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HERBICIDE/DIOXIN EXPOSURE AND ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA 23 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, and dioxin (Lamb et al., 1980). The offspring of mice exposed to a mixture of 2,4-D and picloram showed some effects, but only at doses that also caused paternal toxicity (Blakley et al., 1989). The mechanism by which herbicide or TCDD exposures could lead to child- hood cancers in the offspring of persons exposed many years previously is unknown. One possible mechanism would involve germ cell mutations whereby damaged cells might later undergo spermatogenesis and result in fertilization, leading to the birth of a genetically susceptible child. However, assays do not indicate that the herbicides of interest or TCDD are genotoxic except at very high doses or concentrations. The link between Down syndrome and AML appears to imply some genetic origin of susceptibility for at least a portion of AML cases. Leukemias in younger children, the period during which childhood AML cases are more common, are believed to have a different etiology from those of older children because the genetic abnormalities underlying them are more likely to have been present at birth. The Committee is not aware of any information published since the release of Update 2000 that bears on the issue of the biologic plausibility of any associa- tion between paternal exposure to the herbicides used in Vietnam or dioxin and AML in offspring. Given the present lack of information, the committee believes that further research aimed at evaluating long-term effects of herbicide exposures on male reproductive organs and on understanding the effects on sex ratio and functional developmental toxicities would be useful. REFERENCES ACS (American Cancer Society). 2001. Cancer Reference Information. All About Leukemiaâ Childrenâs. http://www.cancer.org/eprise/main/docroot/CRI/CRI_2x?sitearea=CRI&dt=24 (accessed November 26, 2001). AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare). 1998. Morbidity of Vietnam Veterans: A Study of the Health of Australiaâs Vietnam Veteran Community: Volume 1, Male Vietnam Veterans Survey and Community Comparisons Outcomes. Canberra: AIHW. AIHW. 1999. Morbidity of Vietnam Veterans: A Study of the Health of Australiaâs Vietnam Veteran Community: Volume 3, Validation Study. Canberra: AIHW. AIHW. 2000. Morbidity of Vietnam veterans. Adrenal gland cancer, leukaemia and non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma: Supplementary report no. 2. (AIHW cat. no. PHE 28). Canberra: AIHW. AIHW. 2001. Morbidity of Vietnam veterans. Adrenal gland cancer, leukaemia and non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma: Supplementary report no. 2. Revised edition (AIHW cat. no. PHE 34). Canberra: AIHW. Bertazzi PA, Zocchetti C, Pesatori AC, Guercilena S, Consonni D, Tironi A, Landi MT. 1992. Mortality of a young population after accidental exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin. International Journal of Epidemiology 21(1):118â123. Blakley PM, Kim ES, Firneisz GD. 1989. Effects of paternal subacute exposure to Tordon 202c on fetal growth and development in CD-1 mice. Teratology 39(3):237â241.
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