D
DESCRIPTIVE TABLES OF CANCER STUDIES
This appendix contains two tables that describe the studies used in Chapter 4 (on cancer). Table D.1 provides information on cohort studies related to exposures to fuels and combustion products, and Table D.2 provides information on case-control studies. The studies are referred to repeatedly in Chapter 4. For each study, the following information is provided: a description of the study population, the number of subjects in the study group, how the type of cancer was determined, how exposure was assessed, what type of analysis was conducted, and which potential confounders were adjusted for.
TABLE D.1 Description of Cohort Studies Related to Exposure to Fuels and Combustion Products
Reference |
Population |
Study Group |
Health-Outcome Assessment |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis, Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Imperial Oil Cohort |
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Hanis et al. 1979 |
Mortality experience (1964–1973) of male Imperial Oil workers (at least 1 yr for active workers; at least 5 yrs for inactive workers) in Canada; internal comparison of refinery and non-refinery workers |
15,032; 5,731 refinery, 9,301 non-refinery |
Vital status followed through provincial registrars, Statistics Canada |
Job titles classified as in or outside refinery work |
RR; age |
Schnatter et al. 1992 |
Mortality experience (1964–1983) of Imperial Oil workers (at least 1 yr) in Canada; external comparison with Canadian general population |
34,597 |
Vital status followed through Statistics Canada, internal data sources, NDI |
Company employment in 11 operating segments and HC exposure assigned by industrial hygienists on basis of detailed work histories |
SMR; sex, age, calendar period |
Schnatter et al. 1993 |
Mortality experience (1964–1983) of male Imperial Oil petroleum-marketing and distribution workers (at least 1 yr) in Canada; external comparison with Canadian general population |
6,672 |
Vital status followed through Statistics Canada, internal data sources, NDI |
HC exposure frequency assigned by industrial hygienists based on basis of detailed work histories |
SMR; sex, age, calendar period |
Schnatter et al. 1996 |
Nested cases of lymphohematopoietic malignancies among Imperial Oil workers (at least 1 yr) in Canada; internal controls selected from males in cohort, matched 4:1 on age and were alive at case date of death |
14 leukemia 7 MM 8 NHL |
Cause of death on death certificates coded by Statistics Canada |
Company employment in 11 operating segments and HC exposure assigned by industrial hygienists on basis of detailed work histories |
Mantel-Haenszel OR; age, smoking, family cancer history, frequency of chest x rays |
Lewis et al. 2000 |
Mortality experience (1964–1994) of Imperial Oil workers (at least 1 yr in 1964–1983) in Canada; external comparison with Canadian general population |
34,560 |
Vital status followed through Statistics Canada, internal data sources, NDI |
Company employment in 11 operating segments and presumed HC exposure derived from job titles |
SMR; sex, age, calendar period |
Reference |
Population |
Study Group |
Health-Outcome Assessment |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis, Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Lewis et al. 2003 |
Incidence and mortality experience (1964–1994) of Imperial Oil workers (at least 1 yr, first hire in 1964–1994) in Canada; external comparison with Canadian general population |
25,292 |
Vital status and cancer incidence followed through Statistics Canada, internal data sources, NDI |
Similar exposure-group codes developed by industrial hygienist from detailed work histories |
SIR, and SMR; sex, age, calendar period |
Mobil Oil Cohort |
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Raabe et al. 1998 |
Mortality experience (1946–1987) of Mobil Oil employees (at least 1 yr in 1945–1987) in Beaumont, Texas; external comparison with US general population |
7,119 |
Vital status followed through company records, Pension Benefits Information Inc., SSA, NDI |
Company employment; two job categories assigned on basis of job title |
SMR; age, sex, race, calendar period |
Rosamilia et al. 1999 |
Cases of lung cancer and controls in cohort of Mobil Oil employees (at least 1 yr in 1946–1987) in Beaumont, Texas |
112 cases, 490 controls |
Vital status followed through company records, Pension Benefits Information Inc., SSA, NDI |
Four job categories assigned from work-history records |
OR (nested case-control); age, race, smoking, prior job assignments |
Wong et al. 2001 |
Mortality experience (1946–1996) of Mobil Oil employees (at least 1 yr in 1945–1996) in Beaumont, Texas; external comparison with US general population |
7,543 |
Vital status followed through company records, Pension Benefits Information Inc., SSA, NDI |
Company employment; two job categories assigned on basis of job title |
SMR; age, sex, race, calendar period |
Texaco Mortality Study |
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Divine et al. 1985 |
Mortality experience (1947–1977) of white male Texaco refinery, petrochemical-plant, and research laboratory workers (at least 5 yrs) in the US; external comparison with US white male population |
19,077 |
Vital status followed through company records, SSA |
Company employment |
SMR; race, sex |
Reference |
Population |
Study Group |
Health-Outcome Assessment |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis, Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Divine and Barren 1986 |
Mortality experience (1947–1977) of white male Texaco refinery, petrochemical-plant, and research-laboratory workers (at least 5 years) in the US; external comparison with US white male population |
18,798 |
Vital status followed through company records, SSA |
Company employment; job or process unit determined from work histories |
SMR; race, sex |
Divine et al. 1999a |
Mortality experience (1947–1993) of Texaco refinery, petrochemical plant, and research laboratory workers (at least 5 yrs) in the US; external comparison with US general population |
28,480 |
Vital status followed through company records, SSA, NDI, HCFA |
Company employment; job or process unit determined from work histories |
SMR; race, sex |
Divine et al. 1999b |
Mortality experience (1947–1993) of Texaco refinery, petrochemical-plant, and research lab workers (at least 5 yrs) in the US; external comparison with US general population |
28,480 |
Vital status followed through company records, SSA, NDI, HCFA |
Company employment; job or process unit determined from work histories |
SMR; race, sex |
Italian Oil Refinery Cohort |
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Bertazzi et al. 1989 |
Mortality experience (1949–1982) of male workers (ever employed) at refinery near Milan, Italy; external comparison with national and local (Lombardy region) male populations |
1,595 |
Vital status followed through Population Statistics Office |
Company employment in 29 occupation units determined from work histories |
SMR; age, sex, calendar time |
Consonni et al. 1999 |
Mortality experience (1949–1991) of male workers (ever employed in 1949–1982) at refinery near Milan, Italy; external comparison with local (Lombardy region) male population |
1,583 |
Vital status followed through Population Statistics Office |
Company employment in 29 occupation units determined from work histories |
SMR; age, sex, calendar time |
Reference |
Population |
Study Group |
Health-Outcome Assessment |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis, Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
ACS Cancer Prevention Study II |
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Boffetta et al. 1988 |
Mortality experience (1982–1984) of male subjects, 40–79 yr old, enrolled in ACS Cancer Prevention Study II |
461,981 |
Follow up through personal contact; death certificates obtained from state health departments |
Self-administered questionnaire at baseline assessed current, last, and longest-held occupations, exposure to 12 groups of substances |
RR; age, smoking factors, other occupational exposures |
Pope et al. 1995 |
Mortality experience (1982–1998) of subjects, at least 30 yr old with one household resident at least 45 yr old, enrolled in ACS Cancer Prevention Study II |
552,138 |
Follow up through personal contact (through 1988) with death certificates obtained from state health departments; record linkage with NDI (through 1989) |
Mean concentrations of sulfate and fine-particle air pollution provided by EPA databases |
RR; age, sex, race, cigarette-smoking, exposure to passive cigarette-smoking, BMI, drinks per day of alcohol, education, occupational exposure |
Pope et al. 2002 |
Mortality experience (1982–1998) of subjects, at least 30 yr old with one household resident at least 45 yr old, enrolled in ACS Cancer Prevention Study II |
About 500,000 (number of subjects depends on pollution index used) |
Follow up through personal contact (through 1988) with death certificates obtained from state health departments; record linkage with NDI (through 1998) |
Mean concentrations of air pollution (PM, sulfate, SO2, NO2) provided by EPA databases |
RR; age, sex, race, smoking, education, marital status, body mass, alcohol consumption, occupational exposure, diet |
Other Cohorts |
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Abbey et al. 1999 |
Mortality experience (1977–1992) of nonsmoking, white, Seventh Day Adventist residents of California who had lived at least 10 yr within 5 mi of current residence |
6,338 |
Vital status followed through record linkage with California death-certificate files (1977–1992), NDI (1979–1992), church records |
Monthly estimates of ambient concentrations of air pollutants (PM10, SO2, NO2) provided by fixed-site monitoring stations maintained by CARB provided |
RR; sex, years of education, pack-years of past smoking, alcohol use |
Reference |
Population |
Study Group |
Health-Outcome Assessment |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis, Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Boffetta et al. 2001 |
Incidence experience (1971–1989) of occupationally active (1960 and 1970 censuses; excluding farmers) residents of Sweden; internal comparisons made across exposure intensities and probabilities; external comparison to Swedish general population |
55,883 total exposed cancer cases |
Follow up for incidence through Swedish Cancer Register; vital status tracked through national Register of Causes of Death |
Job and industry titles classified for probability and intensity of exposure to diesel-engine emissions |
SIR, sex, age, calendar year RR; age, calendar period, geographic region, urban or rural residence |
Borgia et al. 1994 |
Mortality experience (1965–1988) of male taxi drivers (registered in 1950–1975) in Rome, Italy |
2,311 |
Vital status tracked through local registry office or through record linkage with national or regional mortality files |
Taxi drivers registered in Rome |
SMR; age, calendar period |
Chow et al. 1994 |
Incidence experience (1961–1979) of stomach cancer in occupationally active (1960 census) Swedish men; external comparison with Swedish general population |
16,872 cases |
Cancer incidence tracked through Swedish Cancer-Environmental Registry which links census data to Swedish Cancer Registry |
Occupation and industry codes from census data |
SIR; age, sex, region |
Chow et al. 1995 |
Incidence experience (1961–1979) of esophageal cancer in occupationally active (1960 census) Swedish men; external comparison with Swedish general population |
2,394 cases |
Cancer incidence tracked through Swedish Cancer-Environmental Registry which links census data to Swedish Cancer Registry |
Occupation and industry codes from census data |
SIR; age, sex, region |
Gamble et al. 1996 |
Nested cases of kidney cancer among Exxon employees of at least 1 mo at three US refineries and chemical plants in 1970–1992; internal controls matched on sex, race, age, date of hire, at-risk status |
37 cases, 148 controls |
Vital status followed through SSA, NDI |
Industrial hygienist constructed JEM from company records and job titles |
OR (nested case-control); logistic regression BMI, mean arterial pressure, smoking |
Reference |
Population |
Study Group |
Health-Outcome Assessment |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis, Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Guberan et al. 1992 |
Incidence and mortality experience (1949–1986) of lung and gastrointestinal cancer in male professional drivers (1949–1961) in canton of Geneva, Switzerland; external comparison with Geneva male population |
6,630 |
Follow up for incidence through Geneva Cancer Registry; vital status tracked through National Office of Statistics |
Subjects had valid (in 1949) or new (1949–1961) licenses issued as drivers of heavy-duty-road goods vehicles, taxis, buses, coaches, professional transports; subjects classified as “more” or “less” exposed to exhaust gases |
SIR, SMR; age, year |
Gustavsson et al. 1990 |
Incidence (1958–1984) and mortality (1952–1986) experience of male bus garage workers (at least 6 mo in 1945–1970) from five locations in Stockholm, Sweden; external comparisons with Stockholm general population and occupationally active population in Sweden; internal comparisons made for cumulative exposure indices |
695 |
Cancer incidence tracked through Swedish Cancer Registry; mortality ascertained from Statistics Sweden |
Industrial hygienist constructed JEM from historical data from garages on numbers and types of diesel engines present, ventilation, job types and duration |
SMR; age, sex, cause of death OR; conditional logistic regression, age |
Hansen 1993 |
Mortality experience (1970–1980) of truck drivers (1970 census) in Denmark compared with population of unskilled workers |
14,225 truck drivers, 43,024 unskilled laborers |
Record linkage with Central Population Register, Death Certificate Register |
Truck-driver job title in 1970 census |
SMR (expected numbers of deaths in driver group calculated in reference to unskilled group); age, period |
Hansen 2000 |
Nested cases of male breast cancer among Pension Fund members in Denmark in 1970–1989; internal controls matched on age |
230 cases |
Cancer incidence tracked through Danish Cancer Registry |
Job titles obtained from Pension Fund files and Central Person Registry; author assigned exposure to gasoline, combustion products |
Conditional logistic regression; birth year, SES |
Reference |
Population |
Study Group |
Health-Outcome Assessment |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis, Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Hoek et al. 2002 |
Mortality experience (1986–1994) of a subcohort of males, age 55–69 yr old, in Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer |
4,492 |
Vital status followed through Dutch Central Bureau of Genealogy |
Self-administered questionnaire at baseline gave location of residence in 1986; exposure to traffic-related air pollution determined through National Air Quality Monitoring Network data |
RR; age, sex, education, Quetelet index, occupation, active and passive cigarette-smoking, neighborhood SES score |
Huebner et al. 2000 |
Incidence experience of lymphohematopoietic malignancies among Exxon employees of at least 1 mo at three US refineries and chemical plants in 1970–1992 or US-based employees of at least 1 day in 1979–1982 with all subjects having current, final, or active (1983–1994) employment at Baton Rouge, Louisiana facility; internal controls matched on sex, race, age, date of hire, at-risk status |
8,942 59 LH malignancies |
Record linkage with the Louisiana tumor registry |
Job type obtained from company records |
SIR; modified life-table approach stratified by sex, race, age, year of diagnosis |
Jarvholm and Silverman 2003 |
Incidence and mortality experience (1971–1995) of Swedish male construction workers (1971–1993); internal comparisons of truck drivers and heavy-equipment operators within carpenters and electricians; external comparisons to Swedish general population |
6,364 truck drivers, 14,364 heavy equipment operators, 119,984 carpenters and electricians |
Record linkage with National Cancer Registry and National Death Registry |
Job title obtained at initial health examination (1971–1993) |
SIR, SMR; age, period, smoking habits |
Jarvholm et al. 1997 |
Incidence experience (1958–1991) of male workers (at least 1 yr) in 26 companies in petroleum industry in Sweden; external comparison with Swedish general population |
4,128 |
Cancer incidence followed through the Swedish Cancer Registry |
Employment in refinery operations, distribution, other occupations determined from job titles |
SIR (90% CI); sex, age, calendar year |
Reference |
Population |
Study Group |
Health-Outcome Assessment |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis, Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Kneller et al. 1990 |
Incidence experience (1980–1984) of stomach cancer in occupationally active (1982 census) residents over 30 yr old in Shanghai, China; internal comparison among census registrants |
13,489 cases |
Cancer incidence tracked through Shanghai Cancer Registry |
Occupation at time of diagnosis or retirement ascertained through interview of patient or next of kin |
SIR; age, sex |
Krewski et al. 2000 |
Mortality experience (1974–1991) of participants in Six Cities Study in northeast and midwest US; audit of original study with updated exposure assessment methods |
8,111 |
Annual letters mailed to assess vital status; nonrespondents prompted family follow up and NDI records searches |
Air-pollutant measurements from central locations in communities |
RR; sex, education, diabetes, hypertension, BMI, smoking history, occupational exposure to dusts or fumes |
Lagorio et al., 1994 |
Mortality experience (1981–1992) of self-employed gas-station attendants (in 1980) in Italy; external comparison with Latium region, Italian general population |
2,665 |
Vital status followed through registries of last municipality of residence with record linkage with National Mortality File (pre-1986) or Regional Death Index |
Environmental survey, duration of employment |
SMR; age, sex |
Lan et al. 2002 |
Incidence experience (1976–1992) of lung cancer in farmers, 41–75 yr old, in Xuanwei County, China |
21,232 |
Lung-cancer incidence tracked through record searches of six regional hospitals |
Interview with standardized questionnaire assessing kitchen practices as surrogates for indoor air pollution |
RR; sex, age, family history of lung cancer, chronic bronchitis or emphysema, tuberculosis, other SES and demographic variables |
Reference |
Population |
Study Group |
Health-Outcome Assessment |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis, Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Larkin et al. 2000 |
Mortality experience (1959–1976) of railroad workers, 40–64 yr old, with 10–20 yr of experience in 1959 |
55,395 |
Vital status tracked through US RBB records |
Interstate Commerce Commission job code obtained from US RBB records and classified for diesel exposure |
RR; age, calendar year |
McLaughlin et al. 1987 |
Incidence experience (1961–1979) of renal cancer in occupationally active (1960 census) Swedish men; external comparison to Swedish general population |
7,405 renal-cell cases 821 renal-pelvis cases |
Cancer incidence tracked through Swedish Cancer-Environmental Registry, which links census data to Swedish Cancer Registry |
Occupation and industry codes from census data |
SIR; age, sex, region |
Nafstad et al. 2003 |
Incidence experience (1972–1998) of lung cancer in males, 40–49 yr old, in Oslo, Norway |
16,209 |
Cancer incidence tracked through Norwegian cancer registry |
Estimated average concentrations of air pollutants (SO2, NOx) from Norwegian Institute for Air Research records; initial questionnaire established home address |
RR; age, education, tobacco-smoke exposure, other pollutant |
Nelson et al. 1985, 1987 |
Mortality experience (1970–1982) of Amoco Oil refinery workers (at least 6 mo, with 1 day in 1970–1980); external comparison with US general population |
10,763 |
Vital status followed through SSA, NDI, company telephone survey |
Company employment industrial hygienist assigned three job types and exposure types; frequency on basis of job titles |
SMR; age, sex, race |
Reference |
Population |
Study Group |
Health-Outcome Assessment |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis, Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Poole et al. 1993 |
Nested cases of kidney cancer and controls from several cohorts of workers in 36 petroleum refineries |
102 cases, 408 controls |
Author and nosologist confirmed cases from death certificates obtained from each cohort |
Industrial hygienists assigned HC exposure types, intensity, and frequency on basis of detailed work histories |
RR (nested case-control), conditional logistic regression; control for matching factors: employer and location, age, at-risk status |
Rafnsson and Gunnars-dottir 1991 |
Mortality experience (1951–1988) of professional truck and taxi drivers in Reykjavik, Iceland; external comparison with general male population of Iceland |
1,021 |
Record linkage with National Register, Register of Deceased |
Truck and taxi drivers identified through membership rolls of Hreyfill cooperative taxi agency |
SMR; age, calendar year |
Ritz 1999 |
Mortality experience (1951–1989) of male uranium-processing plant workers (at least 3 yr, with first hire in 1951–1972) in Ohio; external comparison with US general population; Internal comparison among workers monitored for exposure |
3,814 |
Vital status followed through SSA (pre-1979) NDI (1979–1980) |
Exposure matrixes generated by employees, industrial hygienists |
SMR, RR (conditional logistic regression); age, calendar year, time since first hired, pay type, radiation dose |
Saverin et al. 1999 |
Mortality experience (1970–1994) of lung cancer in male potash miners (at least 1 yr from 1969–1991) in South Harz Mountains area, Germany; internal comparison within subcohort of subjects who worked underground at least 10 yr, held one job for 80% of their time, had three or fewer underground jobs; external comparison to general male population of Germany |
5,536; 3,258 subcohort |
Vital status followed through local population registers |
Personal and area dust-sampling concentrations were averaged and assigned to work categories of production, maintenance, workshop |
RR, age SMR; age |
Reference |
Population |
Study Group |
Health-Outcome Assessment |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis, Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Soll-Johanning et al. 1998 |
Incidence experience (1943–1994) of urban bus drivers and tramway employees (1900–1994, alive in 1943) in Copenhagen, Denmark; external comparisons to Copenhagen and Denmark general populations |
18,120 |
Record linkage with Danish Cancer Registry |
Urban bus drivers and tramway employees identified through employment records of Copenhagen Traffic Company |
SIR; sex, age, calendar period |
Soll-Johanning et al. 2003 |
Nested cases of lung and bladder cancer among urban bus drivers and tramway employees (1900–1994, alive in 1943) in Copenhagen, Denmark; internal comparisons across air pollution index |
153 lung, 84 bladder |
Record linkage with Danish Cancer Registry |
Air-pollution exposure index developed and assigned on basis of bus routes driven |
RR; smoking |
van Loon et al. 1997 |
Nested cases of lung cancer among males, 55–69 yr old, in Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer (1986–1990); internal comparison with subcohort |
524 cases, 1,316 subcohort |
Record linkage with national pathology register and all cancer registries in Netherlands |
Self-administered questionnaire at baseline gave lifetime occupational history, which was reviewed by occupational hygienist and assigned exposure to PAHs |
RR; age, other occupational exposures, smoking, vitamin intake |
Vasama-Neuvonen et al. 1999 |
Nested cases of incident ovarian cancer among occupationally active Finnish women (892,591) in 1971–1995 |
5,072 cases |
Cancer incidence tracked through Finnish Cancer Registry |
Job titles from 1970 Census linked with Finnish JEM to establish exposure probability |
Poisson regression analysis; birth cohort, follow up period, SES |
Wong et al. 1999 |
Nested cases of leukemia, multiple myeloma, kidney cancer in cohort of 18,135 petroleum-distribution workers in US in 1946–1985; internal controls matched 5:1 on company, age, sex |
35 leukemia, 11 MM, 12 kidney |
Vitas status followed through SSA, NDI, Death Master File |
Cumulative and peak exposure to gasoline assessed through job titles, duration of work |
Conditional logistic regression |
TABLE D.2 Description of Case-Control Studies Related to Exposure to Fuels and Combustion Products
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Ahrens et al. 1991 |
Male laryngeal-cancer cases identified in one hospital in Bremen, Germany, in 1986 with histologic confirmation; nonneoplastic male controls selected from same hospital and matched on age and residence |
85 laryngeal |
100 |
Transport and communication, diesel oil, gasoline |
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire covering lifetime occupational history with exposure checklist |
Unconditional logistic regression; smoking, alcohol consumption, age |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Alguacil et al. 2000 |
Pancreatic-cancer cases diagnosed at five general hospitals in eastern Spain in 1992–1995; nonneoplastic controls with previous suspicion of pancreatic or biliary cancer selected from same hospitals |
185 pancreatic |
264 |
PAHs, diesel-engine exhaust |
Interview with standardized questionnaire assessing work in any of 10 activities and specific exposures encountered; industrial hygienists evaluated exposures to 22 agents |
Unconditional logistic regression; age, sex, hospital, smoking, alcohol use |
Armstrong et al. 2000 |
Nasopharyngeal cancer cases, 19–74 yr old, among Chinese residents of Selangor and Federal Territory, Malaysia in 1990–1992; cases diagnosed in four area centers with histologic confirmation; healthy population controls selected randomly through multistage area sampling and matched on sex and age |
282 nasopharyngeal |
282 |
Motor fuel, oil |
In-person interviews assessing detailed occupational histories, residential history, lifestyle and nutritional information; job descriptions, durations, tools, specific agents encountered were included |
Multiple logistic regression; smoking, dietary factors |
Aronson et al. 1996 |
Male prostate cancer cases and cancer controls, 35–70 yr old, diagnosed in 19 large Montreal-area hospitals in 1979–1985 and histologically confirmed for one of 19 anatomic cancer sites; age-matched population controls also chosen from electoral lists and with RDD |
449 prostatic |
2,083 total; 533 population, 1,550 cancer |
Diesel-engine emissions, liquid-fuel combustion products, PAHs, Benzo[a]pyrene |
In-person interview with segments on work histories (job titles); exposures attributed by team of chemists and industrial hygienists |
Unconditional logistic regression; age, family income, Quetelet index, respondent status |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Asal et al. 1988 |
Cases from 29 hospitals in Oklahoma diagnosed and confirmed in 1981–1984; hospital controls selected from same hospitals and matched on age, sex, race, hospital, date of admission; population controls selected through RDD |
315 renal |
313 hospital, 336 population |
Petroleum refining, distribution |
In-person interview assessing occupations, industrial exposures |
Logistic regression; weight, age, alcohol consumption, occupations, smoking, snuff use, coffee consumption, kidney stones, hypertension, other medical factors |
Barbone et al. 1995 |
Male lung-cancer cases, 37–93 yr old, diagnosed in 1979–1981 and 1985–1986 in Trieste, Italy, with histologic confirmation; deceased (within 6 mo of cases) male controls selected from registry of Department of Pathology |
755 lung |
755 |
Level of air pollution (particle deposition) |
Particle deposition measured at fixed-site monitoring stations (deposimeters) |
Logistic regression; age, cigarettes/day, occupational carcinogen exposure, social group |
Boffetta et al. 2003 |
Male cases of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer diagnosed in six European centers in 1980–1983 with histologic confirmation; controls selected from census lists, electoral rolls, or population registries and matched for sex and age |
1,010 laryngeal and hypopharyngeal |
2,176 |
Railway-transport industry, motor vehicle mechanics |
Interview with standardized questionnaire assessing jobs held at least 1 yr; job titles coded |
Unconditional logistic regression, age, study area, average tobacco-smoking, average alcohol-drinking |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Brown et al. 1988 |
White, male laryngeal-cancer cases, 30–79 yr old, diagnosed in 56 hospitals along Gulf Coast of Texas in 1975–1980; controls selected through Texas Department of Health mortality tapes, drivers license records, HCFA-provided Medicare records, and matched on age, vital status, ethnicity, county of residence |
183 laryngeal |
250 |
Transportation, driver, diesel and gasoline fumes |
Interview (self-reports or proxy) assessing lifetime occupational and residential histories, lifestyle factors, demographic characteristics; industrial hygienist classified job titles for exposure to specific agents |
Logistic regression; cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption Bruske- |
Hohlfeld et al. 1999 |
Pooled male lung-cancer cases and controls from two studies in Germany (1988–1993 in Bremen and Frankfurt/Main; 1990–1996 in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz and Bayern, the Saarland, Thuringen, and Sachen); population controls matched on age, sex, region of residence |
3,498 lung |
3,541 |
Professional drivers |
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history; standardized coding of job titles |
Conditional logistic regression; smoking, asbestos exposure |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Bruske-Hohlfeld et al. 2000 |
Pooled male lung-cancer cases and controls from two studies in Germany (1988–1993 in Bremen and Frankfurt/Main; 1990–1996 in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz and Bayern, the Saarland, Thuringen, Sachen); population controls matched on age, sex, and region of residence |
3,498 lung |
3,541 |
Diesel-engine exhaust, PAHs, Benzo[a]pyrene; transport worker, freight handler |
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history; specific questions addressed exposure to PAHs; diesel-exhaust exposure derived from job titles; standardized coding of job titles |
Conditional logistic regression; smoking, asbestos exposure |
Carozza et al. 2000 |
Glioma cases, age 20 yr old or older, diagnosed in six San Francisco Bay counties in 1991–1994 by Northern California Cancer Center; controls selected through random-digit dialing, matched for age, gender, race |
476 glioma |
462 |
Petroleum and gas workers, service-station attendants |
In-person interviews with standardized questionnaire assessing detailed lifetime job history |
Multiple logistic regression; age, sex, years of education, race |
Cole et al. 1972 |
Lower urinary tract cancer cases, 20–89 yr old, diagnosed and histologically confirmed, among residents of eastern Massachusetts in 18-mo span; controls randomly selected from area resident lists, matched on age, sex |
461 lower urinary tract |
485 |
Petroleum-related occupations |
In-person interviews collected occupational histories each job listed was assigned occupation titles, levels of occupational exposures |
Relative risk; smoking, age |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Costantini et al. 2001 |
Hematolymphopoietic-cancer cases, 20–74 yr old identified through periodic hospital survey and diagnosed in 12 regions in Italy in 1991–1993 with histologic confirmation; controls randomly selected from municipal demographic files and National Health Services files, matched for age, sex |
1,450 NHL 365 HD 652 leukemia |
1,779 |
Transport operators |
In-person interview (direct or proxy) with standardized and job-specific questionnaires assessing lifetime occupational history, exposure to specific agents |
Mantel-Haenszel OR; age, sex |
Dai et al. 1996 |
Female lung-cancer cases, 30–69 yr old, diagnosed in 1992–1993 in Harbin, China; population controls randomly selected, matched on age, smoking status |
120 lung |
120 |
Coal-stove use |
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing cooking, heating practices |
Unconditional logistic regression; SES and dietary factors, family cancer history |
Decoufle and Stanislawczyk 1977 |
White cancer cases and nonneoplastic controls admitted to Roswell Park Memorial Institute in 1956–1965, comprising 22 cancer sites |
25,416 total participants, 6,434 male cancer, 7,515 female cancer |
Bus, taxicab, truck drivers; mechanics, repairmen; delivery and route men; locomotive engineers, firemen |
Self-reported lifetime occupational histories collected |
RR; smoking, age |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Demers et al. 1993 |
MM cases identified through SEER tumor registries in four geographic areas, under 80 yr old, newly diagnosed in 1977–1981; population controls identified through RDD and population survey of geographic areas |
692 MM |
1,683 |
Petroleum, coal refining, manufacturing |
Interviews (direct or proxy) with standardized questionnaire to assess occupational history, specific exposure agents; occupations, industries coded according to 1970 US Census |
Mantel-Haenszel OR; sex, age, race, study area |
De Stefani et al. 1998 |
Male laryngeal-cancer cases, 30–75 yr old, diagnosed in five hospitals in Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1993–1995; cancer controls selected from same hospitals and timeframe |
112 laryngeal |
509 |
Gasoline, diesel exhaust, gasoline exhaust |
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational histories and exposure to specific agents |
Unconditional logistic regression; age, residence, education, income, tobacco-smoking and type, alcohol consumption |
Dietz et al. 1995 |
Head- and neck-cancer cases diagnosed at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology at University of Heidelberg, Germany, in 1989–1992; outpatient controls selected from same department and matched on sex, size of residence, age |
164 laryngeal 100 oral cavity 105 oropharyngeal or hypopharyngeal |
656, 400, 420 |
Heating, cooking with fossil-fuel stoves |
Interview with standardized questionnaire assessing household practices and work conditions |
Adjusted ORs; Tobacco, alcohol consumption |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Du et al. 1996 |
Lung-cancer cases identified from local police registries in Guangzhou, China, in 1985; deceased (unrelated to lung cancer) controls matched on sex, age |
849 lung |
849 |
Coal fumes |
Next-of-kin interview |
Mantel-Haenszel RR; smoking |
Dumas et al. 2000 |
Male cases, controls, 35–70 yr old, diagnosed in 19 large Montreal-area hospitals in 1979–1985 and histologically confirmed for one of 19 cancer sites; frequency-matched by approximate age, population-based controls also chosen from electoral lists, RDD |
257 rectal |
1,295 cancer, 533 population |
Combustion products of soot, coal, wood |
In-person interviews with specific question on detail of each job subject had; analyzed and coded by team of chemists and industrial hygienists (about 300 exposures) on semiquantitative scale |
Unconditional logistic regression; age, education, respondent status, cigarette-smoking, beer consumption, BMI |
Elci et al. 2003 |
Male laryngeal-cancer cases diagnosed in Oncology Treatment Center of Social Security Agency Okmeydani Hospital in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1979–1984 with histologic confirmation; controls selected from same hospital, timeframe among cases of HD, cancers of skin (nonmelanoma), testis, bone, male breast as well as benign lesions |
940 laryngeal |
1,519 |
Diesel exhaust, gasoline exhaust, PAHs |
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history, tobacco and alcohol use; industrial hygienist performed JEM exposure assignments |
Unconditional logistic regression; age, smoking, alcohol consumption |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Farrow et al. 1989 |
Cases of myelodysplastic syndrome diagnosed at University Hospital of Wales in 1985–1986; outpatient controls selected from same hospitals, timeframe and matched on age and sex |
63 myelodysplastic syndrome |
63 |
Petrol, diesel fumes, liquids |
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history with checklist of 70 specific agents; exposure index based on checklist and duration of particular jobs |
Crude OR |
Flodin et al. 1987 |
MM cases, 40–80 yr old, diagnosed in six hospitals in central and southeastern Sweden in 1973–1983 and alive in 1981–1983; controls randomly selected from local population registers |
131 MM |
431 |
Engine exhausts |
Mailed questionnaire assessing occupational exposures (self-reports) |
Mantel-Haenszel OR; age, confounder score |
Flodin et al. 1988 |
Chronic lymphocytic-leukemia cases, 40–80 yr old, diagnosed in five hospitals in central and southeastern Sweden in 1964–1984 and alive in 1981–1983; controls randomly selected from local population registers |
111 chronic lymphocytic leukemia |
431 |
Engine exhausts |
Mailed questionnaire assessing occupational exposures (self-reports) |
Mantel-Haenszel OR; age, confounder score |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Fritschi and Siemiatycki 1996 |
Male melanoma cases and cancer controls, 35–70 yr old, diagnosed in 19 large Montreal-area hospitals in 1979–1985 and histologically confirmed for one of 19 cancer sites; age-matched population controls also chosen from electoral lists and with RDD |
103 melanoma |
1,066 total, 533 population, 533 cancer |
PAHs, petroleum-related substances |
In-person interview with segments on work histories (job titles); exposures attributed by team of chemists and industrial hygienists |
Unconditional logistic regression; age, years of schooling, ethnicity |
Gerhardsson de Verdier et al. 1992 |
Colorectal-cancer cases identified through local hospitals and Regional Cancer Registry in Stockholm, Sweden in 1986–1988; cases histologically confirmed and subjects limited to those born in Sweden in 1907–1946 and lived half their lives there; population controls randomly selected from Stockholm County population registry |
352 colon 217 rectal |
512 |
Petrol station, automotive repair |
Questionnaire administered in person or through mail with followup telephone survey; exposure to list of chemicals or employment in specified occupations determined |
Unconditional logistic regression; age, sex, nutritional intake markers, BMI, physical activity, family history of colorectal cancer |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Goldberg et al. 2001 |
Male cases and controls, 35–70 yr old, diagnosed in 19 large Montreal-area hospitals in 1979–1985 and histologically confirmed for one of 19 cancer sites; frequency-matched by approximate age; population-based controls also chosen from electoral lists and with RDD |
497 colon |
1,514 cancer, 533 population |
Diesel-engine emissions |
In-person interviews with specific question on detail of each job subject had; analyzed and coded by team of chemists and industrial hygienists (about 300 exposures) on semiquantitative scale |
Unconditional logistic regression; age, respondent status, ethnicity, nonoccupational factors (such as cigarette-smoking, alcohol consumption) |
Gustavsson et al. 1998 |
Oral-cavity, pharyngeal-, laryngeal-, and esophageal-cancer cases among all Swedish men, 40–79 yr old, residing in two regions with reporting from departments of oncology and surgery in 1988–1990; controls randomly selected from population registers and matched on age, region |
545 |
641 |
PAHs, Welding fumes |
Interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifestyle and environmental factors; occupational hygienist assigned exposure intensity, probability to 17 specific occupational exposures |
Unconditional logistic regression; age, region, alcohol consumption, tobacco-smoking |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Gustavsson et al. 2000 |
Male lung-cancer cases, 40–75 yr old, among stable residents (living outside Sweden no more than 5 yr in 1950–1990) identified through Swedish Cancer Registry in 1985–1990; controls randomly selected from population registers and matched on age, year of inclusion |
1,042 lung |
2,364 |
Diesel exhaust, motor exhaust, combustion products (benzo[a]pyrene) |
Mailed questionnaire (direct or proxy) established lifetime occupational history; occupational hygienist assigned probability, intensity of exposure to specific agents |
Unconditional logistic regression; matching variables, smoking, residential radon level, environmental exposure to NO2 |
Hansen et al. 1998 |
Male lung-cancer cases, born 1897–1966, identified through Danish Cancer Registry in 1970–1989; noncancer controls randomly selected from Central Population Registry and matched on age, sex |
28,744 lung |
28,744 |
Lorry, bus drivers; taxi drivers |
Record linkage with nationwide pension-fund files |
Conditional logistic regression |
Hayes et al. 1989 |
Male lung-cancer cases pooled from three studies in US (Florida in 1976–1979, New Jersey in 1980–1981, Louisiana in 1979–1983) |
1,444 lung |
1,893 |
Drivers (truck, heavy equipment, bus, taxi) |
Studies reviewed to identify occupations with motor-exhaust exposure |
Logistic regression; age, smoking, study area |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Heineman et al. 1992 |
Male cases of MM diagnosed and reported to Danish Cancer Registry in 1970–1984; controls randomly selected from Danish Central Population Registry and matched on sex, age, year of diagnosis |
1,098 MM |
4,169 |
Wholesale tradefuel, oil, gas; gasoline; oil products |
Job titles obtained from subjects’ most recent tax records; industrial hygienists assigned exposure to 20 major categories, 27 specific substances |
Adjusted ORs; age |
Howe et al. 1980 |
Bladder-cancer cases diagnosed in three Canadian provinces in 1974–1976; neighborhood controls matched on age, sex |
632 bladder |
632 |
Petroleum industry |
In-person interviews assessing lifetime occupational history with 13 a priori suspect industries |
Logistic regression, discordant pairs, matching variables |
Huebner et al. 1992 |
Oral- and pharyngeal cancer cases, 18–79 yr old, obtained from population-based cancer registries in five US locations in 1984–1985; controls obtained through RDD, matched on sex, race, age, study area |
1,114 oral and pharyngeal |
1,268 |
Petroleum-industry worker, motor vehicle operator, service-station worker |
Interview (direct or proxy) with structured questionnaire assessing jobs held at least 6 mo; job titles coded |
Multiple logistic regression; smoking, alcohol consumption, study location, age, race |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Iscovich et al. 1987 |
Bladder-cancer cases admitted to 10 hospital from three counties in Argentina in 1983–1985 with histologic confirmation; hospital controls selected from same hospitals and period (within 3 mo) as cases; neighborhood controls selected from same block as case, matched on sex, age |
117 bladder |
117 hospital; 117 neighborhood |
Work in oil refinery |
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire covering lifetime occupational history with exposure checklist (33 agents) |
Unconditional logistic regression; age, smoking |
Jockel et al. 1992 |
Lung-cancer cases, age 38–87 yr old, diagnosed in seven hospitals in five cities in Germany with histologic confirmation (recruitment dates not given); hospital controls with diagnosis unrelated to smoking matched on sex, age; population controls randomly selected from residence registries |
194 lung |
194 hospital, 194 population |
SO2, benzo[a]pyrene, total suspended particles |
In-person interview with standardized and supplemental questionnaires assessing residential history; emission index generated from energy-consumption statistics; semiquantitative index combined this with SO2 emissions, coal use, degree of industrialization |
Logistic regression; age, smoking, occupation |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Kadamani et al. 1989 |
Kidney-cancer cases, 20 yr old or more, diagnosed in 23 hospitals in Oklahoma City and Tulsa in 1981–1983 with histologic confirmation; controls selected through RDD of Oklahoma residents, matched on age, sex |
210 kidney |
210 |
Hydrocarbons |
In-person interviews assessing occupational histories, lifestyle, demographic factors; likelihood of hydrocarbon exposure assigned by industrial-hygienist review of job titles |
Mantel-Haenszel OR; weight, education |
Katsouyanni et al. 1991 |
Female lung-cancer cases diagnosed in seven hospitals in Athens, Greece, in 1987–1989; hospital controls over 35 yr old, admitted within 1 week of case |
101 lung |
89 |
Air pollution |
Lifetime residential and employment histories were coupled with data from fixed-site monitoring stations according to borough for cumulative exposure index |
Multiple logistic regression; age, years of schooling, interviewer |
Kauppinen et al. 1995 |
Deceased pancreatic-cancer cases as of April 1990, 40–74 yr old at diagnosis in 1984–1987; identified cases and controls from Finnish Cancer Registry; controls of similar age, period of diagnoses selected from deceased cases of stomach, colon, or rectal cancer |
595 pancreatic |
1,622 |
Engine exhaust; PAHs |
Mailed questionnaire to next of kin assessing lifetime work history (job titles); assignment of exposures by industrial hygienist and use of JEM |
Unconditional logistic regression; age, sex, tobacco smoking, diabetes mellitus, alcohol consumption |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Kleinerman et al. 2002 |
Lung-cancer cases, 30–70 yr old, diagnosed in Pingliang and Qingyang, China, in 1994–1998; population controls randomly selected from census lists, matched on age, sex, prefecture |
846 lung |
1,740 |
Biomass, coal-fuel use |
Direct questions in interview on biomass or coal use for fuel or heating |
Unconditional logistic regression; matching variables, color-television ownership, number of cattle, tobacco use |
Kogevinas et al. 2003 |
Pooled bladder-cancer cases, 30–79 yr old, and controls from 11 studies in six European countries in 1976–1996 |
3,346 bladder |
6,840 |
Petroleum-refining workers, PAHs |
Standardized coding of job titles from various studies; JEM applied to assign exposure to specific exposures |
Unconditional logistic regression; age, smoking, study center |
Lan et al. 2001 |
Lung-cancer cases diagnosed in Xuan Wei, China, in 1995–1996; controls randomly selected from list of household registrations, matched on sex, age, village, cooking and heating fuel used |
97 lung |
97 |
Lifetime-accumulated smoky coal use without ventilation |
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifestyle factors |
Conditional logistic regression, age, sex, pack-years of smoking |
Leclerc et al. 1997 |
Pooled sinonasal-cancer cases and controls from 12 studies in seven countries |
930 sinonasal |
3,136 |
Motor-vehicle driver |
Standardized coding of job titles from various studies |
Logistic regression; age, study |
Lindquist et al. 1991 |
Acute leukemia cases, 15–84 yr old, admitted to five hospitals in Sweden, interviewed in 1980–1983; controls selected from population registry, matched on sex, age |
125 acute leukemia |
125 |
Professional drivers |
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing occupational, task histories |
Discordant pairs; logistic regression |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Magnani et al. 1987 |
Male cancer cases of five sites, 18–54 yr old, identified from death certificates from three English counties in 1959–1979 (1964 unavailable); deceased controls selected for each case set, matched on age at death, sex, county of residence |
244 esophagus 343 pancreas 99 melanoma 147 kidney 432 brain |
935 1,315 361 556 1,603 |
Coal, petroleum-products industry |
Occupations listed on death certificates; JEM constructed to assign exposure to 49 agents |
Matched ORs; matching variables |
Mandel et al. 1995 |
Renal-cell cancer cases, age 20–79 yr old, from six international sites, diagnosed and confirmed in 1989–1991 with cancer registries or surveillance of clinical and pathology departments; controls selected from population registers, electoral rolls, residential lists, HCFA records, or RDD, depending on site; controls matched on age, exposure |
1,732 renal |
2,309 |
Oil refinery industry, gas-station attendants, gasoline, jet fuel, heating oil, kerosene, or diesel fuel |
In-person interviews to assess lifetime occupational history, exposure to specific agents |
Logistic regression; age, center, BMI, cigarette-smoking |
Matos et al. 2000 |
Male lung-cancer cases identified among residents in four hospitals in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1994–1996; hospital controls (unrelated to tobacco use) matched on age, hospital |
199 lung |
393 |
Motor-vehicle and truck drivers, railway-transport industry |
In-person interview with questionnaire assessing occupational history (jobs held at least 1 yr) |
Conditional logistic regression; hospital, age, pack-years of cigarettes, other occupations or industries with increased risks |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
McLaughlin et al. 1984 |
White kidney-cancer cases, 30–64 yr old, diagnosed in Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area in 1974–1979; white controls systematically selected from telephone listings (30–64 yr old) and HCFA listings (65–85 yr old), matched on age, sex |
495 kidney |
697 |
Chemical-petroleum industry; petroleum, tar, pitch products |
In-person interview (direct or proxy) with detailed questionnaire assessing occupational history |
Adjusted ORs (age, smoking; multivariate logistic regression |
McLaughlin et al. 1985 |
White male kidney cancer cases, 30–64 yr old, diagnosed in Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area in 1974–1979; white controls systematically selected from telephone listings (30–64 yr old) and HCFA listings (65–85 yr old), matched on age, sex |
313 kidney |
428 |
Petroleum industry, gasoline-station attendants |
In-person interview (direct or proxy) with detailed questionnaire assessing occupational history |
Adjusted ORs; age, smoking |
Menvielle et al. 2003 |
Lung-cancer cases, 18 yr old or older, identified through New Caledonia Cancer Registry in France in 1993–1995; population controls randomly selected from electoral rolls, matched on sex and age |
228 lung |
305 |
Dockers; transportation-equipment managers; motor-bus, lorry, van drivers; diesel-engine emissions; PAHs |
In-person interview (direct or proxy) with standardized and occupation or task-specific questionnaires assessing occupational history (including agents used); job titles coded; industrial hygienist assigned probabilities; frequencies of exposure |
Unconditional logistic regression; age, smoking |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Merletti et al. 1991 |
Male oral- and oropharyngeal-cancer cases, 26–92 yr old, diagnosed in Turin, Italy, in 1982–1984; controls randomly selected from resident files, stratified by age, sex |
86 oral, oropharyngeal |
373 |
PAHs |
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history; job titles coded; industrial hygienists applied JEM to determine exposures to 13 agents |
Unconditional logistic regression; age, education, birthplace, tobacco-smoking, alcohol consumption |
Mommsen et al. 1982 |
Consecutive male bladder cancer cases, 42–85 yr old, diagnosed in one hospital in Denmark in 1977–1979; controls selected through National Registry matched on age, sex, region |
165 bladder |
165 |
Work with petroleum or asphalt, work with oil or gasoline |
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire covering lifetime occupational history and work with chemicals; controls answered mailed questionnaire with follow up survey through telephone or mail |
Multivariate logistic regression; nocturia, cigarette smoking, prostatic surgery, cheroot smoker, lowest SES, previous venereal disease, chewing-tobacco use, industrial work, alcohol consumption, symptoms of cystitis, work with chemical materials |
Mommsen et al. 1983 |
Consecutive bladder-cancer cases, 42–85 yr old, diagnosed in one hospital in Denmark in 1977–1980 (through 1979 for males); controls selected through National Registry matched on age, sex, region |
212 bladder |
259 |
Work with petroleum or asphalt, work with oil or gasoline |
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire covering lifetime occupational history, work with chemicals; controls answered mailed questionnaire with followup survey through telephone or mail |
Multivariate logistic regression; cigarette-smoking, cigarillo-smoking, industrial work, chewing-tobacco use, saccharin consumption, previous venereal disease, alcohol use, pipe-smoking, work with chemical materials |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Mommsen and Aagard 1984 |
Consecutive bladder-cancer cases, 42–85 yr old, diagnosed in one hospital in Denmark in 1977–1980 (through 1979 for males); controls selected through National Registry matched on age, sex, region |
212 bladder |
259 |
Work with oil or gasoline, work with kerosene or asphalt |
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire covering lifetime occupational history, work with chemicals; controls answered mailed questionnaire with followup survey through telephone or mail |
Multivariate logistic regression; Nocturia, cigarette smoking, prostatic surgery, cigarillo-smoking, lowest SES, previous venereal disease, blacksmiths or mechanics, chewing-tobacco use, alcohol consumption symptoms of cystitis, industrial work, work with chemical materials |
Morris et al. 1986 |
MM cases identified through SEER tumor registries in four geographic areas, under 80 yr old, and newly diagnosed in 1977–1981; population controls identified through RDD and population survey of four geographic areas |
698 MM |
1,683 |
Aliphatic hydrocarbons (including gas, diesel, kerosene) |
Interviews (direct or proxy) with standardized questionnaire to assess occupational history, exposure agents |
Mantel-Haenszel ORs; sex, age, race, study area |
Nadon et al. 1995 |
Male cancer cases, 35–70 yr old, diagnosed in 19 large Montreal-area hospitals in 1979–1986 and histologically confirmed for several cancer sites; control series for each cancer type composed of other cancer cases (except lung) |
3,726 total cases |
Varied depending on size of site under examination |
Benzo[a]pyrene, coal, petroleum, wood |
In-person interviews with specific questions on details of each job subject had; analyzed and coded by team of chemists, industrial hygienists (about 300 exposures) on semiquantitative scales |
Unconditional logistic regression; age, family income, ethnicity, cumulative smoking index |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Najem et al. 1982 |
White bladder-cancer cases admitted to two community hospitals in northern New Jersey in 1978; nonneoplastic controls selected from same hospitals, matched on age, place of birth, sex, race, current residence |
75 bladder |
142 |
Work in petroleum (fuel) industry |
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history |
Mantel-Haenszel OR; smoking |
Nisse et al. 2001 |
Cases of myelodysplastic syndrome diagnosed in hematology department of University of Lille, France, in 1991–1996 with hematologic confirmation; controls randomly selected from electoral registers, matched for sex, age |
204 myelodysplastic syndrome |
204 |
PAHs, petrol, oil, exhaust gases |
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history; exposure to fuels, exhaust determined by team of experts from job titles |
Mantel-Haenszel OR; matching variables |
Nyberg et al. 2000 |
Male lung-cancer cases, 40–75 yr old, among stable residents (living outside Sweden no more than 5 years in 1950–1990) identified through Swedish Cancer Registry in 1985–1990; controls randomly selected from population registers, matched on age and year of inclusion |
1,042 lung |
2,364 |
Air pollution (NO2, SO2) |
Mailed questionnaire assessing residence history; geocoding of locations coupled to data from regional emission database provided estimates of air-pollution exposure |
Unconditional logistic regression; matching variables, smoking, residential radon level, socioeconomic grouping, other occupations, other combustion products and asbestos |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Parent et al. 2000a |
Male cancer cases, 35–70 yr old, diagnosed in 19 large Montreal-area hospital in 1979–1985 and histologically confirmed; control series composed of other cancer cases (except lung), population controls selected through RDD |
142 renal-cell carcinoma |
2,433 total, 1,900 cancer, 533 population |
Jet fuel, aviation gasoline |
In-person interviews with specific questions on details of each job subject had; analyzed, coded by team of chemists, industrial hygienists (about 300 exposures) on semiquantitative scales |
Mantel-Haenszel OR, logistic regression; respondent status, age, smoking, BMI, occupational confounders |
Parent et al. 2000b |
Male cases and controls, 35–70 yr old, diagnosed in 19 large Montreal-area hospitals in 1979–1985 and histologically confirmed for one of 19 cancer sites; frequency-matched by approximate age; population-based controls also chosen from electoral lists and with RDD |
99 esophageal |
2,299 cancer, 533 population |
PAHs, gasoline engine emissions, CO, benzo[a]pyrene |
In-person interviews with specific question on detail of each job subject had; analyzed, coded by team of chemists and industrial hygienists (about 300 exposures) on semiquantitative scale |
Unconditional logistic regression; age, respondent status, birthplace, educational level, beer consumption, spirits consumption, β-carotene index, cigarette-smoking (length, pattern) |
Partanen et al. 1991 |
Cases over 20 yr old, identified through Finnish Cancer Registry in 1977–1978; controls randomly selected from Population Register Centre, matched on year of birth, sex, survival status |
408 renal |
819 |
Gasoline, diesel fuel, other distilled fuel oils |
Mailed questionnaire or phone interview (direct or proxy) assessing lifetime occupational history; industrial hygienist coded, assigned summary indicators of exposures |
Conditional logistic regression; matching variables, smoking, coffee consumption, obesity |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Pesch et al. 2000 |
Renal-cell cancer cases in large hospitals in five regions in Germany in 1991–1995 with histologic confirmation; controls randomly selected from local residency registries, matched on region, sex, age |
935 renal |
4,298 |
Production, use of petroleum products |
In-person interviews of lifetime occupational history using questionnaire to assess job-titles and self-reported exposures; exposures ascertained with JEM |
Conditional logistic regression; matching variables, smoking |
Petralia et al. 1999 |
Female breast-cancer cases, age 40 yr old or more, identified through major hospitals in two New York counties in 1986–1991 with histological confirmation; controls randomly selected from lists of New York state Department of Motor Vehicles, matched for age, county |
301 breast |
316 |
PAHs |
In-person interviews assessing lifetime occupational history; occupations, industries coded; assigned potential exposures to PAHs through use of JEM |
Unconditional logistic regression; age, years of education, age at first birth, age at menarche, history of benign breast disease, family breast-cancer history, Quetelet index, months of lactation |
Pintos et al. 1998 |
Mouth-, laryngeal-, pharyngeal-cancer cases referred to three surgery services in Brazil in 1987–1989; controls selected among inpatients from same and neighboring hospitals, matched on sex, age, trimester of hospital admission |
784 |
1,568 |
Use of wood stoves |
Interview with standardized questionnaire assessing occupational, environmental exposures |
Conditional logistic regression; tobacco and alcohol consumption, race, income, rural residence, schooling |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Rajaraman et al. 2004 |
Cases of meningioma and acoustic neuroma, 18 yr old or older, diagnosed in one of three US hospitals specializing in brain tumors in 1994–1998; noncancer controls selected from same hospitals, matched on hospital, sex, race, age, proximity of residence to hospital |
197 meningioma, 96 acoustic neuroma |
799 |
Gas-station attendants |
In-person interviews assessing detailed lifetime occupational history with industrial-hygienist-developed job-specific questions on type, frequency, intensity, and duration of exposure to specific agents |
Unconditional logistic regression; matching variables: hospital, sex, race, age, proximity of residence to hospital |
Risch et al. 1988 |
Bladder-cancer cases, 35–79 yr old, identified through combination of cancer-registry reporting and hospital- record review in four cities in Canada in 1979–1982 with histologic confirmation; controls randomly selected from population listings, matched on birth year, sex, residence area |
826 bladder |
792 |
Work in petroleum industry |
In-person interview with questionnaire assessing specific occupational exposures |
Conditional logistic regression; matching variables, lifetime cigarette consumption |
Schoenberg et al. 1984 |
Male bladder-cancer cases, 21–84 yr old, with histologically confirmed diagnosis in New Jersey in 1978–1979; controls identified through RDD (21–64 yr old) HCFA records (65–84 yr old), stratified for age |
658 bladder |
1,258 |
Refinery work, garage or gas-station work |
In-person interview with questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history |
Logistic regression; age, duration of cigarette-smoking, other occupations |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Sharpe et al. 1989 |
Cases diagnosed at one of four Montreal-area hospitals in 1982–1986 and one of five other hospitals in 1982–1987; cases histologically confirmed and alive at time of chart review; controls selected from suspected renal-cell carcinoma cases with final diagnosis other than cancer, matched on sex, age, urologist |
164 renal |
161 |
Gasoline, kerosene |
History of exposure to hydrocarbons obtained through mailed questionnaire, supplemented by telephone interview |
Univariate analysis |
Siemiatycki et al. 1987 |
Male cancer cases, 35–70 yr old, diagnosed in 19 large Montreal-area hospitals in 1979–1985 and histologically confirmed for several cancer sites; control series for each cancer type composed of other cancer cases (except lung) |
3,726 total cases |
Varied, depending on size of site under examination |
Automotive and aviation gasoline, kerosene, jet and diesel fuels, heating oils, crude oil |
In-person interviews with specific questions on details of each job subject had; analyzed, coded by team of chemists, industrial hygienists (about 300 exposures) on semiquantitative scales |
Mantel-Haenszel OR, logistic regression; age, ethnicity, SES, smoking, “dirtiness” index of job |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Siemiatycki et al. 1988 |
Male cancer cases, 35–70 yr old, diagnosed in 19 large Montreal-area hospitals in 1979–1985 and histologically confirmed for several cancer sites; control series for each cancer type composed of other cancer cases (except lung) |
3,726 total cases |
Varied, depending on size of site under examination |
Exhaust from gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, propane; combustion of propane, natural gas, liquid fuel, wood, coal, coke |
In-person interviews with specific questions on details of each job subject had; analyzed, coded by a team of chemists, industrial hygienists (about 300 exposures) on semiquantitative scales |
Mantel-Haenszel OR, logistic regression; age, ethnicity, SES, smoking, blue- or white-collar job history |
Silverman et al. 1989a |
Nonwhite cases, 21–84 years, in 10 US areas in 1977–1978 with histologic confirmation; controls identified through RDD (21–64 yr old) HCFA records (65–84 yr old), matched for age, geographic area |
126 bladder |
383 |
Petroleum workers, gasoline service stations |
In-person interview with questionnaire assessing job or industry titles; industries and job titles coded by study authors, grouped by potential exposures |
Logistic regression; smoking, age |
Silverman et al. 1989b |
White cases, 21–84 yr old, in 10 US areas in 1977–1978 with histologic confirmation; controls identified through RDD (21–64 yr old) and HCFA records (65–84 yr old), matched for age, geographic area |
2,100 bladder |
3,874 |
Petroleum-processing work |
In-person interview with questionnaire assessing job or industry titles; industries, job titles coded by study authors, grouped by potential exposures |
Logistic regression; smoking, age |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Spiegelman and Wegman 1985 |
Cases of colon and rectal cancer and cancer controls selected from sample of Third National Cancer Survey of incident cancers in seven US metropolitan areas in 1969–1971 |
370 colon, 175 rectal, 8 large intestine |
1,861 total |
Fuel oil |
Interviews conducted on primary, secondary occupations, industries, duration; exposure assignment according to NIOSH National Occupational Hazard Survey protocol |
Logistic regression; age, race, marital status, region, income group, educational level, body mass, nutritional scores |
Steenland et al. 1990 |
Deceased male lung-cancer cases identified through Central States Teamsters files in 1982–1983; controls selected as every sixth death from files, excluding lung and bladder cancers, motor-vehicle accidents |
994 lung |
1,085 |
Diesel or gasoline truck drivers; diesel exposure, nontruck drivers |
Interview with next of kin conducted through mail or telephone call assessing occupational history |
Unconditional logistic regression; age, smoking, asbestos |
Steenland et al. 1998 |
Deceased, male lung cancer cases identified through the Central States Teamsters files in 1982–1983; controls selected as every sixth death from files, excluding lung and bladder cancers and motor vehicle accidents |
994 lung |
1,085 |
Diesel emissions |
Interview with next of kin conducted through mail or telephone call assessing occupational history; diesel-emissions exposure calculations based on job history, number of data sources |
Logistic regression; age, race, smoking, diet, asbestos |
Steineck et al. 1990 |
Male urothelial-cancer cases, born 1911–1945, diagnosed in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1985–1987; controls randomly selected from population registers |
256 urothelial |
287 |
Petrol |
Subjects provided occupational histories, specified agents encountered; industrial hygienist used this information to assign exposure status |
Logistic regression; age, smoking |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Stemhagen et al. 1983 |
Liver-cancer cases identified through diagnosis in New Jersey hospitals in 1975–1980 or from death certificates in 1975–1979, all with histologic confirmation; controls selected from hospital records, death certificates, matched for age, race, sex, county of residence |
265 liver |
530 |
Gasoline service-station attendants |
In-person interview (direct or proxy) to assess occupational history (job titles) |
Mantel-Haenszel OR |
Swanson et al. 1993 |
Male lung-cancer cases, 40–84 yr old, identified through the Occupational Cancer Incidence Surveillance Study, diagnosed in Detroit, Michigan, in 1984–1987; cases of colon and rectum cancer, identified in same way, served as control group |
3,792 lung |
1,966 |
Drivers of heavy and light trucks, garage and service-station workers |
Telephone interview (direct or proxy) assessing lifetime occupational history; job titles coded |
Logistic regression; age, pack-years of cigarette-smoking, race |
Teschke et al. 1997 |
Bladder-cancer cases, 19 yr old and older, registered with British Columbia Cancer Agency in 1990–1991 with histologic confirmation; controls selected from provincial voters list matched on age, sex |
105 bladder |
139 |
Chemical, petroleum workers |
In-person or telephone interview with questionnaire assessing occupational histories and self-reported exposures |
Adjusted ORs; sex, age, cigarette smoking |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Viadana et al. 1976 |
White male cancer cases and nonneoplastic controls admitted to Roswell Park Memorial Institute in 1956–1965, comprising 17 cancer sites, 13 occupations |
11,591 total participants |
Bus, taxicab, truck drivers; mechanics, repairmen; delivery and route men; locomotive engineers, firemen |
Self-reported lifetime occupational histories collected |
Relative risk; smoking, age |
|
West et al. 1995 |
Cases of myelodysplastic syndrome, age 15 yr old or older, from areas of UK; controls selected from outpatient clinics and inpatient wards, matched for age, sex, area of residence, hospital, year of diagnosis |
400 myelodysplastic syndrome |
400 |
Petroleum products, diesels or petrols, exhaust gases |
In-person interview with questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational, exposure history; duration, intensity of exposure (self-reports) |
Matched pairs analysis; matching variables |
Williams et al. 1989 |
Light chain MM cases identified through SEER tumor registries in four geographic areas, under 80 yr old newly diagnosed in 1977–1981; population controls identified through RDD and population survey of four geographic areas |
69 light chain MM |
1,683 |
Aliphatic hydrocarbons (including gas, diesel, kerosene) |
Interviews (direct or proxy) with standardized questionnaire to assess occupational history, specific exposure agents |
Mantel-Haenszel ORs; sex, age, race, study area |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Xu et al. 1996 |
Lung-cancer cases, 30–70 yr old, diagnosed among residents of Shenyang, China, in 1985–1987; controls randomly selected from population registers and matched on age, sex distribution; subcohort of 610 cases, 959 controls active or retired from Anshan Iron-Steel Complex was analyzed with respect to benzo[a]pyrene exposure |
1,249 lung |
1,345 |
Kang, coal, gas, indoor air pollution, Benzo[a]pyrene |
Interview with standardized questionnaire assessing cooking habits; indoor air-pollution index generated from questions on cooking fuel, place of cooking, weighted by duration; benzo[a]pyrene exposure assigned to subcohort on basis of indoor, outdoor measurements, person’s job history |
RR/ORs; age, education, smoking |
Yu et al. 1990 |
Nasopharyngeal-cancer cases, under 50 yr old, identified among residents of Guanzhou City, China, from files of Sun Yat-Sen University Tumor Hospital in 1983–1985; neighborhood controls selected, matched on sex, age |
306 nasopharyngeal |
306 |
Combustion products |
Interview with standardized questionnaire assessing occupational, dietary factors |
Conditional logistic regression; matched pairs, age, sex, dietary factors, birthplace, marital status |
Zheng et al. 1992 |
Oral- and pharyngeal-cancer cases, 20–75 yr old, identified through population-based cancer registry as newly diagnosed in 1988–1990; controls randomly selected from Shanghai Resident Registry, matched on age, sex |
204 oral and pharyngeal |
414 |
Petroleum products, kerosene-stove use |
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifestyle factors |
Chi-squared test |
Reference |
Population |
Number of Cases |
Number of Controls |
Relevant Exposures |
Exposure Assessment |
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders |
Zheng et al. 1994 |
Nasopharyngeal-cancer cases diagnosed beginning in 1986 at Wuzhou Cancer Institute or Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Institute of Zangwu, China, with histologic confirmation; neighborhood controls selected, matched on sex, age, place of residence |
88 nasopharyngeal |
176 |
Wood-fuel use |
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifestyle factors |
Conditional logistic regression; matched pairs, sociodemographic score |
Zheng et al. 1996 |
Cases of salivary-gland cancer, 20–75 yr old, identified through the Shanghai cancer registry and diagnosed in 1988–1990; controls randomly selected through Shanghai Resident Registry, matched on sex, age |
41 salivary gland |
414 |
Petroleum products, kerosene, coal, gas |
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing job history, household exposures, and dietary factors |
Mantel-Haenszel OR; sex, age, income |
Zheng et al. 2002 |
Bladder-cancer cases, age 40–85 yr old, identified and histologically confirmed by State Health Registry of Iowa among Iowa residents in 1986–1989; controls randomly selected through driver’s license records (under 65 yr old) or HCFA listing (65 yr old and older), matched on sex, age |
1,452 bladder |
2,434 |
Petroleum, coal products industry, petroleum-refining industry |
Mailed questionnaires obtained lifetime occupational histories of all jobs held 5 yr or more |
Unconditional logistic regression; age, lifetime pack-years of cigarette-smoking, family history of bladder cancer |
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