
incidence, data by race, for selected age groups, III: 343;
IV: 335
scientific literature update, II: 227–228;
Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 519, 522;
IV: 338
Vietnam veterans’ studies, III: 343–344, 345–346;
See also Genitourinary cancers
Testimony, I: 739–756;
II: 343–348;
III: 533–536
Testosterone, I: 123, 157–158;
IV: 183, 399–400, 405, 407–408, 429, 433
Tetrachlorobenzene, I: 28
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), III: 5, 19;
acute toxicity, II: 75–76
Ah receptor interaction, I: 3, 114, 118, 122, 123, 133–138, 150, 151, 152, 159–160, 439, 452–453, 457;
II: 3–4, 51–53, 54–56, 57–62, 176;
III: 33, 34, 35, 53, 54, 58–61, 62–69, 129;
IV: 25, 26, 30, 32, 47–53, 58, 60
animal studies, I: 111–114, 138–142, 477;
III: 4–5, 33, 34–36, 37, 40–43, 54–58, 62–63, 67–69, 74–105, 128, 129, 130, 394, 396, 460–461, 474, 475, 482, 501, 522–523;
IV: 26, 53–57, 59, 270, 284, 305, 311, 416, 426, 432–435, 458–459, 512
anti-estrogenicity and, I: 512;
II: 62;
III: 67–69
autoimmunity and, I: 697–699
bioavailability, I: 128–129
biological consequences of activation, II: 57;
III: 61–62
biomarkers, I: 4, 17, 259–262, 725;
II: 101–104;
III: 146–147
bladder cancer association, II: 225–227;
III: 347–348;
IV: 341–342
body burdens, III: 107–108;
IV: 478
body temperature regulation and, I: 169
bone cancer association, II: 204–205;
III: 303;
IV: 289
brain distribution, I: 160–161
brain tumors association, II: 229, 230;
IV: 351
breast cancer association, II: 215–217;
IV: 316–317
carcinogenesis promoter capability, I: 116, 142–143, 434, 439
carcinogenicity, I: 28–29, 116–118, 138–146, 439, 451;
II: 3, 39–40, 65–68, 175, 176;
cardiovascular toxicity, I: 171;
II: 76;
III: 74–75
cell proliferation capability of, I: 145;
IV: 60
chemical properties, I: 28, 114, 127
chemical significant interactions, II: 64–65;
III: 69–71
chemical structure, I: 125–126;
II: 38
III: 479–480;
circulatory disorders and, I: 701–708;
II: 336–337;
IV: 506–507
cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders and, II: 308
concerns about, I: 1, 2, 23–24, 28–32, 35–36;
corticosteroids and, I: 168, 171–172;
cytochrome P4501A2 and, I: 130, 144–145, 170, 709;
dermal toxicity, II: 76;
III: 73–74
developmental toxicity, I: 123–124, 149, 156–157, 159–160, 185;
III: 92–105
diabetes mellitus and, I: 683;
II: 330–331;
dietary significant interactions, II: 64
dioxin categorization, I: 23n, 125
DNA binding capability and transcription activation and, II: 56–57;
III: 58–61
dose-response relationships, I: 111–114, 122, 128–129, 130, 137–138, 445, 673, 696;
II: 318
endocrine effects, III: 83–84
environmental exposure assessment, I: 262–263, 267–270;
II: 140–149, 179–180, 184, 186, 190, 193, 200–201, 221, 222, 234, 236, 243;
III: 156–157, 232–233, 234, 235–236, 297–298, 303;
IV: 114–116, 147–150, 254, 269, 274–275, 278, 293, 296, 336, 347, 351, 357, 379
environmental persistence, I: 288
enzyme induction of, II: 3, 66–67
estrogen-mediation of carcinogenesis, I: 144–145
excretion, I: 132–133
exposure assessment issues, II: 4–5, 104–106;
III: 140–142, 144, 157–158, 159–161;
exposure sources, I: 127
fatty acid biosynthesis and, I: 168–169
female reproductive system/breast cancers and, I: 512;
II: 211–213;
free radicals, II: 59;
III: 64–65
gastrointestinal toxicity, I: 169–170, 447–452, 690–692;
II: 177–181;
gastrointestinal ulcers and, II: 334–335;
III: 510
genotoxicity, I: 118, 143–144;
II: 3
growth factor and, II: 59
H4IIE-luc cells and, III: 107
II: 104–105;
III: 157–158;
hepatic enzyme disorders and, I: 155–156, 685–688, 691–692
hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 457;
II: 181–187;
III: 283–285
III: 76–79
herbicide contaminant capacity, I: 2, 3, 27, 91–92, 114, 126–127;
hexachlorophene manufacture and, I: 40;
Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, II: 5, 6, 235, 236;
III: 372–373;
IV: 366
hypoglycemia and, I: 166–168
immune modulation and, I: 694–696;
II: 328–329;
IV: 26
immunotoxicity, I: 119–122, 146–151, 338, 477;
III: 85–92;
IV: 478–480
infertility association, II: 282
inflammatory responses and, I: 148
interactions, significant, III: 69–71
intracellular communication of, II: 3, 67–68
latency issues, II: 13–14, 269, 270, 272;
III: 420, 421, 423, 424, 425, 426, 429, 431
lethality, III: 71–73
leukemia association, II: 246;
lipid abnormalities and, I: 688–690;
II: 333–334;
liver toxicity, I: 115–116, 124, 138–139, 142, 143, 151–156, 165–166;
III: 509;
lung cancer and, III: 297–298, 299, 421, 423;
IV: 282–283
mechanism of action, animal studies, II: 3, 54–65;
IV: 28–30
mechanisms of toxicity, II: 65–77;
metabolism, I: 115–116, 131–133, 155
multiple myeloma association, II: 237–238, 243, 244;
IV: 372–373
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, I: 460;
IV: 274–275
neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 649–650, 651–652, 656, 657–658;
II: 308
neurotoxicity, I: 160–166, 642;
IV: 31
non-Ah-mediated toxicity, I: 138
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, I: 8, 9, 528–529, 574;
IV: 357
occupational exposure, I: 36–39, 262–267, 269–270, 303;
II: 108–109, 113–140, 178–179, 190, 191–200, 219–220, 222, 232–234, 237–238;
III: 153, 154, 155, 219, 220, 221–222, 223, 224 284–285, 293, 296–297, 303;
IV: 111–114, 134– 147, 187–190, 195–196, 251, 257, 259–260 , 262, 265, 268, 271, 277, 280, 282, 284, 289, 290, 292, 306, 312, 318, 341, 343, 346, 348, 353, 359, 374
opioid antagonist capacity, I: 164
oral administration, I: 128
perinatal death association, II: 285–286
peripheral neuropathy and, II: 310–311, 314;
III: 470–471;
IV: 184
pharmacokinetics, I: 127–133, 160, 259–261, 284
porphyria cutanea tarda and, II: 5, 6, 321–323;
III: 481–482;
IV: 466–468
potential health risk estimating, II: 63–65;
III: 105–108
prostate cancer association, II: 220–223, 273, 274, 275;
protein kinases and, II: 60–62;
III: 65–67
Qsar model approach, III: 106
Ranch Hand study, II: 109;
IV: 18
renal cancer association, II: 225;
III: 353;
IV: 346–347
renal toxicity, II: 77;
III: 75–76
reproductive toxicity, I: 123–124, 156–159, 368, 371–372, 597, 599, 605;
IV: 398–438 passim
respiratory cancers and, II: 13–14, 189–203, 269, 270, 272;
IV: 282–283
respiratory disorders and, I: 170, 472, 709–710, 712–714;
III: 484;
IV: 471–474
sensitivity interspecies and interindividual differences, II: 63–64;
III: 108
skin cancer and, I: 141, 142–143, 502–503;
II: 209–211;
III: 313–316, 317, 319, 320, 322
soft-tissue sarcoma and, I: 477, 478, 490, 498–500;
IV: 292–293
solubility, I: 114, 115–116, 127
teratogenicity, I: 28–29, 30, 31, 123, 159–160, 185, 368, 370, 372;
III: 461
testicular cancer association, II: 228;
III: 346;
IV: 336
tissue specificity, II: 64
toxic equivalency factors approach, II: 63;
toxic equivalent concentration approach, III: 107
toxicity, factors influencing, II: 63–65;
III: 105–108;
IV: 83–84
toxicity profile, III: 50–108;33–84
toxicity update summary, II: 51–53;
IV: 3–5, 22, 26, 44, 62, 64, 83–86
toxicokinetics, animal studies, II: 3, 53–54;
IV: 41–46
Vietnam amount used, I: 27, 106;
II: 26;
IV: 122
Vietnam military exposure, I: 17, 26, 149–161;
II: 21, 22, 181, 185, 187, 190, 201–202, 204, 205, 208, 209, 211, 212, 226, 276, 308;
III: 146, 147, 237, 239, 240, 430–431;
IV: 150–160
Vietnam veterans’ compensation, II: 28–29;
III: 26–27
Vietnamese civilians exposure, II: 108–109, 148;
III: 156–157;
wasting syndrome, I: 160–161, 162–166;
II: 76–77;
III: 80–83;
See also Herbicides;
Serum levels, TCDD;
TCDD biologic plausibility
12-O-Tetradexanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), II: 76
III: 243
TGF. See Transforming growth factor
T-H Agricultural & Nutrition Company, I: 35
Thompson Chemicals Corporation, I: 35
Thyroid
TCDD effects, I: 168–169;
thyroiditis, I: 697, 698
TNF. See Tumor necrosis factor
Tobacco exposure and use, I: 11, 223, 442, 461, 463;
perinatal mortality and, I: 619–620
respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268;
III: 418
Tollerud, David, III: 25
Topography, I: 25
Tordon 101,
IV: 117–118.
See also 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D);
Picloram
Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs), II: 45, 52, 63;
IV: 83–84
Toxic equivalent concentration (TEC), III: 105, 107
Toxicity
2,4-D profile update, II: 46–49;
III: 43–47;
IV: 33–37
2,4,5-T profile update, II: 49–50;
III: 47–48;
IV: 37–38
cacodylic acid profile update, II: 50–51;
III: 48–50;
IV: 38–40
contributing factors, III: 105–108
definition, II: 35
health risk estimation, III: 105–108
picloram profile update, II: 51;
III: 50;
IV: 40–41
TCDD profile update, II: 51–77;
III: 50–108;
IV: 41–81
Toxicokinetics, III: 32–36
2,4-D, II: 46–47;
2,4,5-T, II: 49;
III: 47;
cacodylic acid, II: 50;
definition, II: 35
literature update, II: 36;
III: 36–37
picloram, IV: 24
previous reports summary, II: 38–39
TCDD, II: 53–54;
IV: 23–24, 27–28, 41–46, 85–86
Toxicology
cacodylic acid profile update, II: 50–51;
III: 48–50
2,4-D profile update, II: 46–49;
III: 43–47
disease outcomes, II: 37, 48–49, 50–51, 65–77;
III: 33–35, 38–43, 44–47, 48, 50, 71–105
earlier reports summary, II: 37–42;
III: 36
evaluation issues, III: 108–110
human health relevance, III: 35–36;
IV: 43
literature update, II: 43–45;
III: 36–43
mechanisms of toxic action, II: 36, 47–48, 50, 54–65;
III: 33, 38, 44, 47–48, 49–50, 53–71;
IV: 24
picloram profile update, II: 51;
III: 50
studies evaluation, III: 128–129
summary, II: 35–37;
IV: 24–25
TCDD profile update, II: 51–77;
III: 50–108
toxicity profiles update, II: 45–77;
III: 45–108
2,4,5-T profile update, II: 49–50;
III: 47–48
TPA. See 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
Trail-Making Test, II: 308
Transforming growth factor, I: 145;
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol (TCP), I: 28;
II: 319;
III: 152, 153, 219, 220, 223, 515;
IV: 16, 134, 136, 138, 186, 251, 268, 292, 500
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T);
III: 5, 19, 218, 219, 220, 223, 224, 226, 234;
IV: 2, 22, 110, 251, 268, 292, 474, 478, 479
acute toxicity, I: 184
Agent Orange and, I: 27;
II: 26
animal studies, I: 181–185;
II: 49–50;
IV: 34, 426, 434–435, 458, 459, 512, 517
birth defects and, II: 287;
III: 462;
calcium homeostasis and, II: 4
carcinogenicity, I: 37, 118, 119, 182–184;
II: 40;
III: 396;
IV: 387
chemical properties, I: 114, 182;
II: 38;
III: 32
chemical structure, I: 111, 114
chloracne and, I: 36;
chronic exposure, I: 184
circulatory disorders and, I: 700–701
development of, I: 24, 26, 35, 181;
developmental toxicity, I: 185;
disease outcomes, III: 48
domestic use, I: 181
environmental exposure events, I: 42–43
half-life of, II: 4
infertility and, II: 280–282
liver toxicity, I: 125;
II: 42;
III: 524
mechanisms of action, III: 33, 38, 47–48
mechanisms of toxicity, II: 49–50
military applications, I: 26, 88;
II: 26
neurobehavioral toxicity, III: 475
pharmacokinetics, I: 182
porphyria cutanea tarda and, II: 322
reproductive toxicity, I: 185;
II: 42;
III: 462;
IV: 407, 413, 416, 426, 431, 434–435
respiratory disorders and, I: 709
suspension of use, I: 1, 39, 42–43, 92, 181–182
TCDD contamination of, I: 2, 3, 27, 91, 114, 126, 182;
III: 140
teratogenicity, I: 30, 92, 373–374
toxicity profile update summary, II: 49;
toxicokinetics, II: 49;
III: 47
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136
See also Herbicides;
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
Triglyceride levels, I: 688–689;
III: 520–521
Trinoxol, I: 91;
III: 137;
IV: 119
Tuberculosis, I: 711
See also Respiratory disorders
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), I: 148;
Twin studies, I: 398–399, 406, 703, 711
U
UDP glucuronyl transferase (UGT1), II: 74;
Uerdingen, Germany, III: 154;
IV: 124
UGT1. See UDP glucuronyl transferase
Ulcers, gastrointestinal, I: 690–692
epidemiologic studies, II: 334;
III: 510–513;
IV: 500–504
epidemiology, II: 334;
III: 508–509;
IV: 498–499
herbicide exposure association with, II: 334;
III: 510–514;
IV: 505
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 510–512;
IV: 500–501
scientific literature update, II: 334;
III: 510–513;
IV: 500–504
Vietnam veterans and, III: 512–513;
IV: 502–505
See also Metabolic and digestive disorders
Uniroyal Inc., I: 35
United Kingdom, I: 315–316, 340, 382, 444, 462–463, 464, 477, 479, 537, 565, 595, 689;
England National Cancer Register, III: 232;
IV: 144
herbicide exposure assessment, III: 151;
IV: 139
Parkinson’s Disease Society Brain Bank,
IV: 445
See also Yorkshire, England
United Nations, I: 45
United Paperworkers International Union, III: 232
Update 1996. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996 (Update 1996)
Uppsala, Sweden, III: 228
Urinary bladder cancer. See Bladder cancer
Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD), II: 321;
III: 29, 138, 218, 237, 239, 339, 513, 517
Armstrong Laboratory, Population Research Branch, III: 29
Baseline Morbidity Report, II: 32
Baseline Mortality Report, 1982, II: 31
Follow-Up Examination Results, 1985, 1987, 1992, II: 32
Human Resources Laboratory records, II: 150, 152;
III: 237
Military Personnel Center records, II: 151;
III: 238;
IV: 151
Mortality Updates, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1991, II: 32
Reproductive Outcomes, II: 32
Serum Dioxin Level Follow-Up Examination Results, II: 32
TCDD half-life investigations, II: 104–105
Vietnam casualties, I: 83
women veterans mortality studies, II: 152–153
See also Air Force Health Study (AFHS);
Operation Ranch Hand
U.S. Army, I: 81, 280, 281, 702;
Army Chemical Corps Vietnam Veterans Health Study proposal, II: 24
Army I Corps, IV: 157
Environmental Support Group (ESG), II: 152
Vietnam casualties, I: 83
Vietnam veteran studies, II: 201, 226, 244;
III: 240, 241, 283, 294, 298, 313, 315, 318, 338, 339, 344, 346, 348, 365, 373, 380, 485, 512, 517;
IV: 21
women veterans mortality studies, II: 152–153, 201
See also U.S. Army Chemical Corps;
U.S. Special Forces
U.S. Army Chemical Corps, I: 13, 15, 16–17, 94–95, 272, 273, 286, 394, 470, 571, 703–704, 705, 711, 722–725;
II: 5, 23, 24, 101, 103, 104, 201–202, 245;
III: 6, 23, 138–139, 146–147, 241, 272, 298, 309, 314, 344, 358–359, 385, 389, 485, 512, 517;
U.S. Coast Guard, I: 81
U.S. Congress, I: 2, 31, 46–52;
See also Congressional hearings;
Legislation
USDA. See Department of Agriculture, U.S.
U.S. Marine Corps, I: 81, 96, 280, 545, 702, 710;
III: 140;
IV: 121
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in, I: 542, 545, 546–547
Vietnam casualties, I: 83
Vietnam veterans studies, III: 241, 242, 283, 294, 298, 309, 313, 315, 338, 339, 346, 348, 365, 373, 380, 485, 489, 512, 517;
women veterans mortality studies, II: 152–153
U.S. Military Assistance Command, III: 138;
IV: 119
U.S. Navy, I: 81, 280–281, 286;
herbicide use in, I: 95;
II: 104;
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma odds ratio in, I: 542
Vietnam casualties, I: 83
women veterans mortality studies, II: 152–153
U.S. Special Forces, I: 286;
II: 103–104;
III: 138
USSR, I: 317;
III: 224
See also Russia
Utah, I: 560;
II: 241
Uterine cancer, I: 506;
herbicide association evidence, I: 13;
III: 333;
IV: 323–324
See also Reproductive system cancers, women
V
VAO. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam
Verona, Missouri, II: 128–129;
Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptors, II: 333;
III: 503
VES. See Vietnam Experience Study
Veterans. See Foreign veterans;
Vietnam veterans;
Women veterans
Veterans Administration. See Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA)
Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam (VAO), II: 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 35, 45, 63, 65, 71, 89, 90, 91, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 104, 107, 112, 132, 176, 179, 180, 181, 187, 190, 196, 207, 209, 210, 214, 218, 225, 228, 232, 236, 237, 246, 247, 249, 250, 266, 271, 278, 279, 286, 293, 296, 300, 305, 312, 323, 328, 357;
III: 1, 2, 3, 5, 12, 32, 43, 85, 124, 125, 126, 132, 150, 157, 169, 220, 221, 223, 286, 303, 311, 320, 359, 389, 390, 416, 434, 435, 519, 522;
background, II: 17–19;
III: 17–23;
IV: 15, 103–104, 110, 132, 137, 249, 268, 351
basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies summary, III: 317–318, 321, 323;
birth defects studies summary, III: 436–439;
bladder cancer studies summary, II: 225–226;
bone cancer studies summary, II: 204;
brain tumor studies summary, II: 229;
breast cancer studies summary, III: 324–326, 328;
childhood cancer studies summary, II: 299;
chloracne studies summary, II: 318;
III: 479–480;
IV: 465
chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy studies summary, II: 310;
IV: 454
circulatory disorders studies summary, II: 335–336;
III: 514;
IV: 506
cognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders studies summary, II: 307;
III: 468–469;
IV: 441–442
congressional hearings on Agent Orange, II: 27–28;
III: 25
Department of Veterans Affairs Task Force, II: 4–26;
III: 24–25
diabetes mellitus studies summary, II: 330;
III: 496–497;
federal government response to concerns over military use of herbicides in Vietnam, II : 27–32;
III: 25–30
female reproductive cancers studies summary, II: 211–212;
gastrointestinal tract tumors studies summary, II: 177–178;
gastrointestinal ulcers studies summary, II: 334;
III: 510;
IV: 500
health outcomes conclusions, II: 19–23;
III: 19–20;
IV: 11, 18–19, 20, 21, 384, 385, 414, 465, 467, 471, 513, 514
hepatobiliary cancers studies summary, III: 282–283, 287–288;
herbicide environmental exposure studies, II: 142–143, 144, 145–146;
III: 197–202, 203–205, 275, 277, 279, 281, 283, 288, 291, 301, 316, 323, 328, 336, 342, 345, 350–351, 354, 369, 382, 392, 437, 454, 455, 456, 459, 479, 520;
IV: 147–149, 261, 264, 266–267, 271–272, 276, 286, 291
herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 114, 115–116, 117–118, 119–120, 121–126 ;
III: 170–174, 176–178, 180–182, 183–185, 188–196, 274–275, 276–277, 278–279, 280, 282–283, 286, 291, 294, 300–301, 305, 310, 312, 316, 317, 321, 323, 324–326, 328, 332, 333, 335–336, 345, 350, 354, 360, 367–369, 374–376, 381–382, 391–392, 454, 455, 456, 459, 496, 520;
IV: 137, 139, 140–142, 144–146, 257–261, 263, 265–266, 271, 276, 280, 285, 290
Hodgkin’s disease studies summary, II: 235;
immune system disorders, studies summary, II: 327;
III: 488–489;
IV: 477
impact of report, II: 24–26;
III: 23–25
infertility studies summary, II: 280;
laryngeal cancer studies summary, III: 293, 294;
legislation on Agent Orange, II: 28–29;
III: 26–27
leukemia studies summary, II: 245;
lipid abnormalities studies summary, II: 333;
IV: 483
liver toxicity studies summary, II: 332;
III: 510;
IV: 500
low birthweight studies summary, III: 456–457, 459;
lung cancer studies summary, III: 296, 300–301;
melanoma studies summary, III: 313–314, 316, 317;
metabolic and digestive disorders, studies summary, II: 330, 332, 333, 334;
IV: 500
motor/coordination dysfunction studies summary, II: 309;
III: 469–470;
IV: 443–444
multiple myeloma studies summary, III: 377–378, 381–382;
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies summary, III: 290, 291;274;
IV: 274
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma studies summary, II: 231–232;
III: 362–363, 367–369, 370–371;
perinatal death studies summary, II: 285;
IV: 412
peripheral neuropathy studies summary, III: 470–471, 473;
IV: 454
porphyria cutanea tarda studies summary, II: 321–322;
III: 481–482;
IV: 467
prostate cancer studies summary, III: 335–336, 341, 342;
renal cancer studies summary, II: 224;
research recommendations, II: 23–24;
III: 23;
IV: 21
respiratory disorders studies summary, II: 324–325;
III: 483;
IV: 471
sex ratios of offspring, IV: 429–430
skin cancer studies summary, III: 312;
IV: 299–314
soft-tissue sarcomas studies summary, II: 205–206;
III: 306–308;
spontaneous abortion studies summary, II: 283;
IV: 410
summary of, II: 37–42
testicular cancer studies summary, III: 343–344, 345–346;
toxicology, overview, III: 36;
Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicides/ Dioxin Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes (Type 2 Diabetes), IV: 1, 10–11, 16, 104
Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996 (Update 1996);
III: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 32, 37, 43, 44, 50, 85, 106, 109, 125, 126, 132, 150, 157, 159, 169, 220, 221, 222, 223, 266, 286, 295, 298, 303, 309, 311, 319, 320, 339, 349, 359, 389, 390, 416, 417–418, 424, 426, 428, 434, 435, 444, 458, 519, 522, 533;
IV: 1
background, III: 17–23;
IV: 15–21, 110, 132, 137, 247, 251
basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies summary, III: 317–318, 321, 323;
IV: 308–314
birth defects studies summary, III: 436–439;
bladder cancer studies summary, III: 347–348, 350;
IV: 330–345
bone cancer studies summary, III: 302, 305;
IV: 287–291
brain tumor studies summary, III: 356–357, 360, 361;
IV: 350–355
breast cancer studies summary, III: 324–326, 327, 328;
IV: 314–320
childhood cancers, IV: 418
chloracne studies summary, III: 479–480;
IV: 465
circulatory disorders studies summary, III: 514;
IV: 506
cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders studies summary, III: 468–469;
IV: 441–442
congressional hearings on Agent Orange, III: 25
Department of Veterans Affairs Task Force, III: 24–25
diabetes mellitus studies summary, III: 496;
federal government response to concerns over military use of herbicides in Vietnam, III: 25–30
female reproductive system cancers studies summary, III: 330–331, 332, 333;
IV: 321–326
gastrointestinal tract tumors studies summary, III: 268, 274–281;
IV: 257–264
gastrointestinal ulcers studies summary, III: 510;
IV: 500
health outcomes conclusions, III: 19–20
hepatobiliary cancers studies summary, III: 282–283, 287–288;
IV: 267–272
herbicide environmental exposure studies, III: 197, 201, 203, 275, 277, 279, 283, 288, 323, 328, 336, 342, 345, 354, 369, 375, 382, 392;
herbicide occupational exposure studies, III: 170, 172, 174, 175–176, 179, 183, 186–187, 274, 276, 278, 280, 282–283, 286, 291, 294, 300, 305, 316, 317, 321, 324–326, 328, 332, 333, 335–336, 345, 350, 354, 360, 367, 374, 381, 391, 496;
Hodgkin’s disease studies summary, III: 373, 374, 375, 376;
IV: 364–371
impact of report, III: 23–25
infertility studies summary, III: 445–446;
IV: 406–408
laryngeal cancer studies summary, III: 293, 294;
IV: 277–281
legislation on Agent Orange, III: 26–27
leukemia studies summary, III: 385–386, 391, 392;
IV: 377–383
lipid abnormalities studies summary, III: 504;
IV: 493
liver disorders studies summary, III: 510;
IV: 500
low birthweight studies summary, III: 456–457;
IV: 412
lung cancer studies summary, III: 296, 298, 300;
IV: 281–287
melanoma studies summary, III: 313–314, 316, 317;
IV: 302–308
motor/coordination dysfunction studies summary, III: 469–470;
IV: 444
multiple myeloma studies summary, III: 377–378, 381, 382;
IV: 371–377
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies summary, III: 290, 291;
IV: 273–276
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma studies summary, III: 362–363, 367, 369, 370;
IV: 355–364
pancreatic cancer, IV: 264–267
perinatal death studies summary, III: 451;
IV: 412
peripheral neuropathy studies summary, III: 470–471, 473;
IV: 18
porphyria cutanea tarda studies summary, III: 481–482;
IV: 467
prostate cancer studies summary, III: 335–336, 341, 342;
IV: 326–335
renal cancers studies summary, III: 352–353, 354, 355;
IV: 345–350
research recommendations, III: 23
respiratory disorders studies summary, III: 483;
IV: 471–472
sex ratios of offspring, IV: 429–430
skin cancer, IV: 299–301
soft-tissue sarcoma studies summary, III: 306–308;
IV: 291–299
testicular cancer studies summary, III: 343–344, 345;
IV: 335–339
toxicology, overview, III: 36;
IV: 22
Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998 (Update 1998)
Australian Veterans, IV: 159
background of, IV: 1, 3, 8–10, 110, 132, 247, 251, 399–400
basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies summary, IV: 308–314
birth defects studies summary, IV: 400–401, 435
bladder cancer studies summary, IV: 330– 345
bone cancer studies summary, IV: 287–291
brain tumor studies summary, IV: 350–355
breast cancer studies summary, IV: 314–320
childhood cancers, IV: 418, 426
hepatobiliary cancers studies summary, IV: 267–272
Hodgkin’s disease studies summary, IV: 364–371
infertility studies summary, IV: 406–408
mortality in, IV: 254
Department of Veterans Affairs and, IV: 157–158
environmental exposure, IV: 148–149
epidemiology, IV: 257
female reproductive system cancers studies summary, IV: 321–326
gastrointestinal tract tumors studies summary, IV: 257–264
laryngeal cancer studies summary, IV: 277–281
leukemia studies summary, IV: 377–383
low birthweight studies summary, IV: 412
lung cancer studies summary, IV: 281–287
melanoma studies summary, IV: 302–308
multiple myeloma studies summary, IV: 371–377
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies summary, IV: 273–276
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma studies summary, IV: 355–364
occupational exposure, IV: 135–137, 139–142, 144
Operation Ranch Hand, IV: 150, 152
pancreatic cancer, IV: 264–267
prostate cancer studies summary, IV: 326–335
renal cancers studies summary, IV: 345–350
sex ratios of offspring, IV: 429–430
skin cancer; IV: 299–301
soft-tissue sarcoma studies summary, IV: 291–299
spontaneous abortion, IV: 408–412
testicular cancer studies summary, IV: 335–339
toxicology overview, IV: 22
Veterans’ benefits. See Compensation, veterans
Veterans’ compensation. See Compensation, veterans
Veterans’ Dioxin and Radiation Exposure Compensation Standards Act of 1984. See Public Law 98–542
Veterans’ Health Care Eligibility Reform Act of 1996. See Public Law 104–262
Veterans’ Health Care, Training, and Small Business Loan Act of 1981. See Public Law 97–72
Veterans’ Health Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1979, III: 240
Vietnam, III: 533
herbicide latency issues, methodology, II: 13;
III: 12–14
herbicide targeting in, I: 99–106;
IV: 116–117
herbicide use in, concerns about, I: 29–32, 45;
III: 1, 2, 5, 12, 13, 17, 18, 25
research in, I: 30–31
troop movements in, I: 52–53, 96, 287
U.S. casualties in, I: 82–83
U.S. involvement, I: 75–76, 84
U.S. military herbicide use in, I: 1, 3, 24, 27, 84–85, 89–93, 94–96, 98–107, 286;
III: 135–142
See also Ca Mau peninsula;
Con Thieu province, Vietnam;
Hanoi, Vietnam;
Ho CM Minh City, Vietnam;
Khe Sanh-Thonh Son Lam area;
Mekong Delta;
Rung Sat Special Zone;
Vietnamese
Vietnam Experience Study (VES), III: 26, 240, 512
birth defects in offspring, II: 288, 289, 290;
cancer mortality in, I: 444–445
childhood cancer in, I: 629;
II: 300
chloracne in, I: 677
circulatory disorders in, I: 702
exposure assessment use, II: 101;
III: 146
hepatobiliary cancers, II: 185;
III: 283
Hodgkin’s disease in, I: 556
immune system disorders in, I: 696
infertility in, II: 280
liver cancer in, I: 455
low birthweight outcomes in, I: 626
lung cancer in, I: 469
methodology, I: 57–58, 281, 284, 389–391
multiple myeloma, II: 244
neonatal death in, I: 622
neurologic/neuropsychiatric outcomes in, I: 656
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in, I: 542–543
origins, I: 50
reproductive outcomes in, I: 601, 609, 610–611, 626, 632
respiratory cancer in, II: 201
respiratory disorders in, I: 710–711
spina bifida in offspring, II: 9;
IV: 8
Vietnam herbicides use by military, II: 26–27
Vietnam Veteran Agent Orange Health Study, I: 741
Vietnam veterans, I: 1;
II: 2
acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy, II: 313;
III: 473;
advocacy groups, I: 60–61
Air Force research activities, II: 31–32;
III: 28–29;
IV: 13, 42–43, 150–156, 160–161
altered sperm parameters in, I: 632, 634;
IV: 7
amyloidosis, IV: 7
Australian, I: 61, 91, 406, 418, 444, 470, 496–497, 546, 614–615, 633, 702, 710;
III: 9, 216–217, 218, 237, 244–245, 273, 285–286, 290, 294, 295, 298, 299, 303, 310, 311, 314, 315, 327, 329, 339, 340, 343, 346, 349, 353, 355, 359, 365, 380, 389, 413, 424, 425, 469, 486, 489, 500, 506, 512–513, 517;
IV: 9, 10, 159–160, 322–333, 402, 421–422
autoimmune disease in, I: 698, 699
basal/squamous cell skin cancer in, III: 323;
IV: 309–310
birth defects in children of, I: 609–615, 618;
bladder cancer in, I: 517;
II: 223–224;
bone cancer in, I: 473, 474–475;
II: 204;
brain tumors in, I: 522, 523, 525;
breast cancer in, II: 213, 217, 218;
cancer expected incidence, I: 439–440, 442, 446, 452, 461, 501, 505, 513, 522, 526, 564;
II: 176–177;
IV: 249–250
cancer in children of, I: 629, 630–631;
II: 299;
cancer mortality, I: 444–445
cancer studies, I: 391–393, 401, 402–403, 405, 436–438;
II: 176–177;
chloracne in, I: 677–679;
III: 479–480;
chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy in, II: 311;
circulatory disorders in, I: 702–705;
II: 336;
III: 516–518;
class action suit, I: 34–35
cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders in, II: 318;
III: 469;
compensation for, I: 34–35, 47, 50–51, 55–56;
congressional responses to concerns of, I: 46–52;
II: 27–29;
III: 25–28
defining, I: 78
developmental toxicity, II: 72
diabetes mellitus in, I: 684, 685, 698;
II: 330;
disabilities discharges, I: 32
disease increased risk for, I: 14–15, 221, 225–226, 247–248, 578;
II: 14, 22–23, 88, 89, 91, 218, 223, 251, 276, 298, 300–301, 314, 321, 323;
23, 124, 127–128, 329, 334, 343, 397, 430–431, 444, 462, 475–476, 491, 503, 507–508, 525;
IV: 12, 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305–306, 311, 318, 323–324, 332, 338, 343, 348, 353, 359, 367, 374, 381, 403, 407, 411–412, 413, 417, 426, 466, 468, 475, 489, 495, 505, 510, 513
distribution by branch of service, I: 81
Environmental Protection Agency research activities, II: 32;
III: 29–30
epidemiologic studies, I: 50, 57–59, 62–63, 384–418;
III: 26, 206–217, 236–245, 272–273, 275, 277–278, 279, 281, 283, 285–286, 288, 290, 291, 294–295, 298, 301, 303, 305, 309–310, 312, 316, 317, 323, 326, 328, 333, 336, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343–344, 345–346, 349, 351, 353, 355, 358–359, 361, 363, 365, 370–371, 372, 373, 376, 380, 382, 385, 386, 389, 392, 435, 436, 437–438, 445, 446, 450, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459, 467, 468, 469, 470, 473, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485–486, 489, 491, 495, 497, 498, 500, 502, 505–506, 512–513, 516–518, 521;
IV: 150–160, 255, 269, 275, 278, 283, 294–295, 303–304, 309–310, 316, 322–323, 329, 336–337, 342, 347, 357–358, 366–367, 373, 380, 402, 411, 420–422, 474, 485–487, 494, 502–504, 508–509
federal government activities/research on military use of herbicides, II: 27–32;
III: 25–30
female reproductive system cancers in, I: 505, 511–512, 577;
III: 333;
gastrointestinal tract cancers in, I: 446;
gastrointestinal ulcers in, I: 691, 692;
III: 512–513;
IV: 502–504
genitourinary tract cancers in, I: 513, 518, 522;
II: 223–224;
III: 272–273, 275, 277–278, 279, 281;
health concerns of, I: 1, 32–34, 46–47;
III: 17–30
hepatic enzyme disorders in, I: 687
hepatobiliary cancers in, I: 455, 457;
herbicide exposure assessment issues, II: 4–5, 14, 17–24, 26–27;
III: 2, 5–6, 142, 143, 146–150;
IV: 122–127
herbicide exposure assessment strategies for, I: 270–284;
II: 99–109;
III: 144–145
Hodgkin’s disease in, I: 526, 554–556, 557;
immune modulation in, I: 695–696, 699;
infertility, I: 632, 633, 634;
II: 280;
IV: 7
International Agency for Research on Cancer research activities, III: 30
laryngeal cancer in, III: 294–295;
latency relevance for assessing herbicides effect on cancer risk in, II: 276;
legislation concerning herbicide exposure and health of, II: 28–29;
III: 26–27
leukemia in, I: 13, 564, 570, 571–572;
lipid abnormalities in, I: 689, 692;
II: 333;
liver toxicity in, II: 332;
III: 512–513;
IV: 502–504
low birthweight outcomes for, I: 626, 628;
IV: 7
lung cancer in, III: 298, 301;
IV: 303–304
military experiences, I: 75, 82, 272, 286, 399
motor/coordination dysfunction in, I: 659–660, 662;
IV: 7,448
multiple myeloma in, I: 526, 562, 563;
II: 244;
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer in, I: 459, 460;
II: 189;
National Personnel Records Center listing, I: 17
neural tube defects in offspring, numbers, II: 297;
neurobehavioral disorders in, II: 305, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314;
IV: 457–459
neuropsychiatric outcomes, I: 653–656, 658;
II: 308;
III: 469;
IV: 443
II: 234;
outreach activities;
II: 31;
III: 28
Parkinson’s disease in, II: 309–310
perinatal deaths in offspring, II: 285;
IV: 7
peripheral nervous system disorders in, I: 665, 666;
porphyria cutanea tarda in, I: 681, 682–683;
prostate cancer in, I: 513, 518, 519, 522;
records-based exposure assessment, I: 271–280;
IV: 121–126
records identification, II: 24–25
renal cancers in, III: 352, 353, 355;
reproductive outcomes, I: 405–406, 418, 601–603, 609–615, 618, 620–622, 625;
III: 435, 436, 437–438, 445, 446, 450, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459;
research recommendations, II: 23–25;
III: 23
respiratory cancers in, I: 469–470, 472;
respiratory disorders in, I: 710–712, 713–714;
III: 485–486;
risk assessment for, I: 14–15, 221, 225–226, 247–248, 578;
II: 14, 22–23, 89, 91, 251, 276, 298, 300–301, 314, 321, 323, 349–357;
III: 14–15, 22–23, 124, 127–128, 430–431;
serum testing, I: 20–21
II: 209;
III: 312;
soft-tissue sarcoma in, I: 475, 492–498, 500;
III: 309–310;
South Korea, I: 61–62
spina bifida in offspring, II: 9–10, 296, 298, 301;
III: 7, 8, 9–10, 21, 24–25, 437–438;
spontaneous abortions in, I: 601–603, 605;
II: 283;
state-sponsored studies of, II: 152–153, 158–159, 161, 202, 292;
IV: 158–159
suicide incidence, I: 655–656
testicular cancer in, II: 153;
twin studies, I: 398–399, 406, 703, 711
Vietnamese veterans, Vietnamese studies of, III: 245
II: 152–153, 180, 181, 190, 201, 204, 205, 209, 211, 212, 213, 216–217, 218, 223, 226, 228, 229, 231, 245, 278, 280;
IV: 316
See also Air Force Health Study (AFHS);
Compensation, veterans;
Demographic data, Vietnam veterans;
Operation Ranch Hand;
Risk assessment, Vietnam veterans
Vietnam veterans’ exposure studies, II: 154, 156–157, 158–159;
III: 206–209, 210–217 , 275, 278, 279, 281, 283, 288, 291, 305, 310, 312, 316, 317, 323, 326, 328, 336, 342, 345–346, 351, 355, 370–371, 376, 382, 437–438, 450, 454, 455, 456, 459, 497, 521;
IV: 150, 156–158, 262, 264, 272–273, 276–277
Vietnam veterans’ increased disease risk, II: 22–23;
III: 22–23
Vietnam Veterans of America, I: 60
Vietnamese
birth defects and herbicide exposure, II: 287–288
cancer in, II: 148;
III: 283
epidemiologic studies, I: 599–601;
II: 113, 144–145, 148, 184, 287–288;
herbicide environmental exposure, II: 144–145, 148, 287–288;
III: 283
herbicide exposure assessment, I: 269, 370–372;
III: 156–157;
IV: 116–117
herbicide exposure indices development, II: 107–108
reproductive outcomes, I: 599–601, 608–609;
IV: 148–149
research recommendations, I: 731
scientists in, studies of Vietnamese veterans, III: 245
Vietnamese Veterans, IV: 160
Viral infection
immune system response, I: 692–693
TCDD-enhanced susceptibility, I: 149
teratogenic potential, I: 607
See also Immune system disorders
Vitamin A, I: 174
VLDL. See Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptors
W
Wales. See United Kingdom
War Research Service, I: 25
Washington, D.C., II: 343;
III: 533
Washington state, I: 336–338, 341, 487–488, 535;
Wasting syndrome, TCDD-induced, I: 162–166;
II: 76–77;
III: 80–83;
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales, I: 641
Western Europe, II: 268;
III: 510
West Germany, II: 328–329;
III: 223, 337, 379, 387, 483, 506, 511, 515
West Virginia, I: 60, 404, 470, 496, 546, 621, 662–663, 686, 689, 700;
II: 202;
III: 243;
See also Nitro, West Virginia
Wilm’s tumor, I: 594
See also Children, cancer in;
Kidney cancer
Wisconsin, I: 37, 60, 336, 404–405, 445, 455, 470, 496, 517, 523, 534, 546, 556, 560, 702, 710;
II: 185, 202, 226, 229, 239, 241;
IV: 259, 262, 264, 267, 272, 291, 299, 301, 335, 339, 345, 350, 355, 361, 363–364, 371, 375
Women. See Breast cancer;
Cervical cancer;
Demographic data, Vietnam veterans;
Gender;
Ovarian cancer;
Reproductive system cancers, women;
Reproductive system disorders;
Uterine cancer;
Women veterans
Women veterans, I: 79;
II: 30
breast cancer estimated risk, II: 218;
III: 329;
IV: 318
breast cancer expected incidence, I: 440, 461, 501, 505, 513, 522, 526, 564;
II: 213;
IV: 314
breast cancer in, II: 213, 216–217;
IV: 314–320
circulatory disease in, I: 702
epidemiologic studies, I: 50, 81;
II: 28, 152–153, 180, 181, 190, 201, 204, 205, 209, 211, 212, 213–217, 218, 219–223, 226, 228, 229, 231, 245, 278, 280;
IV: 314–320
mortality studies, I: 394–395, 470, 545;
reproductive outcomes, III: 434–435;
IV: 399–400
reproductive system cancers in, II: 211, 212;
III: 333;
IV: 320–326
research recommendations, I: 728
statistics, I: 83–84
See also Reproductive system cancers, women
Women Veterans Health Programs Act of 1992. See Public Law 102–585
World Health Organization, II: 282;
Mortality Data Bank, I: 314;
II: 132;
III: 223, 378, 484–485, 512, 516
X
Xenobiotic responsive elements (XREs), II: 56, 57, 58, 71;
Y
Yorkshire, England, III: 234;
IV: 149