Index
A
Adequacy of implementation of FDCA
committee deliberations on, 73-80
compliance and, 5
consumer interest group views on, 72-73
criteria for determining, 4-7, 31, 80-82
definition of adequate, 4, 64, 69-70, 73, 80
enforcement and, 4, 5, 74, 77-78, 81, 142-144
evaluation process, 5-6, 30-33, 73-76
industry views on, 71-72
nonregulatory indicators of, 5, 76-78
State and local views on, 69-71
State requirements as indicators, 78-80
Administrative Conference of the United States, 66
Administrative Procedure Act, 66, 67
Adulteration of foods
honey, 119
poi, 125
pre-1900 concerns, 37
1900-1940, 41
noninjurious, 42
Advisory Committee on the Food and Drug Administration, 143-144
Advisory opinions
defined, 67
documents accorded status of, 76-77
implementation of FDCA with, 6-7, 66-67
procedure for obtaining, 76
significance given by Committee to, 6-7
wild rice, 126
Alabama requirements
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 196
honey, 119 n.10
materials provided to Committee, 184
misleading containers, 93
prominence of required information, 100
Alaska requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12
common or usual name, 121
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 196
materials provided to Committee, 184
misleading containers, 93
Animal Drugs Amendments of 1968, 47
Apples, 196-201
Arizona Consumers Council, 113, 196
Arizona requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12, 131
bottled water, 116 n.8
common or usual names, 110
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 196
materials provided to Committee, 185
placement of required information, 101 n.6
Arkansas requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12
common or usual names, 121
discrepancies between federal requirements and, 196
honey, 119 n.10
materials provided to Committee, 184
placement of required information, 99 n.1, 100 n.3
Armour meat products, 40
Artificial flavorings, colorings, or chemical preservatives, 29, 44
in bulk foods, 131
common or usual names, 127, 128, 131, 134-135
in dairy products, 130
discrepancies between Federal and State requirements, 129, 197, 200
enforcement activity, 128, 132-133
exemptions from declaration, 134-135
Federal requirements, 127-132
food innovations and, 59
industry opposition to legislation, 41
mixtures of preservatives, 131
prohibitions in specific foods, 130
prominence of required information, 101
quantity restrictions, 131
in restaurant/bakery foods, 132, 133
safety regulation, 47
in specific foods, 130
State requirements, 129-133, 134
sulfites, 128, 129, 132, 133, 196, 200, 201
Association of Food and Drug Officials (AFDO), 31, 32
membership, 55-56
Model Bottled Water Regulation, 18, 116-117, 217
purpose, 39-40
Uniform State Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Bill, 8, 55, 58
views on factors influencing adequacy of implementation, 69, 143
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 39
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 39
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, 32
B
Beverages
colors, flavors, and preservatives, 131, 197, 199, 200
fruit, 112
nonalcoholic, 101
powdered mixes, 93
water component in flavored products, 116
Blended foods, 44, 100-101, 123
Borden Foods, 153
Bottled water labeling
AFDO Model Regulation, 18, 116-117, 216
carbonation, 117
case study, 209-217
Committee conclusions, 9, 18, 117, 217
common or usual name, 18, 110, 111-112, 115, 116, 209-210
Congressional scrutiny, 213-217
discrepancies between Federal and State requirements, 196-200
distilled water, 212
false and misleading claims, 18, 117
Federal requirements, 204, 209
Good Manufacturing Practice for, 116, 212-213
identifying terms, 115
industry perspective on, 106
standards of identity, 18
standards of quality, 104, 111, 115, 116, 209, 210-213
State requirements, 70, 89, 110, 111-112, 116, 204, 217
water component in flavored beverage products, 116
Bulk foods, 43, 127, 196, 197, 199
Burditt, George, 145
Bureau of Enforcement Guideline, 128
C
California requirements
artificial colors and flavors, 130, 131
bottled water, 70, 110, 116 n.8
common or usual names, 110
container fill, 13, 92, 94, 95, 97
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 196
honey, 119 n.10
materials provided to Committee, 185
olive and vegetable oils, 123
placement of required information, 99 n.1, 100
Caramel, 128
Case law
Hobby Industry Association of America, Inc. v. Younger, 94
U.S. v. 30 Cases, 105
U.S. v. 46 Cases, 98
U.S. v. 62 Cases, 105
U.S. v. 70 Gross Bottles, 99
U.S. v. 88 Cases, 88
US. v. 95 Barrels, 88
U.S. v. 116 Boxes, 92
U.S. v. 174 Cases (Delson Thin Mints), 92
U.S. v. 274 Boxes, 99
U.S. v. Antonio Corrao Corp., 129
U.S. v. Caraldo, 92
U.S. v. Sullivan, 129
Catsup, 130
Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI), views on adequacy of FDCA implementation, 72, 96, 102, 133, 149
Cereals, 93
Cholesterol labeling terminology, 53
Cider, cider vinegar, and other vinegar products, 9, 18, 88, 100, 110, 112, 117-118, 130, 197, 198, 199, 208
Citrus products, 10, 18-19, 44, 111, 118-119, 131, 196
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 21, Parts and Sections (§)
Part 1, 67
§1.20, 58
§1.21, 58
§1.24, 88
§70.3(f), 127
Part 74, 128
§101.1158, 98
§101.4, 58
§101.5, 58
§101.10, 129
§101.15, 58
§101.22, 58, 127-128, 131, 133, 135, 136
§101.35, 135
Part 102, 17, 58, 59, 66, 89, 107, 108, 112, 113-114, 120, 204
§105.62, 135
§105.65, 135
Part 129, 116, 204, 212-213, 217
Part 139, 124
Part 161, 206
§168.40, 206
§172.510, 127
§172.515, 127
§182.10, 127
§182.60, 127
§182.3739-.3862, 128
Part 184, 127
preambles to regulations, 6, 7, 66, 67, 76
Color Additive Amendments, 47, 126
Colorado requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 131
honey, 119 n.10
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 196
materials provided to Committee, 185
placement of required information, 99 n.1
blended oils, 123-124
CFR list, 108
delay in establishment of, 90
Federal requirements, 107-110
flavorings, 127
imitation, alternative, and substitute food products, 109-110
overlap with standards of quality and identity, 7, 80, 89, 110
petition process, 17, 90, 107, 108-109
preservatives, 128
purpose of, 88-89
rulemaking on, 66
for specific foods, 17-22, 89, 114-122
State requirements, 110-112
violations, 77
see also individual foods;
FDCA Section 403(i)(1)
Compliance Policy Guides, 7, 20, 76, 121, 122, 124
Connecticut requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12, 132, 133
cider products, 118 n.9
common or usual names, 110
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 196
honey, 119 n.10
materials provided to Committee, 185
misleading containers, 94
preservatives, 129
prominence of required information, 99 n.1, 100 nn.2, 4, 101
Constitutional Convention of 1789, 37-38
Consumer education, 28, 51, 54
Consumer interest groups
views on adequacy of FDA implementation of FDCA, 71-72, 89, 96, 102 , 113, 133-134
see also individual groups
Consumer Product Safety Commission, 150
Container fill, see Misleading containers;
Slack fill;
Standards of quality and fill
Crawford, Bob, 142-143
D
Dairy products, see Milk, milk products, and other dairy products
Delaware requirements
bottled water, 116 n.8
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 196
prominence of required information, 99 n.1
Dietary recommendations, and food descriptors, 109
Dietary supplements, 52
Dingell, John D, 213-214
District of Columbia, food and drug legislation, 37
E
Economic costs of nonuniformity, 23, 25
to consumers, 153
information requested on, 33
interstate commerce and, 43, 44, 47, 50
legal confrontations, 153, 156
monitoring of State legislative and regulatory activities, 153, 154 -155
practical value of uniform labeling, 157-159
product negotiations with individual States, 153, 155-156
product retrieval, relabeling, and scrapping, 154, 156-157
Enforcement of Federal requirements
and adequacy of FDCA implementation, 4, 5, 74, 77-78, 81
concerns about, 23-24, 90, 142-144
court actions, 65;
see also Case law
defined, 74
FDA priorities, 74
fiscal and resource constraints on, 23-24, 74, 78, 142, 144, 145, 148, 159, 215-216
formal remedies, 146
informal remedies, 44, 74-75, 146-147
under multiple sections of FDCA, 77, 86, 87
prior notification requirement, 29, 145, 146
sanctions, 44
State concerns about, 32
uniform code for, 148
Enzyme technology, 45
Europe, standardization of labeling, 158-159
Executive Order 12612, 68, 152
Extrusion of carbohydrate and protein foods, 45
F
Fair Packaging and Labeling Act of 1966
implementing regulations, 47
nonfunctional slack fill provision, 12, 14, 92, 97
preemption of State regulation, 47
statement of identity, 107
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 (FDCA)
advisory opinions and implementation of, 66-67
amendments, 47, 52, 65, 116, 126
automatic adoption by States, 55, 70-71
court enforcement actions, 65
enforcement by States, 29
food defined, 43-44
interstate commerce jurisdiction, 47
overlap in provisions of, 1, 86
purpose of misbranding provisions, 3, 46
rulemaking authority and activities, 65, 66
violations of labeling provisions, 46
see also Adequacy of implementation of FDCA
FD&C Yellow Dye No. 5, 128
FDCA Section 201(f), 43-44
FDCA Section 401, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, 91, 92, 103, 120, 210, 211
FDCA Section 402, 87, 88, 128, 136
FDCA Section 403(a)(1), 4, 77, 80
FDCA Section 403(b), 1, 11-12, 28, 87-90
adequacy of implementation, 9, 77
case law, 88
Committee conclusions and recommendations, 9, 12, 90
consumer perspective on, 11-12, 89
enforcement of, 89
exempted foods, 88
Federal and State requirements compared, 11-12, 87-89
industry perspective on, 11-12, 89
overlap with FDCA Section 403(i)(1), 11-12, 87
see also Food sold under the name of another food;
Section 403(i)(1)
FDCA Section 403(c) preemption date, 29, 63
FDCA Section 403(d), 28
Committee conclusions and recommendations, 9, 13-14, 96-97
consumer perspective on, 13, 96
Federal and State requirements compared, 12-14, 72-73, 90-92
industry perspective on, 13, 95
packaging innovations and potential violations, 59
related statutory sections, 92
see also Misleading container, Slack fill
FDCA Section 403(e), 4, 29, 77, 80
FDCA Section 403(f), 1, 14-15, 28, 97-103
case law, 98-99
Committee conclusions and recommendations, 9, 14-15, 102-103
consumer perspective on, 14, 102
Federal and State requirements compared, 14-15, 97-101
implementing regulations, 14, 98
industry perspective on, 14, 102
packaging innovations and potential violations, 59
see also Prominence of required information
FDCA Section 403(h), 1, 15-16, 28, 103-106
case law, 104-105
Committee conclusions and recommendations, 9, 16, 106
consumer perspective on, 106
Federal and State requirements compared, 15-16, 72-73, 103-105
industry perspective on, 105-106
related statutory provisions, 15, 92, 101
see also Standards of quality and fill
FDCA Section 403(i)(1), 2 16-21, 28, 107-126, 209-210
adequacy of implementation, 9-11, 77
Committee conclusions and recommendations, 9-11, 17, 113-126
distinction from FDCA Section 403(b), 87
enforcement of, 17
Federal and State requirements compared, 16-17, 107-112
industry perspective on, 17, 112-113
nomenclature issues, 59
overlap with other statutory provisions, 11-12, 110
see also Common or usual name
FDCA Section 403(i)(2), 4, 28, 77, 80
FDCA Section 403(k), 2, 22-23, 28, 59, 126-136
case law, 129
Committee conclusions and recommendations, 11, 22-23, 134-136
consumer perspective on, 22, 133-134
exemptions from, 127
Federal and State requirements compared, 16-17, 22-23, 126-133
implementing regulations, 127-128
industry perspective on, 22, 133
related statutory provisions, 16, 101
see also Artificial flavorings, colorings, or chemical preservatives
FDCA Section 403(q), 29
FDCA Section 403(r), 29
FDCA Section 410, 116
FDCA Section 701(a), 65
FDCA Section 706(a), 65
Federal Register notices, use of, 76
Federal Trade Commission, 3, 52
Fish List, The 10, 21, 67, 120, 122
Fish
common or usual names, 120-121
discrepancies between Federal and State requirements, 196, 204
misleading containers, 93
nonstandardized products, 59, 89
red snapper, 121
Florida requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12
common or usual names, 19, 111, 116 n.8
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 196
enforcement concerns, 142-143
honey, 119 n.10
materials provided to Committee, 185
misleading containers, 93
prominence of required information, 100 n.3
standards of fill of container, 105
Foam-mat drying, 44-45
Food, statutory definition, 43
Food additives
guidance on safety studies, 67
legislation, 126-127
see also Artificial flavorings, colorings, or chemical preservatives
Food Additives Amendment of 1958, 47, 126
Food and Drug Administration, 3
authority under NLEA, 54
cooperative relationship with States, 23, 24, 142, 147-149
expenditures on food activities, 56, 57
Fish List, The 67
food program categories, 56
joint initiatives with States, 56-57
National, Regional, and State Telecommunications Network (NRSTEN), 31, 32
preemption policy, 69-69, 151-153
Red Book, The 67
review and reform of food labeling, 52, 53
Food descriptors, 28, 52, 54, 102, 106, 109
Food industry
concerns about nonuniformity of regulations, 27-28
protectionist requirements, 69
support of legislation by, 42, 54
views on adequacy of FDA implementation of FDCA, 71-72, 89, 95, 102 , 105-106, 112-113, 133
Food labeling
Federal and State requirements compared, 7-23, 85-136
value of uniformity in, 39
Food labels
Food labels
format, 14, 52, 53, 54, 102, 104
prior approval, 43
Food production and marketing
before 1900, 36
1900-1940, 40
1940-1970, 44-46
1970-1990, 48-50
diverting network, 49-50
innovations in, 44-45
Food products, evolution of, 3, 36, 40, 49
Food safety
common or usual names and, 21, 113, 122, 128, 135-136
guidance on studies, 67
warning statements on labels, 22, 134, 136
Food sold under the name of another food, 29, 77, 87-90
see also FDCA Section 403(b)
Fortification/enrichment of foods, 46, 52
Freshly prepared and catered products, 49
Fruit juices, 19, 110, 111, 118, 200
Frozen desserts, 100, 112, 199, 200, 201
G
Georgia requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12
common or usual names, 111, 125
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 196
honey, 119 n.10
materials provided to Committee, 185
misleading containers, 95
Vidalia onions, 10, 21, 125, 196
Good Manufacturing Practice, 116, 212-213
Grading systems, 19, 118, 119, 123, 196, 197
Grain mixtures, 198
Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (A&P), 36, 40
Grits, 198
Grocery Manufacturers of America (GMA), views on FDCA implementation , 72, 89, 105, 106-107, 113, 145, 153
Grocery stores
self-serve, 40
H
Harden, Betty, 143
Hawaii requirements
common or usual names, 112
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197
materials provided to Committee, 185
oriental noodle products, 124
standards of identity, 124, 125
Health and organic foods, 45
Health and nutrition claims, 4, 28, 29
petition mechanism under NLEA 54
Health Research and Health Services Act, Proxmire Amendment, 52
Honey, 10, 19, 100, 119-120, 196-201, 205-206
House Committee on Energy and Commerce's Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, 116, 209, 213
Hutt, Peter Barton, 64
Hypoallergenic foods, 135
I
Idaho requirements
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197
materials provided to Committee, 186
prominence of required information, 99 n.1, 100 nn.2, 3
Identity labeling of food, 98
Illinois requirements
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197
materials provided to Committee, 186
defined, 109
Federal labeling requirements, 109-110, 121-122, 197
flavors, 199
seafood, 121-122
Implementation of FDCA
court enforcement actions, 65
historical approach of FDA, 65-69
informal communications and, 6, 67-68
preemption policy of FDA, 68-69
rulemaking used for, 66
see also Adequacy of implementation of FDCA;
Code of Federal Regulations
Indiana requirements
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197
materials provided to Committee, 186
placement of required information, 99-100
Industry, see Food industry
Infant foods, 135
Infant Formula Act, 52
Information panel, 98
Ingredient statement, 28, 29, 52
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives in, 134, 135
blended oils, 123-124
importance to consumers, 59
trade secrets and, 134
violation, 77
International Bottled Water Association (IBWA), 213
Interstate commerce, 43, 44, 47, 49-50, 58-59, 146, 150, 154
Iowa requirements
cider products, 118 n.9
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197
honey, 119 n.10
materials provided to Committee, 186
prominence of required information, 99 n.1, 100 n.5, 101 n.7
K
Kansas requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197
honey, 119 n.10
materials provided to Committee, 186
prominence of required information, 99 n.1
Kellogg Company, 153
Kentucky requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197
materials provided to Committee, 187
Kraft General Foods, Inc., 71, 113
L
Land O'Lakes, 153
Legislation, see specific statutes
Life expectancy, 41
Louisiana requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12
bottled water, 116 n.8
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197
honey, 119 n.10
materials provided to Committee, 187
M
Madison, James, 38
Maine requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130, 132
bottled water, 116 n.8
common or usual names, 112, 118, 122
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197
materials provided to Committee, 187
seafood, 122
Manufacturer's name and address, 29, 77
Maple products, 10, 19, 100-101, 112, 123, 197, 198, 199, 201, 206
Maryland requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 132
bottled water, 116 n.8
common or usual names, 122
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197
enforcement concerns, 142-143
materials provided to Committee, 187
standards of fill of container, 105
Massachusetts requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12
cider products, 118 n.9
common or usual names, 121
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197
materials provided to Committee, 188
prominence of required information, 99 n.1, 100, 101 n.7
Meat and poultry products
common or usual name, 110
inspection programs, 54-55
nutrition labeling, 51-52
Meat Inspection Act of 1907, 43
Membrane Processing systems, 45
Michigan requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12, 133
common or usual names, 112, 118
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197
materials provided to Committee, 188
misleading containers, 93
prominence of required information, 99 n.1
Microbiological standards, 19, 119
Microwave cooking, 48
Milk, milk products, and other dairy products
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 129, 130, 135
Committee conclusions, 10, 19-20, 120
discrepancies between Federal and State requirements, 19-20, 129, 196-201
instant and dried milk powders 44, 45
monitoring of legislative activities, 154
packaging innovations, 36
pasteurization, 36
product negotiations, 155
prominence of label information, 14, 99-100
standards of identity, 20, 112, 120
substitutes, 14, 99-100, 154, 201
Minnesota requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12 131, 133
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 197
honey, 119 n.10
materials provided to Committee, 188
misleading containers, 94
prominence of required information, 99 n.1, 100, 101
standards of quality and fill, 101, 105
wild rice, 125
Misleading containers, 29, 37, 59
downsizing or package shorting, 70, 93, 96, 198
evaluation criteria, 92
Federal requirements, 90-92
slack fill, nonfunctional, 47, 90, 92, 94, 95, 196
State regulation of, 12-14, 70, 72-73, 91, 93-95, 96, 97
see also FDCA Section 403(d)
Mississippi requirements
bottled water, 116 n.8
common or usual names, 121
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 198
honey, 119 n.10
materials provided to Committee, 188
prominence of required information, 99 n.1, 100
Missouri requirements
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 198
materials provided to Committee, 188
prominence of required information, 100 n.2
Monosodium glutamate, 127, 132, 133-134, 135-136, 197
Montana requirements
bottled water, 116 n.8
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 198
materials provided to Committee, 188
prominence of required information, 100 n.4
N
National Association of Attorneys General, 32
National Association of Consumer Affairs Administrators, 31
National Association of State Departments of Agriculture, 31
National Association of State Directors of Agriculture, 32
National Conference of Weights and Measures, 31
National Food Processors Association (NFPA), 150, 153
National Frozen Pizza Institute (NFPI), 95, 102
National Primary Drinking Water Standards, 116
National, Regional, and State Telecomunications Network (NRSTEN), 31, 32
Nebraska requirements
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 198
materials provided to Committee, 188
Net weight statement, 29, 47, 91, 94, 95
Nevada requirements
common or usual names, 112
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 198
honey, 119 n.10
materials provided to Committee, 188
prominence of required information, 99 n.1
New Hampshire requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12
cider products, 118 n.9
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 198
honey, 119 n.10
materials provided to Committee, 188
prominence of required information, 100 n.2, 3, 101 n.7
New Jersey requirements
bottled water, 116 n.8
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 198
honey, 119 n.10
materials provided to Committee, 188
misleading containers, 94
prominence of required information, 101 n.7
New Mexico requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 198
honey, 119 n.10
materials provided to Committee, 189
New York requirements
bottled water, 70
cider products, 118 n.9
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 199
honey, 119 n.10
maple syrup, 123
materials provided to Committee, 189
misleading containers, 72-73, 93
olive and vegetable oils, 123-124
prominence of required information, 99 n.1, 100, 101 n.7
standards of fill of container, 105
Nonorganic solvent techniques, 48
North Carolina requirements
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 199
materials provided to Committee, 189
North Dakota requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12
bottled water, 116 n.8
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 199
materials provided to Committee, 189
prominence of required information, 100 n.3
Nutrient claims, see Health and nutrition claims
Nutrient content information, 28, 29, 53, 54
rulemaking on, 66
Nutrition
deficiency diseases, 41
Nutrition labeling
amendment of FDCA and provisions for, 52
appropriateness review of, 3-4, 52
dietary recommendations and, 51
reform efforts, 52-54
preemption schedule, 29
prevalence and adequacy of, 51-52
Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 (NLEA)
enforcement authority under, 29, 40, 74, 141, 144-147
FDA authority under, 28
overlap with FDCA, 1
reforms addressed by, 4
Section 4, 144-146
Section 6, 28, 63, 64-65, 74, 85, 136
Section 7, 136
study mandate to IOM, 29-30, 64, 85, 165-166
see also Preemption of State and local regulations
Nuts, 11, 20, 124, 196, 198, 199, 207
O
Ohio requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12, 131
bottled water, 116 n.8
cider products, 118 n.9
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 199
honey, 119 n.10
materials provided to Committee, 189-190
Oklahoma requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12
bottled water, 116 n.8
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 199
honey, 119 n.10
materials provided to Committee, 191
Oleomargarine/margarine, 99-100, 131, 199, 200
Olive and vegetable oils, 44
Committee findings and conclusions on, 10, 20, 123-124
discrepancies between Federal and State requirements, 123-124, 196 , 199, 200, 207
prominence regulations, 100
Onion rings, 59
see also Vidalia onions
Open dating, 52
Oranges, 131
Oregon requirements
common or usual names, 121
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 199
materials provided to Committee, 191
prominence of required information, 100 n.3
Oriental noodles, 10, 20, 112, 124, 197
Oysters, canned, 75, 105, 196, 197
P
Packaging
branded, 40
innovations, 36, 44, 45-46, 59
and marketability, 3
microbiological growth control, 49
misleading containers, 59, 90-91
retort pouch, 45
Uneeda Biscuit, 36
see also Misleading containers
Peanut spreads, 89
Pellagra, 41
Pennsylvania requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130, 131
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 200
materials provided to Committee, 191
prominence of required information, 99 n.1, 100, 101
Pepsico-Frito Lay, 153
Pesticides Amendment of 1954, 47
Petition process, 23, 25, 68-69, 142, 144-147, 149-153
Piggly-Wiggly, 40
Poi, 11, 20, 112, 125, 152, 197
Poultry inspection program, 43, 47
Poultry Product Inspection Act of 1957, 47
Preemption of State and local regulations
under Fair Packaging and Labeling Act of 1966, 47
impact evaluation, 31
implementation problems, 38
on meat and poultry inspections, 47-48
origin of doctrine of, 37-38
petition process for exemptions, 23-25, 32, 142, 144, 149-153
schedule for, 1, 28, 54, 63-64
strictness of requirements as a consideration, 4, 75, 81, 133
uniformity without, 39-40
Principal display panel, 98
flavors on, 127
identity labeling, 98
Prior label approval, 47
Processed foods, 47
Processed Products Inspection Improvement Act of 1986, 47
Procter & Gamble Company, 153
Produce, nutrition labeling of, 28, 54, 196-199, 201
Prominence of required information, 29, 47, 54, 59
blended products, 100-101
colors flavors, and preservatives, 101
dairy product substitutes, 99-100
Federal requirements, 98-99
State requirements, 99-101
see also FDCA Section 403(f)
Public health
before 1900, 37
1900-1940, 41-42
1940-1970, 46
1970-1990, 50-51
Public Voice for Food and Health Policy, 149
Puerto Rico requirements materials provided to Committee, 191
Pure Food and Drugs Art of 1906, 3, 27, 41, 42-43, 86, 87, 88, 126
Q
R
Recycling, 45
Red Book, The, 67
Reference values, 53
Refrigerated prepared foods, 48
Regulation of misbranded food
before 1900, 37-40
1900-1940, 42-44
1940-1970, 47-48
1970-1990, 51-54
current Federal and State roles, 54-58
exemptions to protect local interests, 58
historical context for, 3-4, 35-54
increasing use of rulemaking, 66
interstate commerce and, 43, 44, 47, 50, 58-59
see also Code of Federal Regulations;
Preemption of State and local regulations
Regulatory Amendments of 1948, 47
Restaurant/bakery foods, 132, 133
Rhode Island requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130, 132
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 200
materials provided to Committee, 192
olive and vegetable oils, 123
Rice, 200;
see also Wild rice
RJR Nabisco, 153
Roosevelt, Theodore, 147-148
S
Safe Drinking Water Act, 116, 212
Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990, 65
Salt/sodium, 127
Schreiber Foods, Inc., 95
Schultz, William, 64
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 132, 200
Committee findings and conclusions, 10, 20-21, 120-123
common or usual names, 20-21, 110, 113, 120-122
Federal requirements, 197
finfish and shellfish, 113, 120-121
misleading container, 93
surimi-based imitations and substitutes, 10, 21, 121-122, 207
see also Fish
Serving size, 53
Shank, Fred, 215-216
Silverglade, Bruce, 149
Slack fill, nonfunctional, 47, 90, 92, 94, 95
Sodium content and descriptors, 52
Soup mixes, 93
South Carolina requirements
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 200
materials provided to Committee, 192
South Dakota requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 131
common or usual names, 112
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 200
materials provided to Committee, 192
prominence of required information, 100 n.5, 101 n.6
Spaghetti sauce, 93
Spices, 127, 134-135, 197, 198
Squalene, 129
Squibb, E.R., 39
Standards of identity, 3, 52, 104
citrus products, 118-119
defined, 107
maple syrup, 123
overlap with common or usual names, 7, 80, 89, 110
relationship to standards of quality, 105-106, 110
Standards of quality and fill, 29, 54
canned oysters, 75
Federal requirements, 103-105, 197
relationship to standards of identity, 105-106, 110
overlap with common or usual names, 110
State requirements, 16, 94, 105, 197
see also FDCA Section 403(d);
Deceptive packaging;
Misleading containers;
Slack fill
Statements of Policy and Interpretation, 67
States
authority under Pure Food and Drugs Act, 43
automatic adoption of Federal statutes and regulations, 8, 55, 7071
categorization of requirements, 6
cooperative relationship between FDA and, 23, 24, 142, 147-149
concerns of, 80
enforcement authority, 28, 29, 31, 38-39, 40, 54, 141, 144-147
funding for enforcement programs, 48, 55
joint initiatives with FDA, 56-57
meat and poultry inspection programs, 54-55
monitoring of legislative and regulatory activities, 154-155
obsolete provisions, 58
overlap with Federal activities, 7, 58, 72
product negotiations between industry and, 155-156
reasons for regulation by, 7, 8, 55-56, 78-79
regulations as indicators of FDCA implementation, 78-80, 81
respondents to request for information, 31, 173, 175-181
review of requirements of, 5, 79-80, 81
sovereignty, 37-38
views on adequacy of FDA implementation of FDCA, 69-71
see also individual statues
Strawberries, 197
Federal requirements, 109-110, 121-122
prominence of label information, 99-100
seafood, 121-122
Sulfites, 128, 129, 132, 133, 196, 200, 201
Supercritical carbon dioxide, 48
Surimi products, 10, 21, 112, 121-122, 123, 197, 207
T
Tennessee requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 132
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 200
materials provided to Committee, 192
Texas requirements
artificial colors flavors, and preservatives, 131, 132
bottled water, 116 n.8
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 200
materials provided to Committee, 192-193
prominence of required information, 100 n.4, 101 n.7
seafood, 122
Texturized vegetable protein, 45, 59, 135
Tomato sauce, 130
Trade correspondence, 7, 67, 76, 91, 128
Tuna fish, canned, 93
U
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 3, 44, 53
authority to preempt State regulation, 48
Food Safety and Quality Service, 52
grade standards, 119
meat and poultry inspection budget, 55
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 53
Utah requirements
common or usual names, 112
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 200
materials provided to Committee, 193
prominence of required information, 100 n.2
V
Vanilla, 130
Vegetable oils, see Olive and vegetable oils
Vending machines, 44
Vermont requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12
common or usual names, 112
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 201
maple syrup, 123
materials provided to Committee, 193
prominence of required information, 99 n.1, 100 nn.3, 5,
Vidalia onions, 11, 21, 125, 196
Vinegar, see Cider, cider vinegar, and other vinegar products
Virginia requirements
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 201
materials provided to Committee, 193
W
Warning statements on labels, 22 134, 136
Washington requirements
artificial colors, 130
common or usual names, 121
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 201
honey, 119 n.10
materials provided to Committee, 193
misleading containers, 94
prominence of required information, 100 n.4, 101 n.7
Waxman, Henry A., 64
West Virginia requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130, 132
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 201
honey, 119 n.10
materials provided to Committee, 193
prominence of required information, 100 n.5
White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health, 3, 51, 66, 109
Wholesome Meat Act, 48
Wholesome Poultry Products Act, 48
Wild rice, 11, 14, 21, 125-126, 197, 201, 208
Wilms, Heinz, 148
Wisconsin requirements
artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives, 130 n.12
discrepancies between Federal requirements and, 201
materials provided to Committee, 194