Handbook for Analyzing the Costs and Benefits of Alternative Aviation Turbine Engine Fuels at Airports (2011)

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49 A P P E N D I X D Summary of Emission Factors and Emission Indices D.1 Sulfur Properties Relating to Diesel Fuel Combustion Table D-1. EPA-estimated sulfur content of NONROAD diesel fuel, which is assumed in EDMS. Study Year Sulfur Content in Weight Percent (Soxbas) (48 States) 2006 0.2249 2007 0.1140 2008 0.0348 2009 0.0348 2010 0.0163 2011 0.0031 2012 0.0031 2013 0.0031 2014 0.0019 2015 0.0011 Table D-2. Assumed fraction of diesel fuel sulfur that is converted to particulate matter. Years Sulfur Conversion Efficiency (Soxcnv) Through 2010 0.02247 After 2010 0.131 Sources: • U.S. EPA. Diesel Fuel Sulfur Inputs for the Draft NONROAD2004 Model. April 27, 2004. http://www.epa.gov/OMS/models/nonrdmdl/nonrdmdl2004/sulfur.txt. Accessed January 30, 2009. • U.S. EPA. Exhaust and Crankcase Emission Factors for Nonroad Engine Modeling—Compression-Ignition NR-009c. April 2004.

50 Table D-3: Emissions scaling relationships for nitrogen oxides, unburned hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide. Source: Donohoo (2010). Fuel Type NOx HC CO SPK 0.87 x xGSE SPK NO GSE diesel NO E E 0.55GSE SPK HC GSE diesel HCE E 0.61GSE SPK CO GSE diesel COE E ULSJ 0.84 x xGSE ULSJ NO GSE diesel NO E E 0.90GSE ULSJ HC GSE diesel HCE E 0.66GSE ULSJ CO GSE diesel COE E Blend (ULSJ with %/100 SPK) 0.87 0.84 1 x xGSE ALT NO GSE diesel NO E E 0.55 0.90 1 GSE ALT HC GSE diesel HCE E 0.61 0.66 1 GSE ALT CO GSE diesel COE E Table D-4. Emissions scaling relationships for sulfur oxides. Source: Donohoo (2010). Fuel Type SOx Through 2010 (soxbas from Table D.1) SOx Post 2011 SPK 2 2 0.0015 GSE SPK SO GSE diesel SOE E soxbas 2 2GSE SPK SO GSE diesel SO E E ULSJ 2 2 0.0015 GSE ULSJ SO GSE diesel SOE E soxbas 2 2GSE ULSJ SO GSE diesel SO E E Blend (ULSJ with %/100 SPK) 2 2 0.0015 GSE ALT SO GSE diesel SOE E soxbas 2 2GSE ALT SO GSE diesel SO E E Table D-5. Emissions scaling relationships for total PM. Source: Donohoo (2010). Fuel Type PM Through 2010 PM Post 2010 SPK 0.48GSE SPK PM GSE diesel PME E 0.48GSE SPK PM GSE diesel PME E ULSJ 0.48GSE ULSJ PM GSE diesel PME E 0.48GSE ULSJ PM GSE diesel PME E Blend (ULSJ with % /100 SPK) 0.48 1GSE ALT PM GSE diesel PME E 0.48GSE ALT PM GSE diesel PME E Table D-6. Combustion CO2 emissions. Source: Donohoo (2010). Fuel Type COMBUSTION CO2 (Fuel in Kg, CO2 in Kg) SPK 2 44Fuel burn 0.85 12GSE SPK CO dieselE ULSJ 2 44Fuel burn 0.86 12GSE ULSJ CO dieselE D.3 Ground Support Equipment Fuel Use The diesel fuel use was back-calculated from the estimated sulfur oxide emissions according to Equation D.1. Soxcnv is given in Table D.2. Soxbas is a function of the year of the study as given in Table D.1. 2( ) 1 0.01 2diesel grams SOFuelBurn soxcnv soxbas Equation D.1 D.4 Main Gas Turbine Emissions Scaling Factors Table D-7. Fuel burn ratios. Source: Hileman et al. (2010). Fuel Type Fuel Burn Change (relative to Jet A) Ratio to Jet A, Jet A –0.5% to 0.5% 1.000 ULSJ –0.8% to 0.2% 0.997 SPK –1.6% to –2.3% 0.978 D.2 Ground Support Equipment Emissions Scaling Factors

51 Table D-9. Emissions scaling relationships for sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and unburned hydrocarbons. Source: Donohoo (2010). Fuel Type SOx NOx HC SPK EAC − SPK − SOx = ΔSPK · EAC − Jet − SOx 0.022 EAC − SPK − NOx = ΔSPK · EAC − Jet − NOx EAC − SPK − HC = ΔSPK · EAC − Jet − HC ULSJ EAC − ULSJ − SOx = ΔULSJ · EAC − Jet − SOx · 0.022 EAC − ULSJ − NOx = ΔULSJ · EAC − Jet − NOx EAC − ULSJ − HC = ΔULSJ · EAC − Jet − HC Blend (ULSJ with β%/100 SPK) EAC − ALT − SOx = EAC − Jet − SOx · 0.022 · [β · ΔSPK + (1 − β ) · ΔULSJ] EAC − ALT − NOx = EAC − Jet − NOx · [β · ΔSPK + (1 − β) · ΔULSJ] EAC − ALT − HC = EAC − Jet − HC · [β · ΔSPK + (1 − β) · ΔULSJ] Blend (Jet A with τ%/100 SPK) EAC − ALT − SOx = EAC − Jet − SOx · [0.022 · τ ΔSPK + (1 − τ)] EAC − ALT − NOx = EAC − Jet − NOx · [ τ · ΔSPK + (1 − τ)] EAC − ALT − HC = EAC − Jet − HC · [ τ · ΔSPK + (1− τ)] Table D-10. Emissions scaling relationships for carbon monoxide. Source: Donohoo (2010). Fuel Type CO SPK EAC − SPK − CO = ΔSPK · EAC − Jet − CO ULSJ EAC − ULSJ − CO = ΔULSJ · EAC − Jet − CO Blend (ULSJ with β%/100 SPK) EAC − ALT − CO = EAC − Jet − CO · [β · ΔSPK + (1 − β) · ΔULSJ] Blend (Jet A with τ%/100 SPK) EAC − ALT − CO = EAC − Jet − CO · [ τ ·ΔSPK + (1 − τ)] Table D-11. Emissions scaling relationships for PMNV, PMS, and PMFO. Source: Donohoo (2010). Fuel Type PMNV (43%) PMS (41%) PMFO (16%) SPK EAC − SPK − PMNV = ΔSPK · EAC − Jet − PMNV · 0.24 EAC − SPK − PMSO = ΔSPK · EAC − Jet − PMSO · 0.022 EAC − SPK − PMFO = ΔSPK · EAC − Jet − PMFO ULSJ EAC − ULSJ − PMNV = ΔULSJ · EAC − Jet − PMNV EAC − ULSJ − PMSO = ΔULSJ · EAC − Jet − PMSO · 0.022 EAC − ULSJ − PMFO = ΔULS · EAC − Jet − PMFO Table D-8. Fuel burn scaling relationships. Source: Donohoo (2010). Fuel Type Fuel Burn SPK EAC − SPK − FuelBurn = ΔSPK · EAC − Jet − FuelBurn ULSJ EAC − ULSJ − C FuelBurn = ΔULSJ · EAC − Jet − FuelBurn Blend (ULSJ with β%/100 SPK) EAC − ALT − FuelBurn = EAC − Jet − FuelBurn · [β · ΔSPK + (1 − β) · ΔULSJ] Blend (Jet A with τ%/100 SPK) EAC − ALT − FuelBurn = EAC − Jet − FuelBurn · [ τ · ΔSPK + (1 − τ)] Blend (ULSJ with up to 50% SPK) EAC − ALT − PMNV = EAC − Jet − PMNV · [0.58 · β · ΔSPK + (1 − β)·ΔULSJ ] EAC − ALT − PMSO = ( EAC − Jet − PMSO · 0.022) · [β · ΔSPK + (1 − β) ΔULSJ] EAC − ALT − PMFO = EAC − Jet − PMFO · [β · ΔSPK + (1 − β ) · ΔULSJ] Blend (Jet A with up to 50% SPK) EAC − ALT − PMNV = EAC − Jet − PMNV · [0.58 · τ · ΔSPK +(1 − τ) ] EAC − ALT − PMSO = ( EAC − Jet − PMSO · 0.022) ·[ τ ·ΔSPK + (1− τ)] EAC − ALT − PMFO = EAC − Jet − PMFO · [ τ · ΔSPK + (1 − τ)] Table D-12. Emissions scaling relationships for total PM. Source: Donohoo (2010). Fuel Type PM-TOTAL PM-TOTAL SPK EAC − SPK − PM = ΔSPK · EAC − Jet − PM · (0.24 · 0.43 + 0.022 · 0.41 + 0.16) EAC − SPK − PM = ΔSPK · EAC − Jet − PM · 0.27222 ULSJ EAC − ULSJ − PM = ΔULSJ · EAC − Jet − PM · (0.43 + 0.022 · 0.41 + 0.16) EAC − ULSJ − PM = ΔULSJ · EAC − Jet − PM · 0.59902 Blend (ULSJ with up to 50% SPK) EAC − ALT − PM = EAC − Jet − PM · {[(β · ΔSPK) · (0.58 · 0.43 + 0.022 · 0.41 + 0.16)] + [((1 − β) ΔULSJ ) ·· (0.43 + 0.022 · 0.41 + 0.16)]} EAC − ALT − PM = EAC − Jet − PM · {[(β · ΔSPK) 0.41842] + [((1 − β) ΔULSJ ) · 0.59902]} Blend (Jet A with up to 50% SPK) EAC − ALT − PM = EAC − Jet − PM · {[(τ · ΔSPK) · (0.58 · 0.43 + 0.022 0.41 + 0.16)] + [(1 − τ ) · (0.43 + 0.022 · 0.41 + 0.16)]} EAC − ALT − PM = EAC − Jet − PM · {[(τ · ΔSPK) 0.41842] + [(1 − τ ) · 0.59902]} Table D-13. Combustion CO2 emissions indices. Source: Hileman et al. (2010). Fuel Type Combustion CO2(g CO2/MJ) Specific Energy (MJ/Kg) Jet A 73.2 43.2 ULSJ 72.9 43.3 Diesel 72.6 41.8 SPK 70.4 44.1 · · · · ·