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NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Contract No. NASW-99037-Task 103 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-07409-6
Limited copies are available from Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy, National Research Council, 1055 Thomas Jefferson Street, N.W., Suite 2014, Washington, D.C. 20007; 202-334-2200.
Additional copies of this report are available from National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, D.C. 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu
Printed in the United States of America
Copyright 2001 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
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Steering Committee for Government-Industry Partnerships for the Development of New Technologies *
Gordon Moore, Chair Chairman Emeritus Intel Corporation
M. Kathy Behrens Managing Partner Robertson Stephens Investment Management and STEP Board
Michael Borrus Managing Director Petkevich & Partners, LLP
Iain M. Cockburn Professor of Finance and Economics Boston University
Kenneth Flamm Dean Rusk Chair in International Affairs LBJ School of Public Affairs University of Texas at Austin
James F. Gibbons Professor of Engineering Stanford University
W. Clark McFadden Partner Dewey Ballantine
Burton J. McMurtry General Partner Technology Venture Investors
William J. Spencer, Vice-Chair Chairman Emeritus SEMATECH and STEP Board
Mark B. Myers Senior Vice-President, retired Xerox Corporation and STEP Board
Richard Nelson George Blumenthal Professor of International and Public Affairs Columbia University
Edward E. Penhoet Dean, School of Public Health University of California at Berkeley and STEP Board
Charles Trimble Vice-Chairman Trimble Navigation
John P. Walker Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Axys Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Patrick Windham President, Windham Consulting; and Lecturer, Stanford University
* As of February 2001.
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Project Staff *
Charles W. Wessner Study Director
Alan H. Anderson Consultant
McAlister T. Clabaugh Program Associate
David E. Dierksheide Program Associate
Contributors **
David B. Audretsch Ameritech Chair of Economic Development Director, Institute for Development Strategies Indiana University
Michael I. Luger Professor of Public Policy Analysis, Planning, and Business University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
*As of February 2001.
**Biographies of the contributors are included in Annex B.
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For the National Research Council (NRC), this project was overseen by the Board on Science, Technology and Economic Policy (STEP), a standing board of the NRC established by the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering and the Institute of Medicine in 1991. The mandate of the STEP Board is to integrate understanding of scientific, technological, and economic elements in the formulation of national policies to promote the economic well-being of the United States. A distinctive characteristic of STEP's approach is its frequent interactions with public and private-sector decision makers. STEP bridges the disciplines of business management, engineering, economics, and the social sciences to bring diverse expertise to bear on pressing public policy questions. The members of the STEP Board * and the NRC staff are listed below:
Dale Jorgenson, Chair Frederic Eaton Abbe Professor of Economics Harvard University
M. Kathy Behrens Managing Partner Robertson Stephens Investment Management
Vinton G. Cerf Senior Vice-President WorldCom
Bronwyn Hall Professor of Economics University of California at Berkeley
James Heckman Henry Schultz Distinguished Service Professor of Economics University of Chicago
Ralph Landau Consulting Professor of Economics Stanford University
Richard Levin President Yale University
William J. Spencer, Vice-Chair Chairman Emeritus SEMATECH
David T. Morgenthaler Founding Partner Morgenthaler
Mark B. Myers Senior Vice-President, retired Xerox Corporation
Roger Noll Morris M. Doyle Centennial Professor of Economics Stanford University
Edward E. Penhoet Dean, School of Public Health University of California at Berkeley
William Raduchel Chief Technology Officer AOL Time Warner
Alan Wm. Wolff Managing Partner Dewey Ballantine
* As of February 2001.
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STEP Staff *
Stephen A. Merrill Executive Director
Philip Aspden Senior Program Officer
Camille M. Collett Program Associate
David E. Dierksheide Program Associate
Charles W. Wessner Program Director
Craig M. Schultz Research Associate
McAlister T. Clabaugh Program Associate
*As of February 2001.
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National Research Council Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy
Sponsors
The National Research Council gratefully acknowledges the support of the following sponsors:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Office of the Director, Defense Research & Engineering
National Science Foundation
U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Naval Research
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Sandia National Laboratories
Electric Power Research Institute
International Business Machines
Kulicke and Soffa Industries
Merck and Company
Milliken Industries
Motorola
Nortel
Proctor and Gamble
Silicon Valley Group, Incorporated
Advanced Micro Devices
Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the project sponsors.
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Contents
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Boxes within the Summary Report
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