APPENDIX B
Emission Rates for Electrical Generation
TABLE B-1 Annual Emission Rates for Electrical Generating Units (lb/MWh)
Data Set |
Geographic Area |
Period |
Generation Type |
CO2 |
NOx |
SO2 |
eGrid 2000a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
USA |
50 U.S. states |
2000 |
System average |
1,392 |
3.0 |
6.0 |
MAH States |
MD, PA, VA, WV, DC |
2000 |
System average |
1,426 |
3.5 |
9.7 |
USA |
50 U.S. states |
2000 |
Coal |
2,188 |
4.8 |
10.9 |
MAH States |
MD, PA, VA, WV, DC |
2000 |
Coal |
2,053 |
5.0 |
14.1 |
USA |
50 U.S. states |
2000 |
Natural gas |
1,187 |
1.7 |
0.3 |
MAH States |
MD, PA, VA, WV, DC |
2000 |
Natural gas |
878 |
1.0 |
0.3 |
BLM EISb |
Western U.S. |
Pre-1991 |
Coal |
2,860 |
15.4 |
15.4 |
BLM EISb |
Western U.S. |
Pre-2001 |
Natural gas |
1,200 |
0.0 |
1.3 |
PJM 2005c |
PJM grid system |
2005 |
System average |
1,292 |
2.6 |
8.5 |
RSG-ERT SIPd |
MD, PA, WV, VA |
Pre-2003 |
Coal |
2,113 |
5.7 |
17.7 |
RSG-ERT VAe |
VA, WV |
2004 |
Primarily coal |
2,037 |
3.9 |
5.3 |
ISO-NEf |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2000 |
New England |
2000 |
Marginal units |
1,488 |
1.9 |
6.2 |
2004 |
New England |
2004 |
Marginal units |
1,102 |
0.5 |
2.0 |
2000 |
New England |
2000 |
System average |
913 |
1.1 |
3.9 |
2005 |
New England |
2004 |
System average |
876 |
0.8 |
2.3 |
OTCg |
|
|
|
|
|
|
NY |
NY |
2002 |
System average |
810 |
1.2 |
2.7 |
NE |
New England |
2002 |
System average |
1,000 |
1.1 |
3.3 |
PJM |
PJM grid system |
2002 |
System average |
1,180 |
2.3 |
8.0 |
NESCAUMh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Greenpoint |
NY |
1999 |
System average |
944 |
1.5 |
4.4 |
Exelon |
PJM grid system |
1998 |
System average |
1,199 |
2.8 |
9.0 |
aeGRID 2006. bBLM 2005a. cPJM 2006b. dHathaway et al. 2005. eHigh and Hathaway 2006. fISO New England Inc. 2006. gKeith et al. 2002. hNESCAUM 2002. NOTE: The committee has not assessed the uncertainty associated with the numbers presented. |
TABLE B-2 Wind Resource Database: Standard Version, May 2005a
State |
Data Sourceb |
State |
Data Sourceb |
Arizona |
N/TWS 2003 |
Nebraska |
N/TWS 2005 |
Alabama |
PNL 1987 |
New Hampshire |
N/TWS 2002 |
Arkansas |
PNL 1987 |
New Jersey |
N/TWS 2003 |
California |
N/TWS 2003 |
New Mexico |
N/TWS 2003 |
Colorado |
N/TWS 2003 |
New York |
PNL 1987 |
Connecticut |
N/TWS 2002 |
North Carolina |
N/TWS 2003 |
Delaware |
N/TWS 2003 |
North Dakota |
NREL 2000 |
Florida |
PNL 1987 |
Ohio |
N/TWS 2004 |
Georgia |
PNL 1987 |
Oklahoma |
PNL 1987 |
Idaho |
N/TWS 2002 |
Oregon |
N/TWS 2002 |
Illinois |
NREL 2001 |
Pennsylvania |
N/TWS 2003 |
Indiana |
N/TWS 2004 |
Rhode Island |
N/TWS 2002 |
Iowa |
PNL 1987 |
South Carolina |
PNL 1987 |
Kansas |
PNL 1987 |
South Dakota |
NREL 2000 |
Kentucky |
PNL 1987 |
Tennessee |
PNL 1987 |
Louisiana |
PNL 1987 |
Texas |
PNL 1987 |
Maine |
N/TWS 2002 |
|
NREL 2000 |
Maryland |
N/TWS 2003 |
Vermont |
N/TWS 2002 |
Massachusetts |
N/TWS 2002 |
Virginia |
N/TWS 2003 |
Michigan |
N/TWS 2005 |
Washington |
N/TWS 2002 |
Minnesota |
PNL 1987 |
West Virginia |
N/TWS 2003 |
Mississippi |
PNL 1987 |
Wisconsin |
PNL 1987 |
Missouri |
N/TWS 2004 |
Wyoming |
N/TWS 2002 |
Montana |
N/TWS 2002 |
|
|
aData source and exclusion criteria for U.S. wind potential map coverage provided on March 16, 2006, by National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO. bYrSource: Yr = Year validated (1987 to present); Source = PNL, NREL, or N/TWS (NREL with AWS TrueWind). NOTE: PNL data resolution is 1/4 degree of latitude by 1/3 degree of longitude; each cell has a terrain exposure percent (5% for ridgecrest to 90% for plains) to define base resource area in each cell. Ridgecrest areas have 10% of the area assigned to the next higher power class. NREL data were generated with the WRAMS model and do not account for surface roughness. Resolution is 1 km. Texas includes the Texas mesas study area updated by NREL using WRAMS. N/TWS data was generated by AWS TrueWind and validated by NREL. Resolution is 400 m for the northwest states (WA, OR, ID, MT, and WY) and 200 m everywhere else. These data consider surface roughness in their estimates. |
TABLE B-3 Wind Resource Exclusion Database:a Criteria for Defining Available Windy Landb
Criteria |
Data/Comments |
Environmental |
|
(2) 100% exclusion of National Park Service and Fish and Wildlife Service managed lands. |
USGS Federal and Indian Lands shapefile, Jan. 2005. |
(3) 100% exclusion of federal lands designated as park, wilderness, wilderness study area, national monument, national battlefield, recreation area, national conservation area, wildlife refuge, wildlife area, wild and scenic river, or inventoried roadless area. |
USGS Federal and Indian Lands shapefile, Jan. 2005. |
(4) 100% exclusion of state and private lands equivalent to criteria 2 and 3, where GIS data are available. |
State/GAP land stewardship data management status 1, from Conservation Biology Institute Protected Lands database, 2004. |
(8) 50% exclusion of remaining USDA Forest Service (FS) lands (incl. National Grasslands). |
USGS Federal and Indian Lands shapefile, Jan. 2005. |
(9) 50% exclusion of remaining Dept. of Defense lands. |
USGS Federal and Indian Lands shapefile, Jan. 2005. |
(10) 50% exclusion of state forest land, where GIS data is available. |
State/GAP land stewardship data management status 2, from Conservation Biology Institute Protected Lands database, 2004. |
Land Use |
|
(5) 100% exclusion of airfields, urban, wetland, and water areas. |
USGS North America Land Use Land Cover (LULC), version 2.0, 1993; ESRI airports and airfields (2003). |
(11) 50% exclusion of non-ridgecrest forest.c |
Ridgecrest areas defined using a terrain definition script, overlaid with USGS LULC data screened for the forest categories. |
Other |
|
(1) Exclude areas of slope >20%. D |
Derived from elevation data used in the wind resource model. |
(6) 100% exclude 3 km surrounding criteria 2-5 (except water). |
Merged datasets and buffer 3 km. |
(7) Exclude resource areas that do not meet a density of 5 km2 of class 3 or better resource within the surrounding 100 km2 area. |
Focalsum function of class 3+ areas (not applied to 1987 PNL resource data). |
aStandard Version, last revised Jan. 2004. bNumbered in the order they are applied. c50% exclusions are not cumulative. If an area is non-ridgecrest forest on FS land, it is just excluded at the 50% level one time. |