The Academic Engineering Research Enterprise: Status and Trends
Charles H. Dickens
The purpose of this paper is to describe the status of U.S. academic engineering research universities and several major trends affecting them. The paper provides summary descriptive text and an appendix with tabulations selected from a variety of data sources.
"Engineering research universities" are those institutions that reported research and development (R&D) expenditures for engineering or computer science in the 1991 National Science Foundation survey of R&D expenditures of universities and colleges. There are 219 such institutions.1 For the purposes of this paper, the term "engineering" includes computer science.
The paper is divided into four major sections and a data appendix. The first section describes the recent history and current status of the U.S. academic engineering research structure. Some major characteristics of the 219 engineering research universities are presented, including activities of organized engineering research centers and laboratories and federal programs that support engineering research centers. Characteristics of faculty and other engineers employed by academic institutions are described. Postdoctoral fellows are discussed in terms of their distribution by field, gender, and sources of support. Information on student enrollments is presented for undergraduate and graduate students by field, gender, and minority status. Trends in bachelor's, master's, and doctor's degrees awarded are presented by field and gender.
The second major section presents funding of academic engineering research. Government sources of support for academic research by field and category of research are described. Trends in research and development
expenditures at engineering research universities are presented by field and source of funds. Support sources for graduate students as research assistants and for postdoctoral appointees are described. Information is presented on the mission basis for government research support. Support for academic engineering research from industry, universities' own funds, and from foreign sources is described.
The third section addresses the nature and scope of relationships between engineering research and education. Topics covered include participation in research by undergraduate students, graduate engineering students, and engineering faculty, postdoctorates, and other academic engineers.
The fourth section includes definitions, limitations, and principal data sources used in this paper. Significant gaps in currently available data are discussed.
RECENT HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS OF THE U.S. ACADEMIC RESEARCH STRUCTURE
This section describes U.S. engineering research universities, organized engineering research units, and major human resources for engineering, including faculty and other engineering employees, postdoctoral appointments, student enrollments, and degrees awarded.
Engineering Research Universities
In 1991 there were 219 universities and colleges that reported research and development expenditures for engineering and computer science. (See Table 1, Dickens Appendix.) Of these institutions, 168 reported R&D expenditures for both engineering and computer science, 37 reported expenditures for engineering only, and 18 reported expenditures for computer science only. The majority of the 219 institutions were public (158), and 61 were private.
Since these 219 institutions were selected on the basis of their R&D expenditures for engineering and computer science, they include a variety of universities and colleges when viewed in terms of other classification systems. For example, the 1994 Carnegie Classification for these 219 institutions is as follows: Research Universities I-83; Research Universities II - 36; Doctoral Universities I-30; Doctoral Universities II - 32; Master's Universities and Colleges I - 29; Baccalaureate Colleges I - 3; and Professional Schools and Specialized Institutions - 6. The Research I Universities accounted for 70 percent of the R&D expenditures for engineering and computer science in 1991.
The 1991 National Science Foundation survey of graduate enrollments reported 1,464 graduate engineering departments, of which 1,260, or 86 percent, were at doctorate-granting institutions. There were 274 computer science departments with graduate enrollments, with 187, or 68 percent, of these departments at doctorate-granting universities.
Engineering Research Centers and Laboratories
There is great variety in the internal organization of engineering research universities. In addition to departments, there are a large number of engineering research centers and laboratories, which may or may not be within departments or even within engineering colleges.
In an NSF-funded study currently under way, Robert P. Morgan and his colleagues identified 1,030 organized, university-based engineering research units at 154 universities within the study population; there may be others. These research units were defined "very broadly to include units that either are totally within engineering schools or that may not be within engineering schools but involve engineering faculty and staff."2 Morgan and colleagues found that these organized research units were relatively recent organizations, with one-half being founded since 1983. Many of these units were created "to provide a focal point for certain research activities and to attract funding and facilities."3
The research activities of the units surveyed by Morgan and colleagues included a broad range of engineering disciplines. The overall distribution of research effort as described by the responding unit directors was about equally divided among basic research, applied research, and development. In addition, Morgan and coauthors reported that, when asked into which of six broad critical technology areas the work of the units fell, the directors indicated the following divisions:
Materials |
45% |
Energy and environment |
42% |
Manufacturing |
29% |
Information and communications |
27% |
Aeronautics and surface transportation |
17% |
Biotechnology and life sciences |
13%4 |
Federally Sponsored University Center Programs. Six federal departments and independent agencies sponsor university research centers, many of which have an engineering focus. A 1993 report of the National Research Council's Transportation Research Board reported 281 centers being funded through nine federal programs:5
|
No. of Centers |
U.S. Department of Transportation |
|
University Transportation Centers Program |
13 |
National Science Foundation |
|
Engineering Research Centers Program |
18 |
Science and Technology Centers Program |
25 |
Materials Research Laboratories |
10 |
Industry-University Cooperative Research Centers Program |
50 |
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) |
|
Manufacturing Technology Centers Program |
7 |
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) |
|
University Space Engineering Research Centers |
8 |
Department of Defense |
|
University Research Initiative |
113 |
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines |
|
Mineral Institute Program |
37 |
NSF-Funded Engineering Research Centers. In 1985 the National Science Foundation established the Engineering Research Centers (ERC) Program in accordance with a model envisioned by the National Academy of Engineering. The program was motivated by three major concerns: To restore U.S. industrial prowess in turning research discoveries into high-quality, competitive products; to give greater emphasis to the design of manufacturing processes and products; and to better prepare engineering graduates to meet the needs of U.S. industry. Each ERC is established as a three-way partnership involving academia, industry, and the National Science Foundation. Annual funding for an ERC ranges from $2.5 million to $8.0 million, with the NSF contribution ranging from $1.8 million to $3.3 million a year. The fiscal year 1995 budget requests $51.5 million for the ERC program. The distribution of the 18 current NSF ERCs by major technological area of focus is as follows:6
Design and manufacturing |
5 |
Materials processing for manufacturing |
3 |
Optoelectronics/microelectronics/telecommunications |
4 |
Biotechnology/bioengineering |
3 |
Energy and resource recovery |
2 |
Infrastructure |
1 |
Faculty and Other Engineers Employed by Academic Institutions
The engineering R&D activities of research universities rely heavily on faculty, nonfaculty research staff, postdoctoral appointees, and graduate research assistants.
Doctorate-holders employed by academic institutions. Over the period 1979 to 1989, the overall employment of doctoral engineers and computer
specialists increased by 72 percent. (See Table 2, Dickens Appendix, for data on academic employment of doctorates.) All fields experienced growth, ranging from 23 percent for materials engineering to 178 percent for computer science. The large percentage increase for computer specialists reflects the small number in the base year. The proportion of doctoral engineers and computer specialists who were active in research and development increased from 76 percent in 1979 to 79 percent in 1989. There were variations by field in the staff active in research and development. Increases were noted except for aerospace and civil engineers and computer specialists. The proportion of chemical engineers active in research and development had the largest gain, increasing from 73 percent in 1979 to 92 percent in 1989.
Faculty and nonfaculty research staff. Compared with other aspects of the academic engineering research enterprise, there is sparse information on faculty in universities and colleges.7 In academic year 1992–93, there were more than 21,000 engineering faculty at U.S. universities and colleges.8
The U.S. Department of Education, with the cosponsorship of the National Science Foundation, is conducting the ''1993 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty." When completed, this study should provide substantially more information than has been available on the characteristics and activities of faculty in engineering, computer science, and other fields. The coverage of separate engineering fields, however, is limited to the following: general engineering; civil engineering; electrical, electronics, and communications engineering; mechanical engineering; chemical engineering; other engineering; and engineering-related technologies.
According to a similar, but less-detailed, U.S. Department of Education survey for academic year 1987–88, the full-time regular instructional engineering faculty (including engineering-related technologies) in postsecondary education were predominately male (98 percent) and predominately white, non-Hispanic (87 percent). The majority (64 percent) of the engineering faculty held doctorates. The distributions of engineering faculty by age and academic rank were somewhat like those for the natural sciences, except that a higher proportion of engineers were in the oldest category and there was a higher proportion of assistant professors in engineering.9
|
Age |
Academic rank |
|||
|
Less than 40 |
60 and older |
Prof. |
Assoc. prof. |
Asst. prof. |
Engineering |
23% |
14% |
41% |
24% |
23% |
Natural sciences |
23% |
9% |
38% |
23% |
18% |
The numbers of engineering faculty have increased over the years since a 1980 NSF-sponsored survey found that there were 16,200 permanent, full-
time engineering faculty positions.10 According to a 1986 National Science Foundation survey of doctorate-level departments in six engineering fields—aeronautical, chemical, civil, electrical, industrial, and mechanical—there were approximately 9,800 full-time faculty in these departments. About 70 percent of these faculty were tenured. These departments also reported 615 nonfaculty doctoral personnel who were employed full-time as professional researchers.11
The engineering departments surveyed in 1986 by the National Science Foundation reported that the full-time faculty had submitted more than 14,200 research proposals during the previous year (defined as July 1, 1984, to June 30, 1985). In contrast, members of the nonfaculty doctoral research staff were much less likely than faculty members to submit research proposals on which they would be the principal investigator; for this group the number of proposals submitted was about 240.12
Postdoctorates. Postdoctoral fellows and associates form a substantial part of the research staff at doctorate-granting academic institutions. (See Table 3, Dickens Appendix, for data on postdoctorates by field, citizenship, and gender.) In 1991 there were 2,406 postdoctoral appointees in engineering and computer science departments, almost all of whom (2,394 or 99.5 percent) were at doctorate-granting universities. Over two-thirds (68 percent) of the postdoctorates were in four fields:
Chemical engineering |
25% |
Materials engineering |
17% |
Mechanical engineering |
14% |
Electrical engineering |
13% |
Non-U.S. citizens held the majority of postdoctoral appointments in all fields of engineering. The overall proportion of non-U.S. citizens in 1991 was 70 percent; by field, this proportion ranged from 30 percent for computer science to 80 percent for materials engineering.
The number of postdoctoral appointees in engineering and computer science departments grew dramatically between 1980 and 1991, increasing 136 percent. By field, the increases ranged from 52 percent in civil engineering to 285 percent in aerospace engineering. Chemical engineering, which had the largest number of postdoctoral appointees in 1991, had an increase of 215 percent over this period.
Women increased their overall representation among postdoctoral appointees in engineering and computer science from 7 percent in 1980 to 11 percent in 1991. Chemical engineering had the largest share of the female postdoctorates in 1991, 35 percent. (Chemical engineering had 23 percent of the male postdoctorates in 1991. See Table 4, Dickens Appendix, for data on postdoctoral appointees by field and source of support.) The num-
ber of female postdoctorates in computer science departments grew from 2 in 1980 to 27 in 1991, but the large variations in their numbers over this period made it difficult to give a precise sense of their share of the total. In 1990, for example, 13 percent of the computer science postdoctorates were women, compared with 18 percent in 1989 and 17 percent in 1991.
Overall, federal sources provided the support for two-thirds (67 percent) of the postdoctoral appointees in engineering and computer science departments at doctorate-granting universities in 1991. The principal mechanism of federal support was through research grants, which accounted for 94 percent of the federally supported postdoctorates. Except for industrial engineering, the majority of postdoctoral appointees were supported by federal sources. In industrial engineering departments, 17 of the 27 postdoctoral appointees (63 percent) were supported by nonfederal sources.
Other nonfaculty research staff with doctorates. Engineering and computer science departments reported 731 nonfaculty research staff with doctorates in 1991, all but one of whom were at doctorate-granting institutions. Women represented 10 percent of these nonfaculty doctoral research staff. In general, there was less than one such staff member per engineering department at doctorate-granting institutions, the exception being departments of materials engineering. (See Table 5, Dickens Appendix, for the 1991 distribution of nonfaculty doctoral research staff.)
Student Enrollments in Engineering
Undergraduate students. One indicator of student awareness of career opportunities is changes in the preferences for majors and careers shown by first-year college students. According to data from an annual survey of incoming college students conducted since 1966, interest in engineering as a career has fluctuated, falling from 8.9 percent in 1966 to a low of 4.7 percent, then rising to a peak of 12.0 percent in 1982, followed by another decline to 8.1 percent in 1990. Women's interest in engineering careers rose from 0.2 percent in 1966 to a peak of 3.6 percent in 1982 then declined to 2.4 percent by 1990.13 The proportion of underrepresented minority students—African Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanics—intending to major in engineering increased strongly over the past 20 years, rising from 7.3 percent in 1972 to 17.7 percent in 1992.14 (See Table 6, Dickens Appendix, for data on career preferences of first-year college students.)
According to the Engineering Workforce Commission, full-time undergraduate engineering enrollment in the fall of 1992 was 344,126, an increase of 1.4 percent over the fall of 1991. (See Table 7, Dickens Appendix, for data on undergraduate engineering enrollment.) The enrollment of part-time undergraduates decreased by more than 5.4 percent to 38,399.
Total undergraduate engineering enrollment in 1992 was 382,525, an increase of more than 2,500 over 1991. Although the fall 1992 undergraduate enrollment in engineering was substantially below the fall 1983 level of 441,451, the mix of students was different. In 1983 there were 406,144 full-time students and 35,061 part-time students. For full-time students, the 1983 figure was the largest on record. For part-time students, however, the peak enrollment figure was the 41,445 recorded in the fall of 1990.15
The enrollment of women and underrepresented minorities continued to increase. In the fall of 1992, women represented over 19 percent of first-year students and over 17 percent of all full-time undergraduates. Underrepresented minorities (African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans) increased their representation among first-year students to 17 percent and among all full-time undergraduates to over 13 percent. The representation of women and these minorities in 1992 were historically high levels.16
Graduate students. There are three sources of information on graduate engineering enrollments—the American Society for Engineering Education, the Engineering Workforce Commission, and the National Science Foundation. The NSF data are used for this section because they also provide information on graduate enrollment in computer science departments. It should be noted, however, that the NSF data include all computer science departments, not just those within engineering colleges.
In the fall of 1991, the NSF survey of graduate departments reported 149,135 graduate students in engineering and computer science, a record high level. (See Table 8, Dickens Appendix, for information on total graduate enrollment.) Between 1972 and 1991, total graduate enrollment in engineering departments increased by 171 percent. Departments in all fields experienced growth in graduate enrollment over this period, ranging from 65 percent for chemical engineering to 685 percent for computer science.
In the 1970s, the growth of part-time graduate enrollment was 89 percent, compared with 31 percent for full-time enrollment. All fields except aerospace engineering experienced growth. The increases ranged from 25 percent for materials engineering to 164 percent for computer science. Enrollment in aerospace engineering decreased by 26 percent overall, with declines in both full-time and part-time graduate students. (NSF did not collect data on graduate enrollment by gender during most of the 1970s.)
The graduate enrollment picture was different during the period 1980 to 1991. All fields experienced growth in enrollment, with increases of full-time students accounting for the larger part of the gain. Part-time graduate enrollment decreased, however, in chemical engineering departments over this period.
Between 1980 and 1991, overall engineering graduate enrollment increased by a much greater percentage for women than for men, but in 1991
men still accounted for a substantial majority (84 percent) of engineering graduate students in all fields.
The computer science departments had a somewhat different pattern of graduate enrollment growth over the 1980–1991 period. The overall increase in enrollment was 156 percent, with the growth in part-time enrollment exceeding that for full-time students. There was relatively little difference in the increase in full-time enrollments for women and men, but the increase in part-time enrollment for women was substantially greater than that for men. Over the 1980–1991 period, the proportion of graduate computer science enrollment represented by women increased slightly from 23 percent to 24 percent. (See Table 9, Dickens Appendix, for information on full-time and part-time graduate students.)
Degrees Awarded in Engineering and Computer Science
Bachelor's degrees. From 1966, when computer science degree data were first reported by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), the numbers of baccalaureates awarded in engineering and computer science increased each year until 1986, growing from 35,904 to 119,015 (an increase of 231 percent). Much of this growth resulted from the rapid rise in degrees in computer science and from the strong increases in the numbers of engineering degrees awarded to women. After 1986, however, the numbers of baccalaureates awarded each year in both engineering and computer science declined, with computer science having the sharper decrease.
When viewed by gender and field, the patterns were somewhat different. For women, engineering bachelor's degrees grew very rapidly until 1985, leveled off, and then began to decline. (Table 10, Dickens Appendix, presents data on bachelor's degrees by field and gender.) The peak year for engineering baccalaureates awarded to women was 1987 at 11,404, which was more than 78 times greater that the 146 degrees women earned in 1966. By 1990 baccalaureates awarded to women had decreased to 9,973, a decline of 13 percent from 1987. For men, there was a smaller overall rise, followed by a larger decline in the numbers of engineering bachelor's degrees. The growth in degrees awarded to men ended in 1985, two years earlier than for women. The 66,326 engineering baccalaureates awarded to men in 1985 was 86 percent above the figure for 1966. By 1990 the number of these degrees awarded to men had declined from the 1985 peak to 54,732, a decrease of 17 percent.
For computer science, the numbers of bachelor's degrees awarded to both men and women increased rapidly from 1966. For men, baccalaureates in computer science rose from 76 in 1966 to a peak of 27,069 in 1986 and then declined to 19,321 in 1990, a drop of 29 percent. The growth in women's baccalaureates in computer science was also very large, rising
from 13 in 1966 to a peak of 15,126 in 1986. By 1990 the number of computer science bachelor's degrees awarded to women had dropped to 8,374, a decline of 45 percent from the 1986 figure. (Table 11, Dickens Appendix, presents data on master's degrees awarded by field and gender.)
The 219 engineering research universities awarded almost two-thirds (65 percent) of the engineering baccalaureates in 1990. There was considerable difference in this proportion by field of engineering, ranging from 49 percent for aeronautical engineering to 74 for materials engineering. In contrast, the engineering research universities awarded only about one-third (32.0 percent) of the bachelor's degrees in computer science. (See Table 1.)
Master's degrees. The number of master's degrees awarded in engineering and computer science fields grew dramatically over the 1966–1990 period, increasing from 13,916 to 33,638, a gain of 142 percent. The contribution of women to this increase is seen in their share of master's degrees, which rose from 0.7 percent in 1966 to 18 percent in 1990. Women earned 93 master's degrees in these fields in 1966 and 5,944 in 1990. For both men and women, the number of master's degrees awarded in these fields in 1990 was the largest over this period.
During the 1970s, the number of master's degrees awarded in many engineering fields declined. There followed a period of growth in the 1980s. Civil and chemical engineering reached their maximum numbers in 1984 and 1985, respectively. From their mid-decade peaks, the number of master's degrees in these fields declined by 10 percent for civil engineering and 34 percent for chemical engineering. Mechanical and materials engineering had their largest number of master's degrees in 1989 and had small decreases in 1990. In contrast, the number of master's degrees awarded in computer science increased throughout the 1966–1990 period.
Doctor's degrees. The 1966–1991 period may be divided into three distinct phases in terms of the number of doctorates awarded in engineering and computer science: (1) From 1966 to 1972 there was a large increase in these degrees, rising from 2,301 to 3,509; (2) between 1972 and 1978 a decline to 2,546 in the number of these doctorates erased most of the Phase One increase; and (3) from 1978 to 1991 there was a new period of growth, slow at first and then rapid after 1985. The total of 6,009 doctorates awarded in 1991 represents a new high record. The decline during the 1970s was accounted for by the drop in doctorates awarded to U.S. citizen and permanent resident males. Although their numbers continued to decline until 1982, the effect was offset by the strong growth in the number of doctorates awarded to foreign citizen males who were temporary residents of the United States. After 1982 doctorates awarded to U.S. citizen and permanent resident males began to increase again, helping fuel the growth in engineering and computer science degrees at this level. All fields of engineering shared
in the growth. (See Table 12, Dickens Appendix, for data on doctorates awarded in engineering and computer science by citizenship and gender.)
Much of the growth in the number of engineering doctorates was accounted for by foreign students with temporary resident status; and, in 1991, for the first time, the number of doctorates awarded to temporary residents exceeded the number awarded to U.S. citizens and permanent residents. By field, the greatest increases in the number of doctorates awarded to temporary residents were in electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. In computer science, as well, foreign citizen temporary residents received an increasing share of doctor's degrees. In 1991 they received 42 percent of computer science doctorates, up from 20 percent in 1980.
The increasing number of foreign citizens among recipients of engineering and computer science doctorates from U.S. universities is also reflected in the nationality of the baccalaureate-origin institutions. In a special analysis, the National Science Foundation compared U.S. with foreign baccalaureate-origin institutions for doctorate recipients during the period from 1985 to 1990. The data are presented in Table 2.
Women were major contributors to the growth in doctorates in engineering and computer science between 1980 and 1991. The number of women receiving doctorates in engineering increased 402 percent from 1980 to 1991, with temporary residents gaining 813 percent, compared with 309 percent for U.S. citizens and permanent residents. As a result of this growth, the share of all engineering doctorates awarded to women increased from 4 percent in 1980 to 9 percent in 1991. By field, the largest number of doctorates awarded in 1991 to female temporary residents were in electrical engineering (30 or 22 percent); the leading fields for U.S. citizen and permanent resident females were other engineering (72 or 24 percent) and chemical engineering (60 or 20 percent). The number of computer science doctorates awarded to women grew by 452 percent between 1980 and 1991, compared with 242 percent for men. Women's share of computer science doctorates rose from 10 percent in 1980 to 15 percent in 1991.
FUNDING OF ACADEMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH
Government Sources of Support for Academic Research by Field and Category of Research
All fields. In 1991, U.S. academic institutions reported overall R&D expenditures of approximately $17.2 billion for all fields, including engineering and computer science. (See Table 1 for a listing of these 219 institutions in rank order by R&D expenditures for 1991.) The activity distribution for these expenditures was basic research, 65.5 percent, applied
research, 25.9 percent, and development, 8.6 percent. The sources of these funds are shown in Table 3.
R&D expenditures at engineering research universities. Table 4 summarizes data on sources of funding for the 219 universities and colleges that reported research and development expenditures for engineering and computer science in 1991. Of the total $3.1 billion in R&D expenditures, $2.64 billion (85 percent) was reported as engineering and $460 million (15 percent) was reported as computer science. These R&D expenditures were concentrated in a relatively small number of institutions, with 22 universities accounting for one-half of the total. Five universities reported R&D expenditures in engineering and computer science exceeding $100 million each; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology reported the largest such expenditure, $146 million.
The federal government provided about $1.7 billion, or 55 percent, of the R&D expenditures of engineering research universities in 1991. (See Table 5.) Federal sources provided 63 percent of the R&D expenditures for computer science, compared with 53 percent for engineering. Among the fields of engineering, the proportion of R&D expenditures that came from federal sources ranged from 39 percent for civil engineering to 72 percent for aerospace engineering.
Trends in R&D expenditures. From 1973 to 1991, R&D expenditures at engineering research universities increased, in constant 1989 dollars, by 264 percent for engineering and computer science. (See Table 13, Dickens Appendix, for data on R&D expenditures of academic institutions by field and source of funds.) Although the federal government provided the larger share of these funds over this period, their growth was much less than that for nonfederal sources, 198 percent and 430 percent, respectively.
Data by field of engineering for academic R&D expenditures, which became available beginning in 1980, reveal that there were increases in constant dollar terms for all fields of engineering from 1980 to 1991, ranging from 101 percent for mechanical engineering to 166 percent for chemical engineering. The increase for computer science was 197 percent.
Although federally funded R&D expenditures by engineering research universities grew between 1980 and 1991, in constant dollars, the increases were less than for total expenditures in all engineering fields and computer science. For engineering and computer science overall, the increase for federally funded R&D expenditures was 99 percent. For fields of engineering, the growth in federally funded R&D expenditures ranged from 57 percent for civil engineering to 114 percent for electrical engineering. The increase for computer science was 184 percent.
From 1980 to 1991, R&D expenditures funded by nonfederal sources at engineering research universities grew by an overall 218 percent, in constant
dollars, for engineering and computer science. The increases for engineering fields ranged from 152 percent for mechanical engineering to 336 percent for civil engineering. The increase for computer science was 229 percent.
Support for graduate students as research assistants. Graduate research assistants provide a substantial part of the human resources that support R&D activities at universities in engineering and computer science. (See Table 14, Dickens Appendix, for data on sources of support for full-time graduate assistants by field.) Nonfederal sources have become increasingly important as the source of support for full-time graduate students who hold research assistantships in these fields. In 1972 the federal government supported almost two-thirds (62 percent) of the graduate research assistants in engineering and computer science. (See Table 6.) By 1991 less than one-half (46 percent) of the graduate research assistants were supported by federal sources. Nonfederal funding of graduate research assistants comes from many sources including the own funds of universities. See Table 4 for data on mechanisms of support for postdoctoral appointees, by field.
Support for postdoctoral appointees. In 1991 federal sources provided the support for 67 percent of the postdoctoral appointees in engineering departments and for 75 percent of those in computer science departments. The principal mechanism of federal support was through research grants, 94 percent for postdoctorates in engineering departments and 97 percent in computer science departments. In all engineering departments except industrial engineering, the majority of postdoctoral appointees were supported by federal sources. In industrial engineering departments, 17 of the 27 postdoctoral appointees (63 percent) were supported by nonfederal sources.
Engineering research centers and laboratories. In the NSF-funded study of organized engineering research units, Robert P. Morgan and coworkers made the following finding:
The research units varied widely in size and research funding. About half of the units had annual engineering research expenditures of less than $1,000,000 while 5% had expenditures of $10 million or more. Individual units also differed widely in the sources of the support they received. Across all units, during FY 1992 the funding breakdown by source was as follows: U.S. federal government, 44.9%; U.S. business an industry, 22.6%; U.S. state and local government, 13.6%; internal university funds, 12.0%; foreign business, industry or government, 3.1%: other, (including private non-profit organizations, gifts, sales, etc.) 3.8%. Some 40% of those responding indicated that they received no internal university budget support during FY 1992.17
Mission Basis for Government Research Support
Government agencies support research and development activities as part of the fulfillment of their missions. A substantial part of the research and development work by universities is linked to the fulfillment of government agency missions. The annual budget proposal of the President requests budget authority from the Congress. The congressional appropriations determine what the budget authority will be. Support for research and development at universities in the fields of engineering and computer science comes from many budget function categories and federal agencies.
The fiscal year 1995 budget submitted by the President to the Congress in early February gives a clear indication of the Clinton/Gore administration's priorities for federal research and development investments. The most recently published figures on federal R&D budget authority are presented in Table 7. These data reflect the priorities of the Clinton/Gore administration in fiscal years 1994 and 1995 and those of the Bush administration in fiscal year 1993.
According to President Clinton's fiscal year 1995 budget,
The administration is proposing $71 billion in R&D investments (excluding facilities) in 1995, a $2.5 billion, or 4 percent, increase over 1994. Civilian R&D will increase by more than $1 billion, or 4 percent, to $32 billion. The combination of continued annual growth for civilian R&D, anticipated decreases in defense R&D after 1995, and the inclusion of dual-use defense R&D is likely to cause the civilian share of the R&D budget to exceed 50 percent earlier than the 1998 date predicted in the 1994 budget. Much of this increase will be focused on cost-shared and competitively selected projects that are industry-defined and industry-led (i.e., consortia, cooperative R&D, etc.). In 1995 university-based research will increase to $12 billion, a $437 million, or 4 percent, increase over 1994. University-based research continues to provide an important contribution to the creation of knowledge, technological innovation, and the training of scientists and engineers.18
Industry Support for Academic Engineering Research
According to NSF data, in 1991 industry provided $1.2 billion, or about 7 percent, of the $17.6 billion spent by academic institutions on research and development activities. These data were not disaggregated by field, but other data indicated the proportion of industrial funding for engineering R&D was substantially greater than the overall average for all fields. Morgan and coworkers found that organized engineering research units at academic institutions received almost 23 percent of their funds from U.S. business and industry.19 A National Research Council special study of chemical engineering noted that between 1980 and 1986, industrial support of aca-
demic research in that field nearly quadrupled and were the main force for funding growth in academic chemical engineering.20
Foreign Support of Academic Engineering Research
According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), foreign sources financed about 11 percent of the industrial R&D performance in the United States in 1991. Available data suggest that foreign sources provided a smaller share of R&D performance at U.S. academic institutions. The data collected by Morgan and others showed that foreign business, industry, or governments provided about 3 percent of the funding of organized engineering research units in U.S. universities.21
University Support of Academic Engineering Research with Own Funds
In 1991, according to NSF estimates, universities and colleges provided $4.9 billion for overall R&D activities and had expenditures of $17.6 billion for these purposes. Funds provided by universities and colleges represented 28 percent of their R&D expenditures. The NSF data included state and local government funds to the university and college sector. The study by Morgan and others found that in fiscal year 1992 the organized engineering research units received 12 percent of their support from internal university funds, and an additional 14 percent from state and local governments.22 The sum of these two sources of funding in the Morgan study—about 26 percent—is roughly comparable to the figure reported in the NSF data.
NATURE AND SCOPE OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND EDUCATION
Undergraduate Students Participating in Research Programs
Early exposure to research is widely recognized as an important element in the development of future researchers. Many federal agencies provide support through special training programs, such as the National Science Foundation's Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU), or through supplements to research grants for the addition of undergraduate students to the research team.
Organized research units at universities provide research experiences and employment to undergraduate engineering students. Morgan and coworkers found that 18 percent of the units reported a great extent of involvement of undergraduate students, and another 48 percent reported some involvement of these students. ''Undergraduates most frequently were used as assistants to others in research
followed by general 'go-fors' and by 'technicians'.''23 On average, each unit had 35 undergraduate students working, but a small number of centers with large expenditures tended to skew the data. If the 31 centers with annual research expenditures of more than $10 million were excluded, the average number of undergraduate students per center dropped from 35 to 22.24
Graduate Students Participating in Research Activities
In 1991, 35 percent of the full-time graduate students in engineering fields and computer science held research assistantships. (See Table 8.) The comparable proportion in 1972 was 19 percent. There were wide differences by field in the proportion of full-time graduate students who were supported by research assistantships. In 1972 only three fields supported more than one-fourth of their full-time graduate students as research assistants: materials engineering (44 percent), electrical engineering (27 percent), and chemical engineering (27 percent). In 1991 two fields had one-half or more of their full-time graduate students holding research assistantships (62 percent for materials engineering and 50 percent for chemical engineering).
Organized engineering research units at universities offer opportunities for research to graduate students. According to the study by Morgan and coworkers, the directors of 87 percent of the research units reported that there was a great extent of graduate student involvement, and another 10 percent of the directors reported some involvement. On average, each unit had 36 graduate students, but this figure is skewed by the small number of centers with large expenditures. If these 31 large centers with annual research expenditures of more than $10 million were excluded, the average number of graduate students per center dropped from 36 to 27.25 "The most frequent roles for graduate students in research units were as 'associate researchers' followed next by the role of 'independent researcher.' . . . Approximately 87% of the graduate students working in research units are working on unit projects or problems that constitute their master's theses or doctoral dissertations."26
The Morgan study made the following observation about the contributions to graduate engineering education from student work in research units:
Directors in our survey said that the most important ways that work in their research units adds to the education of graduate students and development of their engineering skills were as follows (in order of decreasing frequency): leads to easier entry into industry, provides cross-disciplinary research experience, leads to easier entry into academia, provides more focus on the problems of industry, and provides a better understanding of engineering's role in industry.27
Faculty, Postdoctorates, and Other Academic Engineers Participating in Research
University faculty are expected to maintain active participation in research as one of their primary duties. During the 1980s the structure of research support has changed, in part because of the increasing emphasis given by federal sponsoring agencies to interdisciplinary research. The traditional model for university research in many fields has been that of the individual investigator working with a small group of graduate students and postdoctoral students. A special study by the Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology found that the share of research funds going to individual investigators declined over the decade of the 1980s from 56 percent to 51 percent, while the shares for research teams and major facilities increased. Funding for research centers decreased slightly because of a slower growth rate in centers at the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.28
The Morgan study reports similar findings. Organized engineering research units, on average, involved 28 faculty, research associates, postdoctoral students, and technical support personnel. The study concluded that
There appears to be a shift taking place in university-based engineering research away from the individual investigator model towards more applied, team research of a cross-disciplinary nature. . . . Although changes in the nature and dimensions of university-based engineering research have occurred, the traditionally valued outputs of this research still predominate. In particular, when asked about the importance of a variety of research outputs, the research unit Directors specified that papers for publication, conference reports and presentations, and technical reports were of much greater importance than pieces of hardware, commercial or military products, and patents or invention disclosures. Thus, the more traditional academic outputs continue to predominate, even in an organized research setting in which more practical, applied research is being conducted.29
DATA CONSIDERATIONS
This section presents technical items related to the data used in the paper and raises points for consideration in planning future studies of this kind.
Definitions. "Engineering research universities" are those institutions that reported research and development expenditures for engineering or computer science in the 1991 National Science Foundation Survey of R&D Expenditures of Universities and Colleges. There are 219 such institutions.
For the purposes of this paper, the term engineering includes computer
science. In most databases, computer science is reported separately from engineering.
Limitations. A long-term description of engineering research universities is hampered by the fact that prior to approximately 1980, the major federal sources for data on R&D funding did not provide disaggregated data for engineering fields. In contrast, data on degrees and enrollment by field of engineering are available for a longer period of time. Recently some of the data collected by the American Society for Engineering Education has been developed into a database.30
At the time the statistical tabulations were created for this paper, the most recent year for which federal data were generally available was 1991. Therefore, that year has been used for identification and characterization of engineering research universities.
Annual data are available for a number of major topics covered in the paper, including R&D expenditures of engineering research universities, obligations of federal agencies for research and development, engineering degrees awarded, and engineering enrollments. In contrast, data on engineering faculty are available only for certain years and only as aggregated tabulations.
Principal data sources. Much of the data presented in this paper was tabulated from the Computer Aided Science Policy Analysis and Research (CASPAR) Database System, developed by Quantum Research Corporation for the National Science Foundation (NSF). The most recently available version of CASPAR was released in June 1993 and includes data through 1991. CASPAR includes data from surveys of the NSF and the U.S. Department of Education (ED), as well as the National Research Council's Doctorate Records File. In addition, the report includes information from other NSF sources, including published reports and unpublished tabulations, the Engineering Workforce Commission, the Higher Education Research Institute of the University of California at Los Angeles, and a special study by Robert P. Morgan and others of the Washington University in St. Louis.
Data considerations for future studies. There is a need for the principal federal and nonfederal data collection organizations to increase the coverage and availability of data on engineering. Further questions that should be addressed include, but are not limited to, the following:
1. Identifying a core set of data that is generally needed for policy studies in engineering.
Most policy studies in a given sector, for example academia, use certain data sets to set the context. For the academic sector, there is usually concern about enrollments, degrees awarded, income and expenditures, faculty and other engineers, numbers of institutions, and numbers of departments in each
engineering field. Of these familiar categories, there is a relative dearth of information on engineering faculty and other engineers employed in academia.
The core data set should also include information about the research activities of engineers in academia and about the organizational structures in which they perform this research. The current study being conducted by Robert Morgan and his associates may help illuminate these topics. What plans should be made to update some of this information on a regular basis?
In terms of resources for data collection, the core data set should not be allocated all the funds. There should be support for special studies that will address engineering issues not covered by the core data.
2. Coordinating and setting priorities for data collection activities related to engineering.
Data collection organizations would probably find it helpful to be able to discuss their current and planned activities with an identified, continuing body that could represent the interests and concerns of the engineering community. In the absence of such a group, there is the risk that decisions about engineering data collection will be overly influenced by the needs of some current topic or the views of just a few individuals, who may not represent the full scope of engineering concerns.
There is a need to form such a coordinating body to address the data collection activities of nonfederal as well as federal organizations. Because data collection is expensive and money is often tight, there is a need to set priorities in data collection activities. Moreover, the staffing reductions of industrial firms pose an added constraint on data collection from that sector. The views and recommendations of a coordinating body would be of great value in making decisions about what are the highest-priority data collection activities.
3. Considering the unique problems of data for engineering policy studies.
Engineering is a transcendent activity. Increasingly, its research activities are of an interdisciplinary or a multidisciplinary character, and the boundaries between academia, industry, and government are less and less distinct.
Any discussion of data needs for policy studies in engineering should consider the coordination of information collection activities across sectors. The coordinating body could help sector-specific data collection organizations develop ways to make their activities more useful for policy analyses that cut across sectors.
NOTES
Appendix
TABLE 1 Total Research and Development Expenditures for Engineering and Computer Science by Academic Institution, 1991 (in thousands of dollars)
|
Academic institution |
Total |
Engineering |
Computer science |
|
All academic institutions |
3,437,214 |
2,892,750 |
544,464 |
1 |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology * |
146,038 |
132,421 |
13,617 |
2 |
Georgia Institute of Technology, All Campuses |
141,785 |
124,708 |
17,077 |
3 |
Pennsylvania State U, All Campuses |
121,744 |
121,336 |
1,408 |
4 |
Stanford University * |
101,064 |
92,089 |
8,975 |
5 |
University of Texas at Austin |
100,981 |
86,521 |
14,460 |
6 |
University of Michigan, All Campuses |
74,294 |
63,841 |
10,453 |
7 |
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |
72,761 |
54,694 |
18,067 |
8 |
Texas A&M University, All Campuses |
70,674 |
65,627 |
5,047 |
9 |
Carnegie Mellon University * |
69,705 |
24,615 |
45,090 |
10 |
Cornell University *, All Campuses |
64,923 |
43,632 |
21,291 |
|
First 10 institutions |
963,969 |
808,484 |
155,485 |
11 |
University of California-Berkeley |
59,132 |
57,481 |
1,651 |
12 |
University of Southern California * |
56,826 |
24,010 |
32,816 |
13 |
University of Minnesota, All Campuses |
52,646 |
27,460 |
25,186 |
14 |
New Mexico State University, All Campuses |
52,448 |
44,091 |
8,357 |
15 |
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ |
49,143 |
48,407 |
736 |
16 |
North Carolina State University at Raleigh |
48,201 |
46,343 |
1,858 |
17 |
University of Wisconsin-Madison |
47,795 |
43,341 |
4,454 |
18 |
Iowa State University |
46,013 |
36,768 |
9,245 |
19 |
Utah State University |
45,156 |
44,842 |
314 |
20 |
Ohio State University, All Campuses |
44,305 |
42,950 |
1,355 |
|
First 20 institutions |
1,465,634 |
1,224,177 |
241,457 |
21 |
University of Maryland at College Park |
43,437 |
36,868 |
6,569 |
22 |
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute * |
39,520 |
37,927 |
1,593 |
23 |
Purdue University, All Campuses |
38,483 |
35,130 |
3,353 |
24 |
University of Tennessee Central Office |
36,947 |
30,817 |
6,130 |
25 |
University of Dayton * |
34,108 |
33,660 |
448 |
26 |
Louisiana State University, All Campuses |
32,048 |
31,768 |
280 |
27 |
University of Florida |
31,832 |
29,445 |
2,387 |
28 |
University of California-Los Angeles |
29,323 |
25,715 |
3,608 |
29 |
Rutgers, the State University, All Campuses |
28,889 |
24,591 |
4,298 |
30 |
SUNY at Buffalo, All Campuses |
27,080 |
22,881 |
4,199 |
|
First 30 institutions |
1,807,301 |
1,532,979 |
274,322 |
31 |
University of Colorado, All Campuses |
25,577 |
21,550 |
4,027 |
32 |
Princeton University * |
23,893 |
20,134 |
3,759 |
33 |
University of Rochester * |
23,825 |
22,304 |
1,521 |
34 |
Case Western Reserve University * |
23,770 |
23,770 |
0 |
35 |
Clemson University |
23,406 |
18,715 |
4,691 |
|
Academic institution |
Total |
Engineering |
Computer Science |
36 |
University of Connecticut, All Campuses |
23,280 |
21,575 |
1,705 |
37 |
University of California-Santa Barbara |
23,206 |
20,648 |
2,558 |
38 |
Northwestern University * |
22,977 |
19,603 |
3,374 |
39 |
Auburn University, All Campuses |
22,855 |
22,182 |
673 |
40 |
University of Washington |
22,747 |
20,497 |
2,250 |
|
First 40 institutions |
2,042,837 |
1,743,957 |
298,880 |
41 |
California Institute of Technology * |
22,724 |
17,931 |
4,793 |
42 |
University of New Mexico, All Campuses |
22,477 |
22,083 |
394 |
43 |
Arizona State University |
21,262 |
20,129 |
1,133 |
44 |
University of Arizona |
20,999 |
18,080 |
2,919 |
45 |
Columbia University *, Main Campus |
20,721 |
16,785 |
3,936 |
46 |
Lehigh University * |
20,576 |
20,185 |
391 |
47 |
University of Virginia, All Campuses |
20,517 |
17,748 |
2,769 |
48 |
University of Utah |
18,616 |
15,116 |
3,500 |
49 |
University of Pennsylvania * |
17,524 |
10,620 |
6,904 |
50 |
University of Massachusetts, All Campuses |
17,305 |
9,717 |
7,588 |
|
First 50 institutions |
2,245,558 |
1,912,351 |
333,207 |
51 |
University of South Florida |
16,945 |
16,945 |
0 |
52 |
West Virginia University |
16,834 |
7,005 |
9,829 |
53 |
Colorado State University |
16,819 |
16,406 |
413 |
54 |
University of Cincinnati, All Campuses |
16,129 |
15,961 |
168 |
55 |
University of Oklahoma, All Campuses |
15,964 |
13,724 |
2,240 |
56 |
University of Alabama in Huntsville |
15,570 |
12,781 |
2,789 |
57 |
Mississippi State University |
15,460 |
15,360 |
100 |
58 |
Michigan State University |
15,340 |
5,340 |
0 |
59 |
University of South Carolina, All Campuses |
15,062 |
14,260 |
802 |
60 |
University of Kentucky, All Campuses |
14,863 |
14,610 |
253 |
|
First 60 institutions |
2,404,544 |
2,054,743 |
349,801 |
61 |
Syracuse University *, All Campuses |
14,634 |
5,255 |
9,379 |
62 |
University of Houston-University Park |
14,544 |
14,396 |
148 |
63 |
University of Delaware |
13,976 |
12,528 |
1,448 |
64 |
University of California-San Diego |
13,794 |
5,624 |
8,170 |
65 |
Oklahoma State University, All Campuses |
13,737 |
13,203 |
534 |
66 |
Brown University * |
13,622 |
9,936 |
3,686 |
67 |
University of Nebraska at Lincoln |
13,554 |
12,377 |
1,177 |
68 |
Rice University * |
13,057 |
4,304 |
8,753 |
69 |
Drexel University * |
12,675 |
12,506 |
169 |
70 |
Michigan Technological University |
12,455 |
12,326 |
129 |
|
First 70 institutions |
2,540,592 |
2,157,198 |
383,394 |
71 |
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institutions * |
12,165 |
12,165 |
0 |
72 |
University of Iowa |
12,027 |
10,805 |
1,222 |
73 |
Johns Hopkins University * |
11,311 |
10,800 |
511 |
74 |
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology |
11,302 |
11,239 |
63 |
75 |
Yale University * |
10,731 |
7,329 |
3,402 |
76 |
University of Missouri, Rolla |
10,626 |
10,286 |
340 |
77 |
University of California-Davis |
10,269 |
9,634 |
635 |
78 |
University of Missouri, Columbia |
9,952 |
9,937 |
15 |
79 |
Texas Tech University |
9,429 |
8,902 |
527 |
80 |
Oregon State University |
9,163 |
8,226 |
937 |
|
First 80 institutions |
2,647,567 |
2,256,521 |
391,046 |
|
Academic institution |
Total |
Engineering |
Computer Science |
81 |
Colorado School of Mines |
9,128 |
8,648 |
480 |
82 |
University of Texas at Arlington |
9,090 |
8,240 |
850 |
83 |
Vanderbilt University * |
9,008 |
8,554 |
454 |
84 |
University of Californa-Irvine |
8,991 |
5,171 |
3,820 |
85 |
University of North Dakota, All Campuses |
8,361 |
8,361 |
0 |
86 |
Duke University * |
8,272 |
6,512 |
1,760 |
87 |
Tennessee Technological University |
8,267 |
8,242 |
25 |
88 |
University of Georgia |
8,220 |
4,312 |
3,908 |
89 |
University of Idaho |
8,082 |
8,031 |
51 |
90 |
University of Illinois at Chicago |
7,940 |
7,940 |
0 |
|
First 90 institutions |
2,732,926 |
2,330,532 |
402,394 |
91 |
Washington University * |
7,786 |
2,953 |
4,833 |
92 |
University of Pittsburgh, All Campuses |
7,569 |
6,514 |
1,055 |
93 |
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |
7,569 |
0 |
7,569 |
94 |
Stevens Institute of Technology * |
7,469 |
7,469 |
0 |
95 |
SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry |
7,432 |
7,139 |
293 |
96 |
Southern Illinois University-Carbondale |
7,348 |
5,134 |
2,214 |
97 |
University of Alabama |
7,327 |
5,996 |
1,331 |
98 |
Northeastern University * |
7,243 |
5,925 |
1,318 |
99 |
Mercer University *, All Campuses |
7,184 |
7,184 |
0 |
100 |
New Jersey Institute Technology |
7,093 |
6,614 |
479 |
|
First 100 institutions |
2,806,946 |
2,385,460 |
421,486 |
101 |
New York University * |
7,029 |
0 |
7,029 |
102 |
Washington State University |
6,809 |
6,792 |
17 |
103 |
Kansas State University of Agriculture and App Sci |
6,760 |
6,635 |
125 |
104 |
Polytechnc University * |
6,683 |
6,683 |
0 |
105 |
Ohio University, All Campuses |
6,678 |
6,678 |
0 |
106 |
University of Notre Dame * |
6,583 |
6,583 |
0 |
107 |
Wayne State University |
6,475 |
5,624 |
851 |
108 |
Clarkson University * |
6,370 |
6,370 |
0 |
109 |
Howard University * |
6,240 |
3,871 |
2,369 |
110 |
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical St Univ |
6,230 |
5,753 |
477 |
|
First 110 institutions |
2,872,803 |
2,440,449 |
432,354 |
111 |
University of Central Florida |
6,142 |
5,418 |
724 |
112 |
University of Arkansas, Main Campus |
5,986 |
5,710 |
276 |
113 |
San Diego State University |
5,915 |
4,466 |
1,449 |
114 |
Brigham Young University *, All Campuses |
5,531 |
5,358 |
173 |
115 |
George Mason University |
5,355 |
5,109 |
246 |
116 |
Illinois Institute of Technology * |
5,309 |
5,093 |
216 |
117 |
University of Akron, All Campuses |
5,197 |
5,197 |
0 |
118 |
Institute of Paper Science and Technology * |
5,161 |
4,595 |
566 |
|
Academic institution |
Total |
Engineering |
Computer science |
119 |
George Washington University * |
5,123 |
5,123 |
0 |
120 |
Boston University * |
5,096 |
4,677 |
419 |
|
First 120 institutions |
2,927,618 |
2,491,195 |
436,423 |
121 |
Dartmouth College * |
5,078 |
5,078 |
0 |
122 |
University of Rhode Island |
4,930 |
4,708 |
222 |
123 |
CUNY City College |
4,921 |
4,834 |
87 |
124 |
University of Alabama at Birmingham |
4,874 |
4,711 |
163 |
125 |
Oregon Graduate Inst. of Science & Technology * |
4,836 |
2,948 |
1,888 |
126 |
Tulane University of Louisiana * |
4,749 |
4,317 |
432 |
127 |
Worcester Polytechnic Institute |
4,686 |
4,397 |
289 |
128 |
University of Lowell |
4,602 |
3,925 |
677 |
129 |
Old Dominion University |
4,513 |
3,758 |
755 |
130 |
Cleveland State University |
4,452 |
4,410 |
42 |
|
First 130 institutions |
2,975,259 |
2,534,281 |
440,978 |
131 |
University of Kansas, All Campuses |
4,401 |
4,365 |
36 |
132 |
University of Texas at El Paso |
4,349 |
3,922 |
427 |
133 |
Montana State University |
4,340 |
4,330 |
10 |
134 |
Wichita State University |
4,252 |
4,149 |
103 |
135 |
SUNY at Stony Brook, All Campuses |
4,210 |
2,640 |
1,570 |
136 |
Florida Atlantic University |
3,850 |
3,074 |
776 |
137 |
University of Tulsa * |
3,767 |
3,570 |
197 |
138 |
University of Maine at Orono |
3,763 |
3,724 |
39 |
139 |
Harvard University * |
3,701 |
2,346 |
1,355 |
140 |
University of Alaska Fairbanks, All Campuses |
3,622 |
3,616 |
6 |
|
First 140 institutions |
3,015,514 |
2,570,017 |
445,497 |
141 |
University of Nevada-Reno |
3,465 |
3,465 |
0 |
142 |
University of New Hampshire, Main Campus |
3,415 |
3,098 |
317 |
143 |
Wright State University, All Campuses |
3,383 |
2,408 |
975 |
144 |
San Jose State University |
3,114 |
3,114 |
0 |
145 |
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee |
3,078 |
2,998 |
80 |
146 |
Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University |
2,832 |
2,797 |
35 |
147 |
University of Mississippi, All Campuses |
2,762 |
2,762 |
0 |
148 |
University of Wyoming |
2,650 |
2,603 |
47 |
149 |
Tufts University * |
2,321 |
2,307 |
14 |
150 |
University of Toledo |
2,282 |
2,230 |
52 |
|
First 150 institutions |
3,044,816 |
2,597,799 |
447,017 |
151 |
Lamar University-Beaumont |
2,252 |
2,148 |
104 |
152 |
North Dakota State University, All Campuses |
2,230 |
1,902 |
328 |
153 |
California Polytechnic State Univ-San Luis Obispo |
2,083 |
1,844 |
239 |
154 |
Louisiana Tech University |
2,015 |
2,015 |
0 |
155 |
University of North Carolina at Charlotte |
1,985 |
1,799 |
186 |
156 |
Indiana University, All Campuses |
1,915 |
656 |
1,259 |
157 |
University of North Texas |
1,906 |
502 |
1,404 |
158 |
Florida Institute of Technology * |
1,849 |
1,696 |
153 |
159 |
Jackson State University |
1,826 |
1,345 |
481 |
160 |
University of Miami * |
1,816 |
1,643 |
173 |
|
First 160 institutions |
3,064,693 |
2,613,349 |
451,344 |
|
Academic institution |
Total |
Engineering |
Computer science |
161 |
University of Hawaii at Manoa |
1,805 |
1,607 |
198 |
162 |
Western Michigan University |
1,779 |
1,631 |
148 |
163 |
University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez |
1,682 |
1,673 |
9 |
164 |
Memphis State University |
1,603 |
1,397 |
206 |
165 |
University of Maryland Baltimore County |
1,547 |
1,384 |
163 |
166 |
University of Oregon |
1,457 |
939 |
518 |
167 |
Catholic University of America * |
1,443 |
1,443 |
0 |
168 |
Marquette University * |
1,375 |
1,375 |
0 |
169 |
University of Missouri, Kansas City |
1,289 |
0 |
1,289 |
170 |
Southern University and A & M Col, All Campuses |
1,272 |
423 |
849 |
|
First 170 institutions |
3,079,945 |
2,625,221 |
454,724 |
171 |
Southern Methodist University * |
1,243 |
922 |
321 |
172 |
SUNY at Binghamton |
1,234 |
1,014 |
220 |
173 |
University of Louisville |
1,234 |
1,207 |
27 |
174 |
Florida State University |
1,210 |
846 |
364 |
175 |
University of California-Santa Cruz |
1,085 |
373 |
712 |
176 |
University of Texas at Dallas |
1,064 |
738 |
326 |
177 |
University of Vermont |
997 |
997 |
0 |
178 |
University of Chicago * |
985 |
0 |
985 |
179 |
Georgetown University * |
980 |
0 |
980 |
180 |
Portland State University |
957 |
804 |
153 |
|
First 180 institutions |
3,090,934 |
2,632,122 |
458,812 |
181 |
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology |
899 |
899 |
0 |
182 |
Santa Clara University * |
829 |
644 |
185 |
183 |
Oakland University |
736 |
673 |
63 |
184 |
South Dakota State University |
674 |
674 |
0 |
185 |
Kent State University, All Campuses |
670 |
150 |
520 |
186 |
SUNY at Albany |
650 |
0 |
650 |
187 |
Tuskegee University * |
644 |
644 |
0 |
188 |
College of William and Mary, All Campuses |
631 |
0 |
631 |
189 |
Northern Illinois University |
625 |
600 |
25 |
190 |
Tennessee State University |
483 |
483 |
0 |
|
First 190 institutions |
3,097,775 |
2,636,889 |
460,886 |
191 |
Milwaukee School of Engineering * |
432 |
432 |
0 |
192 |
Temple University |
429 |
282 |
147 |
193 |
Ball State University |
398 |
187 |
211 |
194 |
Central State University |
386 |
347 |
39 |
195 |
Hampton University * |
334 |
259 |
75 |
196 |
Northern Arizona University |
331 |
331 |
0 |
197 |
Brandeis University * |
331 |
0 |
331 |
198 |
Georgia State University |
287 |
0 |
287 |
199 |
Morgan State University |
244 |
244 |
0 |
200 |
University of Denver * |
240 |
240 |
0 |
|
First 200 institutions |
3,101,187 |
2,639,211 |
461,976 |
|
Academic institution |
Total |
Engineering |
Computer science |
201 |
Hofstra University * |
214 |
214 |
0 |
202 |
Indiana State University, All Campuses |
175 |
150 |
25 |
203 |
West Virginia State College |
170 |
170 |
0 |
204 |
Prairie View A&M University |
157 |
157 |
0 |
205 |
Virginia Commonwealth University |
129 |
120 |
9 |
206 |
Eastern Washington University |
128 |
0 |
128 |
207 |
University of South Alabama |
126 |
120 |
6 |
208 |
University of the District of Columbia |
104 |
104 |
0 |
209 |
Miami University, All Campuses |
79 |
79 |
0 |
210 |
Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University |
67 |
67 |
0 |
|
First 210 institutions |
3,102,536 |
2,640,392 |
462,144 |
211 |
American University * |
61 |
0 |
61 |
212 |
Canisius College * |
43 |
0 |
43 |
213 |
University of California-Riverside |
40 |
40 |
0 |
214 |
Boston College * |
34 |
0 |
34 |
215 |
Texas, Southern University |
34 |
0 |
34 |
216 |
Northeast Louisiana University |
15 |
0 |
15 |
217 |
Stephen F Austin State University |
12 |
0 |
12 |
218 |
CUNY Queens College |
6 |
0 |
6 |
219 |
University of South Dakota |
5 |
0 |
5 |
|
First 219 institutions |
3,102,786 |
2,640,432 |
462,354 |
* Privately controlled institutions. SOURCE: NSF CASPAR Database System. |
TABLE 2 Science and Engineering Doctorate-Holders Employed by Academic Institutions and Those Active in Research and Development (R&D), 1979 and 1989
|
|
|
Total in R&D |
|
|
|
Field |
Total employment |
Number |
Percent |
|||
|
1979 |
1989 |
1979 |
1989 |
1979 |
1989 |
Engineering and computer science |
16,031 |
27,607 |
12,150 |
21,871 |
75.8 |
79.2 |
Engineering, total |
13,839 |
21,517 |
10,659 |
17,749 |
77.0 |
82.5 |
Aerospace |
598 |
1,031 |
556 |
893 |
93.0 |
86.6 |
Chemical |
1,060 |
2,051 |
777 |
1,886 |
73.3 |
92.0 |
Civil |
2,165 |
3,278 |
1,822 |
2,529 |
84.2 |
77.2 |
Electrical |
2,490 |
4,402 |
1,830 |
3,442 |
73.5 |
78.2 |
Materials |
1,300 |
1,595 |
1,044 |
1,421 |
80.3 |
89.1 |
Mechanical |
2,374 |
3,988 |
1,675 |
3,295 |
70.6 |
83.4 |
Other |
3,852 |
5,222 |
2,955 |
4,283 |
76.7 |
82.2 |
Computer science |
2,192 |
6,090 |
1,491 |
4,122 |
68.0 |
67.7 |
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators-1991, Appendix table 5-20, Washington, DC, p. 375. |
TABLE 3 Postdoctorates in Graduate Engineering and Computer Science Departments by Field, Citizenship, and Gender, 1980–1991
Field |
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
Total postdoctorates |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
1,021 |
1,072 |
1,025 |
1,187 |
1,261 |
1,425 |
1,476 |
1,547 |
1,784 |
1,998 |
2,018 |
2,406 |
Engineering, total |
978 |
1,037 |
978 |
1,105 |
1,197 |
1,349 |
1,399 |
1,443 |
1,688 |
1,914 |
1,947 |
2,249 |
Aerospace |
20 |
14 |
25 |
32 |
42 |
51 |
48 |
43 |
48 |
38 |
67 |
77 |
Chemical |
189 |
173 |
179 |
199 |
249 |
279 |
296 |
319 |
431 |
475 |
563 |
596 |
Civil |
122 |
103 |
103 |
131 |
146 |
122 |
140 |
175 |
203 |
182 |
168 |
186 |
Electrical |
123 |
191 |
178 |
178 |
173 |
177 |
173 |
176 |
187 |
193 |
242 |
307 |
Mechanical |
137 |
130 |
130 |
182 |
196 |
207 |
240 |
216 |
218 |
304 |
220 |
331 |
Materials |
172 |
194 |
168 |
204 |
168 |
245 |
250 |
283 |
325 |
323 |
370 |
401 |
Industrial |
16 |
13 |
9 |
13 |
21 |
18 |
25 |
26 |
32 |
32 |
6 |
27 |
Other |
199 |
219 |
186 |
166 |
202 |
250 |
227 |
205 |
244 |
367 |
311 |
324 |
Computer science |
43 |
35 |
47 |
82 |
64 |
76 |
77 |
104 |
96 |
84 |
71 |
157 |
Total U.S. citizen postdoctorates |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
332 |
349 |
358 |
450 |
480 |
488 |
507 |
566 |
644 |
699 |
643 |
722 |
Engineering, total |
302 |
331 |
323 |
413 |
437 |
441 |
459 |
497 |
587 |
652 |
603 |
612 |
Aerospace |
6 |
8 |
6 |
8 |
10 |
10 |
15 |
13 |
20 |
14 |
21 |
29 |
Chemical |
47 |
43 |
44 |
56 |
66 |
56 |
63 |
68 |
100 |
119 |
161 |
132 |
Civil |
59 |
33 |
37 |
52 |
53 |
49 |
46 |
57 |
91 |
80 |
77 |
69 |
Electrical |
39 |
104 |
82 |
70 |
63 |
77 |
60 |
104 |
71 |
58 |
78 |
71 |
Mechanical |
43 |
24 |
30 |
69 |
82 |
61 |
94 |
69 |
77 |
101 |
66 |
102 |
Materials |
27 |
26 |
30 |
53 |
52 |
47 |
56 |
71 |
72 |
86 |
89 |
80 |
Industrial |
8 |
6 |
4 |
6 |
12 |
16 |
19 |
19 |
23 |
17 |
3 |
9 |
Other |
73 |
87 |
90 |
99 |
99 |
125 |
106 |
96 |
133 |
177 |
108 |
120 |
Computer science |
30 |
18 |
35 |
37 |
43 |
47 |
48 |
69 |
57 |
47 |
40 |
110 |
Field |
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
Total foreign citizen postdoctorates |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
689 |
723 |
667 |
737 |
781 |
937 |
969 |
981 |
1,140 |
1,299 |
1,375 |
1,684 |
Engineering, total |
676 |
706 |
655 |
692 |
760 |
908 |
940 |
946 |
1,101 |
1,262 |
1,344 |
1,637 |
Aerospace |
14 |
6 |
19 |
24 |
32 |
41 |
33 |
30 |
28 |
24 |
46 |
48 |
Chemical |
142 |
130 |
135 |
143 |
183 |
223 |
233 |
251 |
331 |
356 |
402 |
464 |
Civil |
63 |
70 |
66 |
79 |
93 |
73 |
94 |
118 |
112 |
102 |
91 |
117 |
Electrical |
84 |
87 |
96 |
108 |
110 |
100 |
113 |
72 |
116 |
135 |
164 |
236 |
Mechanical |
94 |
106 |
100 |
113 |
114 |
146 |
146 |
147 |
141 |
203 |
154 |
229 |
Materials |
145 |
168 |
138 |
151 |
116 |
198 |
194 |
212 |
253 |
237 |
281 |
321 |
Industrial |
8 |
7 |
5 |
7 |
9 |
2 |
6 |
7 |
9 |
15 |
3 |
18 |
Other |
126 |
132 |
96 |
67 |
103 |
125 |
121 |
109 |
111 |
190 |
203 |
204 |
Computer science |
13 |
17 |
12 |
45 |
21 |
29 |
29 |
35 |
39 |
37 |
31 |
47 |
Total female postdoctorates |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
67 |
88 |
93 |
98 |
93 |
111 |
142 |
162 |
184 |
192 |
218 |
269 |
Engineering, total |
65 |
82 |
84 |
88 |
83 |
101 |
131 |
148 |
172 |
177 |
209 |
242 |
Aerospace |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
4 |
4 |
Chemical |
21 |
11 |
22 |
27 |
31 |
28 |
38 |
35 |
53 |
46 |
82 |
94 |
Civil |
10 |
8 |
6 |
6 |
10 |
3 |
7 |
12 |
19 |
29 |
14 |
23 |
Electrical |
5 |
10 |
17 |
12 |
11 |
11 |
13 |
16 |
16 |
13 |
15 |
18 |
Mechanical |
3 |
10 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
14 |
21 |
11 |
19 |
15 |
16 |
22 |
Materials |
12 |
16 |
16 |
24 |
14 |
23 |
23 |
45 |
36 |
36 |
44 |
43 |
Industrial |
0 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
4 |
6 |
1 |
2 |
Other |
14 |
22 |
17 |
11 |
9 |
18 |
23 |
24 |
22 |
29 |
33 |
36 |
Computer science |
2 |
6 |
9 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
11 |
14 |
12 |
15 |
9 |
27 |
Field |
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
Female U.S. citizen postdoctorates |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
34 |
42 |
55 |
54 |
53 |
50 |
72 |
84 |
75 |
80 |
82 |
87 |
Engineering, total |
32 |
38 |
47 |
51 |
46 |
43 |
67 |
71 |
65 |
67 |
75 |
74 |
Aerospace |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
4 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
Chemical |
11 |
5 |
11 |
10 |
14 |
9 |
17 |
11 |
13 |
12 |
20 |
21 |
Civil |
5 |
2 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
3 |
4 |
4 |
9 |
12 |
7 |
12 |
Electrical |
2 |
5 |
8 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
7 |
14 |
10 |
5 |
9 |
4 |
Mechanical |
0 |
4 |
4 |
5 |
5 |
6 |
13 |
5 |
5 |
8 |
6 |
9 |
Materials |
5 |
7 |
8 |
15 |
8 |
7 |
8 |
17 |
10 |
11 |
18 |
11 |
Industrial |
0 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
4 |
5 |
1 |
2 |
Other |
9 |
12 |
10 |
8 |
5 |
10 |
13 |
15 |
12 |
13 |
13 |
13 |
Computer science |
2 |
4 |
8 |
3 |
7 |
7 |
5 |
13 |
10 |
13 |
7 |
13 |
Female foreign citizen postdoctorates |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
33 |
46 |
38 |
44 |
40 |
61 |
70 |
78 |
109 |
112 |
136 |
182 |
Engineering, total |
33 |
44 |
37 |
37 |
37 |
58 |
64 |
77 |
107 |
110 |
134 |
168 |
Aerospace |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
Chemical |
10 |
6 |
11 |
17 |
17 |
19 |
21 |
24 |
40 |
34 |
62 |
73 |
Civil |
5 |
6 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
3 |
8 |
10 |
17 |
7 |
11 |
Electrical |
3 |
5 |
9 |
6 |
5 |
5 |
6 |
2 |
6 |
8 |
6 |
14 |
Mechanical |
3 |
6 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
8 |
8 |
6 |
14 |
7 |
10 |
13 |
Materials |
7 |
9 |
8 |
9 |
6 |
16 |
15 |
28 |
26 |
25 |
26 |
32 |
Industrial |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Other |
5 |
10 |
7 |
3 |
4 |
8 |
10 |
9 |
10 |
16 |
20 |
23 |
Computer science |
0 |
2 |
1 |
7 |
3 |
3 |
6 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
14 |
SOURCE: NSF CASPAR Database System. |
TABLE 4 Postdoctoral Appointees in Doctorate-Granting Institutions by Field and Source of Support: 1991
|
|
Source of support |
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
Federal |
|
|
|
Nonfederal |
Field |
|
Total |
Fellowships |
Traineeships |
Research grants |
|
Engineering and computer science |
2,394 |
1,605 |
69 |
25 |
1,511 |
789 |
Engineering, total |
2,237 |
1,488 |
65 |
25 |
1,398 |
749 |
Aerospace |
77 |
55 |
0 |
0 |
55 |
22 |
Agriculture * |
33 |
18 |
1 |
0 |
17 |
15 |
Biomedical * |
66 |
53 |
10 |
8 |
35 |
13 |
Chemical |
578 |
323 |
7 |
3 |
313 |
255 |
Civil |
185 |
131 |
6 |
0 |
125 |
54 |
Electrical |
300 |
202 |
6 |
3 |
193 |
98 |
Engineering science * |
117 |
93 |
9 |
0 |
84 |
24 |
Industrial |
27 |
10 |
1 |
0 |
9 |
17 |
Mechanical |
329 |
237 |
23 |
7 |
207 |
92 |
Materials |
401 |
273 |
2 |
2 |
269 |
128 |
Mining * |
11 |
8 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
3 |
Nuclear * |
29 |
22 |
0 |
0 |
22 |
7 |
Petroleum * |
18 |
16 |
0 |
0 |
16 |
2 |
Engineering, n.e.c. * |
66 |
47 |
0 |
2 |
45 |
19 |
Computer science |
157 |
117 |
4 |
0 |
113 |
40 |
KEY: * indicates fields included in ''other engineering'' in other tables. n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies. |
TABLE 5 Nonfaculty Doctoral Research Staff at Doctorate-Granting Institutions by Field and Gender, 1991
Field |
Number of departments |
Non-faculty doctoral research staff |
|
|
|
Total |
Women |
Engineering and computer science |
1,494 |
731 |
71 |
Engineering, subtotal |
1,260 |
682 |
59 |
Aerospace |
44 |
26 |
1 |
Chemical |
157 |
74 |
15 |
Civil |
192 |
54 |
3 |
Electrical |
199 |
120 |
7 |
Industrial |
134 |
20 |
8 |
Mechanical |
177 |
139 |
5 |
Materials |
95 |
146 |
10 |
Other |
262 |
103 |
10 |
Computer science |
234 |
49 |
12 |
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies. |
TABLE 6 Percent of U.S. College Freshmen Choosing Engineering as a Career, by Sex: 1966–1990
Year |
All |
Male |
Female |
1966 |
8.9 |
16.3 |
.2 |
1967 |
8.4 |
15.0 |
.2 |
1968 |
8.3 |
14.6 |
.2 |
1969 |
8.3 |
14.5 |
.3 |
1970 |
7.5 |
13.3 |
.4 |
1971 |
5.3 |
9.7 |
.2 |
1972 |
5.3 |
9.6 |
.3 |
1973 |
5.3 |
9.4 |
.7 |
1974 |
4.7 |
8.5 |
.8 |
1975 |
5.9 |
10.2 |
1.1 |
1976 |
7.8 |
13.7 |
1.5 |
1977 |
8.3 |
15.1 |
1.5 |
1978 |
9.1 |
16.5 |
2.2 |
1979 |
9.3 |
6.8 |
2.3 |
1980 |
10.7 |
19.1 |
2.9 |
1981 |
10.9 |
19.5 |
2.9 |
1982 |
12.0 |
20.6 |
3.6 |
1983 |
10.8 |
18.8 |
3.3 |
1984 |
10.4 |
18.5 |
2.9 |
1985 |
10.0 |
17.7 |
2.9 |
1986 |
9.7 |
17.4 |
2.8 |
1987 |
8.5 |
15.2 |
2.6 |
1988 |
8.6 |
15.7 |
2.5 |
1989 |
9.0 |
16.5 |
2.6 |
1990 |
8.1 |
14.9 |
2.4 |
SOURCE: E. L. Day, A. W. Astin, and W. S. Korn, The American Freshman: Twenty-Five Year Trends, 1966–1990, Los Angeles: Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA, 1991. |
TABLE 7 Fall Engineering Enrollments of Undergraduates by Status and Class Year, 1980–1992
|
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
Total |
397,344 |
420,402 |
435,330 |
441,205 |
429,499 |
420,864 |
407,657 |
392,198 |
385,412 |
378,277 |
380,287 |
379,977 |
382,525 |
Full-time, subtotal |
365,117 |
387,577 |
403,390 |
406,144 |
394,635 |
384,191 |
369,520 |
356,998 |
346,169 |
338,529 |
338,842 |
339,397 |
344,126 |
First year |
110,149 |
115,280 |
115,303 |
109,638 |
105,249 |
103,225 |
99,238 |
95,453 |
98,009 |
95,420 |
94,346 |
93,002 |
93,427 |
Second year |
84,982 |
87,519 |
89,785 |
89,515 |
83,946 |
79,627 |
76,195 |
73,317 |
71,030 |
71,267 |
72,204 |
71,257 |
71,644 |
Third year |
80,024 |
86,633 |
90,541 |
91,233 |
89,509 |
84,875 |
80,386 |
77,085 |
73,761 |
70,483 |
72,666 |
73,516 |
74,871 |
Fourth year |
84,442 |
92,414 |
102,055 |
109,036 |
109,695 |
110,305 |
107,773 |
104,003 |
97,614 |
94,465 |
92,989 |
94,683 |
98,235 |
Fifth year |
5,520 |
5,731 |
5,706 |
6,722 |
6,236 |
6,159 |
5,928 |
7,140 |
5,755 |
6,894 |
6,637 |
6,939 |
5,949 |
Part-time, subtotal |
32,227 |
32,825 |
31,940 |
35,061 |
34,864 |
36,673 |
38,137 |
35,200 |
39,243 |
39,748 |
41,445 |
40,580 |
38,399 |
Gender |
|||||||||||||
Male |
345,482 |
361,133 |
368,750 |
372,374 |
362,800 |
354,612 |
344,999 |
331,917 |
325,024 |
318,067 |
318,471 |
316,441 |
316,460 |
Female |
51,862 |
59,269 |
66,580 |
68,831 |
66,699 |
66,252 |
62,658 |
60,281 |
60,388 |
60,210 |
61,816 |
63,536 |
66,065 |
Race/ethnicity |
|||||||||||||
White |
326,913 |
343,649 |
356,750 |
354,329 |
340,374 |
323,899 |
315,861 |
296,749 |
288,415 |
281,948 |
288,732 |
271,906 |
270,942 |
Asian |
12,772 |
15,815 |
17,570 |
23,007 |
25,449 |
28,767 |
30,201 |
32,795 |
34,051 |
33,360 |
30,898 |
37,803 |
38,480 |
Underrep. minorities |
31,531 |
34,353 |
35,960 |
37,432 |
37,557 |
39,657 |
37,240 |
38,640 |
40,389 |
41,338 |
41,169 |
48,692 |
51,517 |
Black |
17,606 |
18,911 |
19,400 |
19,698 |
19,204 |
19,819 |
18,459 |
19,142 |
20,405 |
21,013 |
20,833 |
24,563 |
25,722 |
Hispanic |
12,905 |
14,359 |
15,320 |
16,462 |
17,075 |
18,598 |
17,586 |
18,253 |
18,700 |
19,007 |
18,873 |
22,441 |
23,863 |
American Indian |
1,020 |
1,083 |
1,240 |
1,272 |
1,278 |
1,240 |
1,195 |
1,245 |
1,284 |
1,318 |
1,463 |
1,688 |
1,932 |
Temporary resident |
26,128 |
26,585 |
25,050 |
26,437 |
26,119 |
28,541 |
24,355 |
24,014 |
22,557 |
21,631 |
19,488 |
21,576 |
21,586 |
SOURCES: American Society of Engineering Societies, Manpower Comments , April 1991 and April 1992: Engineering Workforce Bulletin, April 1993. |
TABLE 8 Graduate Enrollment in Engineering and Computer Science Departments by Field, Enrollment Status, and Gender, 1972–1991
Field |
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
1979 |
All students |
||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
55,027 |
56,385 |
63,422 |
76,775 |
75,377 |
77,890 |
72,144 |
83,497 |
Engineering, subtotal |
50,602 |
51,233 |
56,977 |
68,360 |
66,750 |
68,782 |
63,815 |
71,807 |
Aerospace |
2,014 |
1,816 |
1,654 |
1,670 |
1,477 |
1,518 |
1,450 |
1,481 |
Chemical |
4,740 |
4,718 |
5,011 |
5,336 |
5,581 |
5,580 |
5,611 |
6,029 |
Civil |
7,954 |
8,673 |
10,115 |
12,560 |
11,995 |
12,352 |
11,565 |
12,836 |
Electrical |
13,325 |
13,713 |
15,530 |
16,320 |
15,926 |
17,406 |
16,379 |
17,715 |
Mechanical |
6,309 |
7,293 |
8,107 |
8,601 |
8,313 |
8,722 |
8,122 |
9,251 |
Materials |
2,211 |
2,030 |
2,156 |
2,352 |
2,375 |
2,559 |
2,487 |
2,756 |
Industrial |
5,507 |
5,208 |
6,141 |
11,663 |
10,687 |
10,438 |
8,967 |
10,714 |
Other |
8,542 |
7,782 |
8,263 |
9,858 |
10,396 |
10,207 |
9,234 |
11,025 |
Computer science |
4,425 |
5,152 |
6,445 |
8,415 |
8,627 |
9,108 |
8,329 |
11,690 |
All full-time students |
||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
35,092 |
34,164 |
37,483 |
42,286 |
41,698 |
41,829 |
41,147 |
45,870 |
Engineering, subtotal |
32,191 |
31,226 |
33,737 |
37,81 |
36,950 |
37,225 |
36,721 |
40,017 |
Aerospace |
1,538 |
1,362 |
1,245 |
1,245 |
1,165 |
1,187 |
1,135 |
1,152 |
Chemical |
3,435 |
3,442 |
3,569 |
3,743 |
4,014 |
4,174 |
4,226 |
4,555 |
Civil |
5,267 |
5,367 |
5,939 |
7,363 |
7,025 |
7,111 |
7,123 |
7,637 |
Electrical |
7,612 |
7,462 |
7,769 |
8,278 |
8,147 |
8,528 |
8,334 |
9,039 |
Mechanical |
3,978 |
4,405 |
4,712 |
4,931 |
4,919 |
4,883 |
4,868 |
5,428 |
Materials |
1,720 |
1,619 |
1,638 |
1,787 |
1,860 |
1,951 |
1,961 |
2,135 |
Industrial |
3,047 |
2.5 |
183,108 |
4,152 |
3,578 |
3,343 |
3,140 |
3,743 |
Other |
5,594 |
5,051 |
5,757 |
6,314 |
6,242 |
6,048 |
5,934 |
6,328 |
Computer science |
2,901 |
2,938 |
3,746 |
4,473 |
4,748 |
4,604 |
4,426 |
5,853 |
Field |
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
1979 |
All part-time students |
||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
19,935 |
22,221 |
25,939 |
34,489 |
33,679 |
36,061 |
30,997 |
37,627 |
Engineering, subtotal |
18,411 |
20,007 |
23,240 |
30,547 |
29,800 |
31,557 |
27,094 |
31,790 |
Aerospace |
476 |
454 |
409 |
425 |
312 |
331 |
315 |
329 |
Chemical |
1,305 |
1,276 |
1,442 |
1,593 |
1,567 |
1,406 |
1,385 |
1,474 |
Civil |
2,687 |
3,306 |
4,176 |
5,197 |
4,970 |
5,241 |
4,442 |
5,199 |
Electrical |
5,713 |
6,251 |
7,761 |
8,042 |
7,779 |
8,878 |
8,045 |
8,676 |
Mechanical |
2,331 |
2,888 |
3,395 |
3,670 |
3,394 |
3,839 |
3,254 |
3,823 |
Materials |
491 |
411 |
518 |
565 |
515 |
608 |
526 |
621 |
Industrial |
2,460 |
2,690 |
3,033 |
7,511 |
7,109 |
7,095 |
5,827 |
6,971 |
Other |
2,948 |
2,731 |
2,506 |
3,544 |
4,154 |
4,159 |
3,300 |
4,697 |
Computer science |
1,524 |
2,214 |
2,699 |
3,942 |
3,879 |
4,504 |
3,903 |
5,837 |
All female students |
||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
1,221 |
1,337 |
1,864 |
2,461 |
2,768 |
5,264 |
0 |
8,208 |
Engineering, subtotal |
851 |
918 |
1,359 |
1,870 |
2,026 |
3,705 |
0 |
5,885 |
Aerospace |
16 |
14 |
15 |
20 |
23 |
33 |
0 |
49 |
Chemical |
95 |
98 |
119 |
166 |
243 |
388 |
0 |
645 |
Civil |
131 |
160 |
303 |
434 |
513 |
830 |
0 |
1,323 |
Electrical |
142 |
187 |
221 |
228 |
297 |
710 |
0 |
933 |
Mechanical |
39 |
54 |
81 |
112 |
122 |
273 |
0 |
469 |
Materials |
46 |
52 |
70 |
99 |
109 |
183 |
0 |
288 |
Industrial |
131 |
117 |
237 |
478 |
379 |
755 |
0 |
1,251 |
Other |
251 |
236 |
313 |
333 |
340 |
533 |
0 |
927 |
Computer science |
370 |
419 |
505 |
591 |
742 |
1,559 |
0 |
2,323 |
Field |
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
1979 |
|
|
|
|
Female full-time students |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
1,221 |
1,337 |
1,864 |
2,461 |
2,768 |
3,020 |
0 |
4,488 |
|
|
|
|
Engineering, subtotal |
851 |
918 |
1,359 |
1,870 |
2,026 |
2,261 |
0 |
3,438 |
|
|
|
|
Aerospace |
16 |
14 |
15 |
20 |
23 |
27 |
0 |
36 |
|
|
|
|
Chemical |
95 |
98 |
119 |
166 |
243 |
289 |
0 |
458 |
|
|
|
|
Civil |
131 |
160 |
303 |
434 |
513 |
543 |
0 |
898 |
|
|
|
|
Electrical |
142 |
187 |
221 |
228 |
297 |
382 |
0 |
454 |
|
|
|
|
Mechanical |
39 |
54 |
81 |
112 |
122 |
141 |
0 |
258 |
|
|
|
|
Materials |
46 |
52 |
70 |
99 |
109 |
142 |
0 |
213 |
|
|
|
|
Industrial |
131 |
117 |
237 |
478 |
379 |
376 |
0 |
579 |
|
|
|
|
Other |
251 |
236 |
313 |
333 |
340 |
361 |
0 |
542 |
|
|
|
|
Computer science |
370 |
419 |
505 |
591 |
742 |
759 |
0 |
1,050 |
|
|
|
|
|
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
All students |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
88,043 |
96,195 |
103,710 |
114,727 |
118,590 |
126,004 |
133,537 |
136,026 |
135,713 |
136,917 |
141,702 |
149,135 |
Engineering, subtotal |
74,465 |
79,758 |
83,898 |
91,111 |
92,780 |
96,160 |
102,140 |
103,889 |
103,159 |
104,319 |
107,329 |
114,407 |
Aerospace |
1,737 |
1,883 |
1,941 |
2,305 |
2,340 |
2,538 |
2,804 |
3,015 |
3,223 |
3,454 |
3,866 |
4,041 |
Chemical |
6,518 |
7,017 |
7,775 |
8,300 |
8,117 |
7,932 |
7,759 |
7,844 |
7,360 |
7,125 |
7,327 |
7,838 |
Civil |
13,111 |
14,103 |
14,146 |
14,921 |
15,203 |
14,916 |
14,987 |
14,718 |
14,822 |
14,919 |
15,454 |
17,265 |
Electrical |
19,132 |
20,113 |
21,927 |
25,116 |
26,198 |
28,026 |
29,799 |
31,214 |
31,837 |
33,055 |
33,583 |
35,272 |
Mechanical |
9,888 |
10,618 |
11,467 |
12,911 |
13,855 |
14,157 |
15,713 |
16,278 |
16,207 |
16,239 |
16,455 |
17,820 |
Materials |
2,910 |
3,125 |
3,124 |
3,447 |
3,657 |
3,943 |
4,208 |
4,366 |
4,335 |
4,589 |
4,921 |
5,149 |
Industrial |
9,737 |
9,797 |
9,641 |
9,373 |
9,535 |
10,841 |
11,888 |
12,457 |
11,731 |
11,458 |
11,611 |
13,333 |
Other |
11,432 |
13,102 |
13,877 |
14,738 |
13,875 |
13,807 |
14,982 |
13,997 |
13,644 |
13,480 |
14,112 |
13,689 |
Computer science |
13,578 |
16,437 |
19,812 |
23,616 |
25,810 |
29,844 |
31,397 |
32,137 |
32,554 |
32,598 |
34,373 |
34,728 |
|
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
All full-time students |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
49,307 |
53,296 |
59,036 |
64,618 |
66,744 |
70,039 |
75,537 |
77,457 |
78,580 |
80,343 |
82,551 |
87,782 |
Engineering, subtotal |
42,720 |
45,851 |
49,865 |
53,931 |
55,157 |
55,938 |
60,227 |
61,885 |
63,187 |
64,546 |
65,692 |
71,230 |
Aerospace |
1,327 |
1,483 |
1,522 |
1,840 |
1,854 |
1,994 |
2,154 |
2,372 |
2,533 |
2,772 |
3,010 |
3,314 |
Chemical |
4,863 |
5,382 |
6,084 |
6,489 |
6,348 |
6,123 |
6,166 |
6,264 |
5,958 |
5,788 |
5,853 |
6,309 |
Civil |
7,964 |
8,805 |
9,398 |
9,807 |
10,089 |
9,760 |
9,982 |
9,651 |
9,957 |
9,974 |
10,074 |
11,214 |
Electrical |
9,963 |
10,450 |
11,533 |
13,203 |
13,857 |
14,752 |
16,222 |
17,040 |
17,653 |
18,396 |
18,567 |
19,988 |
Mechanical |
5,841 |
6,422 |
7,267 |
8,330 |
8,698 |
8,875 |
9,789 |
10,164 |
10,426 |
10,464 |
10,662 |
11,654 |
Materials |
2,254 |
2,454 |
2,478 |
2,704 |
2,872 |
3,093 |
3,370 |
3,436 |
3,464 |
3,715 |
3,922 |
4,059 |
Industrial |
3,764 |
3,639 |
3,827 |
3,322 |
3,433 |
3,517 |
3,875 |
4,233 |
4,398 |
4,761 |
4,863 |
5,705 |
Other |
6,744 |
7,216 |
7,756 |
8,236 |
8,006 |
7,824 |
8,669 |
8,725 |
8,798 |
8,676 |
8,741 |
8,987 |
Computer science |
6,587 |
7,445 |
9,171 |
10,687 |
11,587 |
14,101 |
15,310 |
15,572 |
15,393 |
15,797 |
16,859 |
16,552 |
All part-time students |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
38,736 |
42,899 |
44,674 |
50,109 |
51,846 |
55,965 |
58,000 |
58,569 |
57,133 |
56,574 |
59,151 |
61,353 |
Engineering, subtotal |
31,745 |
33,907 |
34,033 |
37,180 |
37,623 |
40,222 |
41,913 |
42,004 |
39,972 |
39,773 |
41,637 |
43,177 |
Aerospace |
410 |
400 |
419 |
465 |
486 |
544 |
650 |
643 |
690 |
682 |
856 |
727 |
Chemical |
1,655 |
1,635 |
1,691 |
1,811 |
1,769 |
1,809 |
1,593 |
1,580 |
1,402 |
1,337 |
1,474 |
1,529 |
Civil |
5,147 |
5,298 |
4,748 |
5,114 |
5,114 |
5,156 |
5,005 |
5,067 |
4,865 |
4,945 |
5,380 |
6,051 |
Electrical |
9,169 |
9,663 |
10,394 |
11,913 |
12,341 |
13,274 |
13,577 |
14,174 |
14,184 |
14,659 |
15,016 |
15,284 |
Mechanical |
4,047 |
4,196 |
4,200 |
4,581 |
5,157 |
5,282 |
5,924 |
6,114 |
5,781 |
5,775 |
5,793 |
6,166 |
Materials |
656 |
671 |
646 |
743 |
785 |
850 |
838 |
930 |
871 |
874 |
999 |
1,090 |
Industrial |
5,973 |
6,158 |
5,814 |
6,051 |
6,102 |
7,324 |
8,013 |
8,224 |
7,333 |
6,697 |
6,748 |
7,628 |
Other |
4,688 |
5,886 |
6,121 |
6,502 |
5,869 |
5,983 |
6,313 |
5,272 |
4,846 |
4,804 |
5,371 |
4,702 |
Computer science |
6,991 |
8,992 |
10,641 |
12,929 |
14,223 |
15,743 |
16,087 |
16,565 |
17,161 |
16,801 |
17,514 |
18,176 |
|
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
All female students |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
9,427 |
11,963 |
14,239 |
16,439 |
17,246 |
18,659 |
20,249 |
20,908 |
21,411 |
21,610 |
22,871 |
24,132 |
Engineering, subtotal |
6,340 |
7,754 |
8,793 |
9,791 |
10,341 |
11,160 |
12,465 |
12,962 |
13,207 |
13,675 |
14,704 |
15,856 |
Aerospace |
74 |
67 |
110 |
123 |
132 |
163 |
200 |
224 |
227 |
240 |
287 |
325 |
Chemical |
720 |
830 |
943 |
1,088 |
1,032 |
1,070 |
1,087 |
1,194 |
1,124 |
1,057 |
1,175 |
1,312 |
Civil |
1,366 |
1,576 |
1,752 |
1,860 |
2,028 |
2,149 |
2,151 |
2,113 |
2,297 |
2,438 |
2,684 |
3,164 |
Electrical |
983 |
1,276 |
1,551 |
2,045 |
2,188 |
2,409 |
2,890 |
3,076 |
3,255 |
3,491 |
3,698 |
3,875 |
Mechanical |
534 |
631 |
719 |
805 |
956 |
1,011 |
1,159 |
1,283 |
1,415 |
1,403 |
1,426 |
1,527 |
Materials |
303 |
390 |
420 |
448 |
468 |
603 |
675 |
729 |
756 |
809 |
895 |
985 |
Industrial |
1,350 |
1,544 |
1,631 |
1,544 |
1,691 |
1,903 |
2,224 |
2,300 |
2,190 |
2,188 |
2,216 |
2,402 |
Other |
1,010 |
1,440 |
1,667 |
1,878 |
1,846 |
1,852 |
2,079 |
2,043 |
1,943 |
2,049 |
2,323 |
2,266 |
Computer science |
3,087 |
4,209 |
5,446 |
6,648 |
6,905 |
7,499 |
7,784 |
7,946 |
8,204 |
7,935 |
8,167 |
8,276 |
Female full-time students |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
5,263 |
6,353 |
7,567 |
8,260 |
8,806 |
9,376 |
10,352 |
10,653 |
11,028 |
11,457 |
12,197 |
13,287 |
Engineering, subtotal |
3,860 |
4,626 |
5,256 |
5,611 |
6,044 |
6,284 |
6,973 |
7,284 |
7,644 |
8,176 |
8,690 |
9,751 |
Aerospace |
54 |
51 |
73 |
80 |
86 |
126 |
148 |
167 |
168 |
180 |
199 |
254 |
Chemical |
492 |
567 |
705 |
832 |
784 |
801 |
826 |
913 |
823 |
816 |
916 |
1,026 |
Civil |
900 |
1,127 |
1,243 |
1,295 |
1,438 |
1,494 |
1,491 |
1,404 |
1,568 |
1,652 |
1,780 |
2,041 |
Electrical |
558 |
711 |
818 |
955 |
1,146 |
1,199 |
1,457 |
1,542 |
1,674 |
1,814 |
1,945 |
2,172 |
Mechanical |
316 |
347 |
433 |
483 |
561 |
559 |
627 |
724 |
835 |
855 |
838 |
946 |
Materials |
231 |
287 |
308 |
324 |
354 |
439 |
521 |
569 |
579 |
638 |
693 |
744 |
Industrial |
667 |
695 |
771 |
619 |
630 |
647 |
748 |
753 |
756 |
926 |
929 |
1,059 |
Other |
642 |
841 |
905 |
1,023 |
1,045 |
1,019 |
1,155 |
1,212 |
1,241 |
1,295 |
1,390 |
1,509 |
Computer science |
1,403 |
1,727 |
2,311 |
2,649 |
2,762 |
3,092 |
3,379 |
3,369 |
3,384 |
3,281 |
3,507 |
3,536 |
|
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
Female part-time students |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
4,164 |
5,610 |
6,672 |
8,179 |
8,440 |
9,283 |
9,897 |
10,255 |
10,383 |
10,153 |
10,674 |
10,845 |
Engineering, subtotal |
2,480 |
3,128 |
3,537 |
4,180 |
4,297 |
4,876 |
5,492 |
5,678 |
5,563 |
5,499 |
6,014 |
6,105 |
Aerospace |
20 |
16 |
37 |
43 |
46 |
37 |
52 |
57 |
59 |
60 |
88 |
71 |
Chemical |
228 |
263 |
238 |
256 |
248 |
269 |
261 |
281 |
301 |
241 |
259 |
286 |
Civil |
466 |
449 |
509 |
565 |
590 |
655 |
660 |
709 |
729 |
786 |
904 |
1,123 |
Electrical |
425 |
565 |
733 |
1,090 |
1,042 |
1,210 |
1,433 |
1,534 |
1,581 |
1,677 |
1,753 |
1,703 |
Mechanical |
218 |
284 |
286 |
322 |
395 |
452 |
532 |
559 |
580 |
548 |
588 |
581 |
Materials |
72 |
103 |
112 |
124 |
114 |
164 |
154 |
160 |
177 |
171 |
202 |
241 |
Industrial |
683 |
849 |
860 |
925 |
1,061 |
1,256 |
1,476 |
1,547 |
1,434 |
1,262 |
1,287 |
1,343 |
Other |
368 |
599 |
762 |
855 |
801 |
833 |
924 |
831 |
702 |
754 |
933 |
757 |
Computer science |
1,684 |
2,482 |
3,135 |
3,999 |
4,143 |
4,407 |
4,405 |
4,577 |
4,820 |
4,654 |
4,660 |
4,740 |
SOURCE: NSF CASPAR Database System. |
TABLE 9 Change in Graduate Enrollment in Engineering and Computer Science Departments by Full-Time and Part-Time Status and by Gender, 1980–1991
|
Change in enrollment (percent) |
|
|
|
|
Field |
Total |
Full-time |
Part-time |
Women |
Men |
Engineering and computer science |
69.4 |
78.0 |
58.4 |
156.0 |
59.0 |
Engineering, subtotal |
53.6 |
66.7 |
36.0 |
150.0 |
44.7 |
Aeronautical |
132.6 |
149.7 |
77.3 |
339.2 |
123.5 |
Chemical |
20.3 |
29.7 |
-7.6 |
82.2 |
12.5 |
Civil |
31.7 |
40.8 |
17.6 |
131.6 |
20.1 |
Electrical |
84.4 |
100.6 |
66.7 |
73.0 |
294.2 |
Mechanical |
80.2 |
99.5 |
52.4 |
186.0 |
74.2 |
Materials |
76.9 |
80.1 |
66.2 |
225.1 |
59.7 |
Industrial |
36.9 |
51.6 |
27.7 |
77.9 |
30.3 |
Other |
19.7 |
33.2 |
0.3 |
224.4 |
9.6 |
Computer science |
155.8 |
151.3 |
160.0 |
168.1 |
152.1 |
SOURCE: NSF CASPAR Database System. |
TABLE 10 Bachelor's Degrees Awarded in Engineering and Computer Science by Field and Gender, 1966–1990
Field |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1969 |
1970 |
1971 |
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
1979 |
Total bachelor's degrees |
||||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
35,915 |
36,419 |
38,139 |
42,515 |
46,314 |
47,636 |
49,113 |
51,084 |
48,005 |
44,863 |
44,454 |
47,783 |
54,475 |
62,238 |
Engineering, total |
35,826 |
36,197 |
37,680 |
41,582 |
44,770 |
45,248 |
45,711 |
46,779 |
43,248 |
39,824 |
38,790 |
41,357 |
47,251 |
53,469 |
Aerospace |
1,683 |
1,914 |
2,072 |
2,625 |
2,756 |
2,443 |
2,180 |
1,738 |
1,210 |
1,174 |
1,009 |
1,078 |
1,186 |
1,386 |
Chemical |
2,981 |
2,997 |
3,395 |
3,768 |
3,995 |
3,907 |
3,967 |
3,968 |
3,826 |
3,420 |
3,543 |
3,986 |
5,205 |
6,442 |
Civil |
5,611 |
5,439 |
5,796 |
6,282 |
6,800 |
6,939 |
7,258 |
8,013 |
8,633 |
8,289 |
8,493 |
8,898 |
9,900 |
10,583 |
Electrical |
11,007 |
10,843 |
10,725 |
11,695 |
12,288 |
12,288 |
12,181 |
12,377 |
11,419 |
10,246 |
9,874 |
10,018 |
11,213 |
12,440 |
Mechanical |
7,811 |
7,890 |
7,930 |
8,514 |
9,310 |
9,177 |
8,784 |
8,795 |
7,883 |
7,089 |
6,984 |
7,927 |
9,100 |
10,360 |
Materials |
792 |
836 |
881 |
952 |
977 |
916 |
909 |
885 |
821 |
711 |
704 |
738 |
835 |
1,045 |
Industrial |
2,335 |
2,366 |
2,727 |
3,000 |
3,199 |
3,210 |
3,713 |
3,508 |
2,921 |
2,583 |
2,241 |
2,264 |
2,712 |
2,804 |
Other |
3,606 |
3,912 |
4,154 |
4,746 |
5,445 |
6,368 |
6,719 |
7,495 |
6,535 |
6,312 |
5,942 |
6,448 |
7,100 |
8,409 |
Computer science |
89 |
222 |
459 |
933 |
1,544 |
2,388 |
3,402 |
4,305 |
4,757 |
5,039 |
5,664 |
6,426 |
7,224 |
8,769 |
Field |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1969 |
1970 |
1971 |
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
1979 |
Women |
||||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
159 |
208 |
271 |
433 |
536 |
685 |
953 |
1,216 |
1,478 |
1,801 |
2,441 |
3,583 |
5,346 |
7,344 |
Engineering, total |
146 |
184 |
216 |
312 |
337 |
361 |
492 |
576 |
698 |
845 |
1,317 |
2,044 |
3,482 |
4,881 |
Aerospace |
5 |
14 |
12 |
19 |
20 |
17 |
20 |
18 |
18 |
24 |
29 |
28 |
61 |
66 |
Chemical |
23 |
28 |
30 |
53 |
57 |
64 |
80 |
94 |
120 |
147 |
289 |
452 |
752 |
1,055 |
Civil |
23 |
28 |
31 |
47 |
53 |
60 |
77 |
89 |
145 |
173 |
279 |
485 |
759 |
1,049 |
Electrical |
29 |
42 |
43 |
66 |
68 |
76 |
82 |
158 |
117 |
130 |
193 |
268 |
435 |
659 |
Mechanical |
19 |
20 |
32 |
40 |
39 |
43 |
49 |
63 |
66 |
84 |
150 |
242 |
472 |
620 |
Materials |
7 |
8 |
18 |
10 |
10 |
13 |
16 |
15 |
32 |
35 |
43 |
59 |
107 |
183 |
Industrial |
10 |
9 |
15 |
16 |
21 |
20 |
40 |
31 |
44 |
59 |
87 |
149 |
323 |
428 |
Other |
30 |
35 |
35 |
61 |
69 |
68 |
128 |
108 |
156 |
193 |
247 |
361 |
573 |
821 |
Computer science |
13 |
24 |
55 |
121 |
199 |
324 |
461 |
640 |
780 |
956 |
1,124 |
1,539 |
1,864 |
2,463 |
Field |
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
Total bachelor's degrees |
|||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
70,023 |
78,950 |
87,891 |
97,352 |
108,588 |
116,693 |
119,015 |
114,352 |
105,050 |
97,910 |
92,400 |
Engineering, total |
58,810 |
63,717 |
67,460 |
72,670 |
76,153 |
77,572 |
76,820 |
74,425 |
70,154 |
66,947 |
64,705 |
Aerospace |
1,424 |
1,809 |
2,120 |
2,127 |
2,534 |
2,854 |
2,902 |
2,989 |
3,092 |
2,944 |
3,048 |
Chemical |
7,276 |
7,639 |
8,059 |
8,550 |
9,192 |
8,941 |
7,411 |
6,114 |
4,654 |
4,187 |
3,834 |
Civil |
11,046 |
11,331 |
11,280 |
10,747 |
10,351 |
9,730 |
9,223 |
8,746 |
8,131 |
8,015 |
7,992 |
Electrical |
13,902 |
15,040 |
16,553 |
19,205 |
21,541 |
23,668 |
26,112 |
26,791 |
25,942 |
24,318 |
23,015 |
Mechanical |
12,020 |
13,573 |
14,315 |
16,031 |
17,040 |
17,200 |
16,586 |
15,723 |
15,331 |
15,217 |
14,693 |
Materials |
1,303 |
1,434 |
1,696 |
1,392 |
1,355 |
1,276 |
1,259 |
1,152 |
1,211 |
1,114 |
1,166 |
Industrial |
3,217 |
3,878 |
4,044 |
3,824 |
4,020 |
4,009 |
4,255 |
4,313 |
4,259 |
4,121 |
4,041 |
Other |
8,622 |
9,013 |
9,393 |
10,794 |
10,120 |
9,894 |
9,072 |
8,597 |
7,534 |
7,031 |
6,916 |
Computer science |
11,213 |
15,233 |
20,431 |
24,682 |
32,435 |
39,121 |
42,195 |
39,927 |
34,896 |
30,963 |
27,695 |
Women |
|||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
9,351 |
12,016 |
15,390 |
18,644 |
22,795 |
25,677 |
26,264 |
25,293 |
22,132 |
19,733 |
18,347 |
Engineering, total |
5,952 |
7,063 |
8,275 |
9,652 |
10,729 |
11,246 |
11,138 |
11,404 |
10,779 |
10,188 |
9,973 |
Aerospace |
82 |
129 |
171 |
172 |
175 |
241 |
248 |
248 |
298 |
301 |
343 |
Chemical |
1,287 |
1,365 |
1,612 |
1,789 |
2,077 |
2,093 |
1,606 |
1,540 |
1,132 |
1,170 |
1,089 |
Civil |
1,087 |
1,231 |
1,318 |
1,484 |
1,423 |
1,342 |
1,229 |
1,196 |
1,171 |
1,174 |
1,262 |
Electrical |
902 |
1,100 |
1,411 |
1,922 |
2,289 |
2,732 |
3,227 |
3,564 |
3,524 |
3,188 |
2,867 |
Mechanical |
893 |
1,151 |
1,266 |
1,485 |
1,812 |
1,801 |
1,710 |
1,727 |
1,764 |
1,680 |
1,715 |
Materials |
227 |
270 |
324 |
288 |
322 |
286 |
335 |
298 |
320 |
261 |
271 |
Industrial |
545 |
767 |
952 |
1,000 |
1,071 |
1,167 |
1,281 |
1,384 |
1,245 |
1,261 |
1,206 |
Other |
929 |
1,050 |
1,221 |
1,512 |
1,560 |
1,584 |
1,502 |
1,447 |
1,325 |
1,153 |
1,220 |
Computer science |
3,399 |
4,953 |
7,115 |
8,992 |
12,066 |
14,431 |
15,126 |
13,889 |
11,353 |
9,545 |
8,374 |
Field |
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
Men |
|||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
60,672 |
66,934 |
72,501 |
78,708 |
85,793 |
91,016 |
92,751 |
89,059 |
82,918 |
78,177 |
74,053 |
Engineering, total |
52,858 |
56,654 |
59,185 |
63,018 |
65,424 |
66,326 |
65,682 |
63,021 |
59,375 |
56,759 |
54,732 |
Aerospace |
1,342 |
1,680 |
1,949 |
1,955 |
2,359 |
2,613 |
2,654 |
2,741 |
2,794 |
2,643 |
2,705 |
Chemical |
5,989 |
6,274 |
6,447 |
6,761 |
7,115 |
6,848 |
5,805 |
4,574 |
3,522 |
3,017 |
2,745 |
Civil |
9,959 |
10,100 |
9,962 |
9,263 |
8,928 |
8,388 |
7,994 |
7,550 |
6,960 |
6,841 |
6,730 |
Electrical |
13,000 |
13,940 |
15,142 |
17,283 |
19,252 |
20,936 |
22,885 |
23,227 |
22,418 |
21,130 |
20,148 |
Mechanical |
11,127 |
12,422 |
13,049 |
14,546 |
15,228 |
15,399 |
14,876 |
13,996 |
13,567 |
13,537 |
12,978 |
Materials |
1,076 |
1,164 |
1,372 |
1,104 |
1,033 |
990 |
924 |
854 |
891 |
853 |
895 |
Industrial |
2,672 |
3,111 |
3,092 |
2,824 |
2,949 |
2,842 |
2,974 |
2,929 |
3,014 |
2,860 |
2,835 |
Other |
7,693 |
7,963 |
8,172 |
9,282 |
8,560 |
8,310 |
7,570 |
7,150 |
6,209 |
5,878 |
5,696 |
Computer science |
7,814 |
10,280 |
13,316 |
15,690 |
20,369 |
24,690 |
27,069 |
26,038 |
23,543 |
21,418 |
19,321 |
SOURCE: NSF CASPAR Database System. |
TABLE 11 Master's Degrees Awarded in Engineering and Computer Science by Field and Gender, 1966–1990
Field |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1969 |
1970 |
1971 |
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
1979 |
Total master's degrees |
||||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
13,943 |
14,370 |
15,780 |
16,260 |
17,056 |
17,955 |
18,741 |
18,658 |
17,481 |
17,466 |
18,648 |
18,810 |
19,118 |
18,334 |
Engineering, total |
13,705 |
13,921 |
15,232 |
15,248 |
15,597 |
16,367 |
16,764 |
16,545 |
15,205 |
15,167 |
16,045 |
16,012 |
16,080 |
15,279 |
Aerospace |
798 |
802 |
841 |
835 |
749 |
717 |
687 |
563 |
557 |
477 |
479 |
385 |
411 |
372 |
Chemical |
1,072 |
1,028 |
1,251 |
1,227 |
1,127 |
1,200 |
1,259 |
1,139 |
1,111 |
1,078 |
1,129 |
1,179 |
1,335 |
1,276 |
Civil |
2,218 |
2,225 |
2,435 |
2,426 |
2,503 |
2,700 |
2,869 |
3,195 |
3,247 |
3,268 |
3,605 |
3,606 |
3,226 |
3,165 |
Electrical |
3,872 |
3,953 |
4,226 |
4,033 |
4,138 |
4,282 |
4,209 |
3,899 |
3,499 |
3,471 |
3,774 |
3,788 |
3,742 |
3,596 |
Mechanical |
2,154 |
2,176 |
2,136 |
2,299 |
2,298 |
2,502 |
2,552 |
2,396 |
2,058 |
2,032 |
2,088 |
2,094 |
2,095 |
2,012 |
Materials |
400 |
444 |
460 |
441 |
429 |
480 |
524 |
582 |
521 |
500 |
475 |
504 |
506 |
529 |
Industrial |
1,200 |
1,341 |
1,512 |
1,453 |
1,763 |
1,921 |
1,731 |
1,595 |
1,734 |
1,687 |
1,751 |
1,609 |
1,722 |
1,502 |
Other |
1,991 |
1,952 |
2,371 |
2,534 |
2,590 |
2,565 |
2,933 |
3,176 |
2,478 |
2,654 |
2,744 |
2,847 |
3,043 |
2,827 |
Computer science |
238 |
449 |
548 |
1,012 |
1,459 |
1,588 |
1,977 |
2,113 |
2,276 |
2,299 |
2,603 |
2,798 |
3,038 |
3,055 |
Women |
||||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
93 |
104 |
129 |
186 |
304 |
350 |
496 |
503 |
640 |
710 |
945 |
1,164 |
1,410 |
1,512 |
Engineering, total |
76 |
78 |
99 |
113 |
169 |
186 |
271 |
278 |
347 |
372 |
568 |
698 |
843 |
937 |
Aerospace |
6 |
2 |
6 |
7 |
3 |
6 |
7 |
2 |
9 |
7 |
10 |
8 |
11 |
17 |
Chemical |
7 |
7 |
14 |
11 |
18 |
27 |
29 |
22 |
31 |
27 |
41 |
69 |
90 |
120 |
Civil |
9 |
21 |
17 |
20 |
30 |
44 |
48 |
60 |
83 |
107 |
151 |
185 |
196 |
214 |
Electrical |
22 |
11 |
22 |
22 |
29 |
30 |
52 |
49 |
55 |
58 |
104 |
134 |
142 |
143 |
Mechanical |
7 |
7 |
6 |
4 |
12 |
7 |
25 |
22 |
27 |
20 |
32 |
55 |
66 |
73 |
Materials |
3 |
1 |
2 |
6 |
6 |
8 |
11 |
13 |
13 |
17 |
28 |
23 |
38 |
54 |
Industrial |
6 |
10 |
9 |
8 |
17 |
23 |
25 |
29 |
45 |
56 |
81 |
75 |
138 |
128 |
Other |
16 |
19 |
23 |
35 |
54 |
41 |
74 |
81 |
84 |
80 |
121 |
149 |
162 |
188 |
Computer science |
17 |
26 |
30 |
73 |
135 |
164 |
225 |
225 |
293 |
338 |
377 |
466 |
567 |
575 |
Field |
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
Total master's degrees |
|||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
19,590 |
20,669 |
22,492 |
24,207 |
26,335 |
28,073 |
29,166 |
30,551 |
31,892 |
33,142 |
33,638 |
Engineering, total |
15,943 |
16,451 |
17,557 |
18,886 |
20,145 |
20,972 |
21,096 |
22,070 |
22,726 |
23,743 |
23,995 |
Aerospace |
382 |
408 |
521 |
491 |
562 |
605 |
621 |
737 |
797 |
855 |
1,029 |
Chemical |
1,393 |
1,406 |
1,409 |
1,545 |
1,798 |
1,814 |
1,641 |
1,386 |
1,322 |
1,321 |
1,205 |
Civil |
3,198 |
3,428 |
3,456 |
3,504 |
3,551 |
3,542 |
3,281 |
3,267 |
3,134 |
3,296 |
3,213 |
Electrical |
3,842 |
3,902 |
4,465 |
4,819 |
5,519 |
5,649 |
6,147 |
6,895 |
7,455 |
7,849 |
8,009 |
Mechanical |
2,194 |
2,419 |
2,539 |
2,683 |
2,964 |
3,272 |
3,256 |
3,380 |
3,513 |
3,703 |
3,630 |
Materials |
598 |
666 |
632 |
672 |
726 |
713 |
810 |
765 |
749 |
815 |
802 |
Industrial |
1,313 |
1,631 |
1,656 |
1,432 |
1,557 |
1,463 |
1,653 |
1,728 |
1,816 |
1,823 |
1,834 |
Other |
3,023 |
2,591 |
2,879 |
3,740 |
3,468 |
3,914 |
3,687 |
3,912 |
3,940 |
4,081 |
4,273 |
Computer science |
3,647 |
4,218 |
4,935 |
5,321 |
6,190 |
7,101 |
8,070 |
8,481 |
9,166 |
9,399 |
9,643 |
Women |
|||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
1,887 |
2,300 |
2,885 |
3,263 |
3,911 |
4,281 |
4,812 |
5,266 |
5,272 |
5,708 |
5,944 |
Engineering, total |
1,123 |
1,329 |
1,575 |
1,755 |
2,100 |
2,244 |
2,400 |
2,770 |
2,808 |
3,082 |
3,269 |
Aerospace |
9 |
20 |
39 |
37 |
27 |
31 |
43 |
55 |
63 |
64 |
82 |
Chemical |
144 |
176 |
187 |
176 |
208 |
285 |
240 |
243 |
215 |
229 |
192 |
Civil |
265 |
316 |
352 |
382 |
415 |
414 |
373 |
475 |
413 |
445 |
520 |
Electrical |
184 |
221 |
288 |
335 |
438 |
495 |
639 |
717 |
813 |
916 |
991 |
Mechanical |
107 |
127 |
151 |
166 |
199 |
228 |
254 |
247 |
295 |
326 |
354 |
Materials |
59 |
79 |
72 |
105 |
121 |
113 |
137 |
165 |
152 |
181 |
152 |
Industrial |
133 |
166 |
210 |
206 |
278 |
227 |
279 |
319 |
324 |
358 |
341 |
Other |
222 |
224 |
276 |
348 |
414 |
451 |
435 |
549 |
533 |
563 |
637 |
Computer science |
764 |
971 |
1,310 |
1,508 |
1,811 |
2,037 |
2,412 |
2,496 |
2,464 |
2,626 |
2,675 |
SOURCE: NSF CASPAR Database System. |
TABLE 12 Doctorates Awarded in Engineering and Computer Science by Field, Citizenship, and Gender, 1966–1991
Field |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1969 |
1970 |
1971 |
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
1979 |
Total doctorates |
||||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
2,301 |
2,607 |
2,864 |
3,276 |
3,446 |
3,514 |
3,509 |
3,375 |
3,161 |
3,011 |
2,868 |
2,679 |
2,546 |
2,704 |
Engineering, total |
2,301 |
2,607 |
2,864 |
3,276 |
3,446 |
3,514 |
3,509 |
3,374 |
3,161 |
3,011 |
2,838 |
2,648 |
2,425 |
2,494 |
Aerospace |
109 |
142 |
166 |
197 |
204 |
198 |
181 |
167 |
148 |
141 |
122 |
115 |
103 |
81 |
Chemical |
367 |
330 |
377 |
422 |
457 |
407 |
391 |
424 |
418 |
396 |
335 |
329 |
282 |
315 |
Civil |
293 |
307 |
368 |
364 |
366 |
427 |
437 |
435 |
390 |
361 |
388 |
336 |
303 |
302 |
Electrical |
569 |
675 |
741 |
829 |
857 |
862 |
815 |
787 |
678 |
714 |
711 |
667 |
539 |
611 |
Mechanical |
457 |
537 |
597 |
646 |
635 |
611 |
616 |
541 |
544 |
487 |
417 |
372 |
377 |
366 |
Materials |
211 |
267 |
215 |
280 |
303 |
306 |
294 |
299 |
280 |
272 |
252 |
248 |
247 |
236 |
Industrial |
46 |
61 |
74 |
111 |
117 |
134 |
142 |
109 |
92 |
92 |
67 |
73 |
51 |
82 |
Other |
249 |
288 |
326 |
427 |
507 |
569 |
633 |
612 |
611 |
548 |
546 |
508 |
523 |
501 |
Computer science |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
31 |
121 |
210 |
U.S. citizens and permanent residents |
||||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
1,834 |
2,157 |
2,384 |
2,742 |
2,952 |
2,960 |
2,958 |
2,707 |
2,271 |
2,137 |
1,949 |
1,824 |
1,676 |
1,792 |
Engineering, total |
1,834 |
2,157 |
2,384 |
2,742 |
2,952 |
2,960 |
2,958 |
2,706 |
2,271 |
2,137 |
1,949 |
1,799 |
1,586 |
1,617 |
Aerospace |
84 |
125 |
143 |
171 |
181 |
171 |
157 |
138 |
118 |
112 |
92 |
68 |
62 |
45 |
Chemical |
308 |
284 |
311 |
357 |
400 |
340 |
332 |
326 |
282 |
268 |
212 |
215 |
179 |
193 |
Civil |
195 |
224 |
268 |
255 |
270 |
315 |
343 |
312 |
242 |
231 |
229 |
210 |
170 |
178 |
Electrical |
451 |
570 |
641 |
723 |
760 |
754 |
706 |
637 |
500 |
497 |
500 |
475 |
356 |
421 |
Mechanical |
377 |
451 |
510 |
547 |
557 |
530 |
534 |
449 |
424 |
359 |
303 |
251 |
248 |
242 |
Materials |
166 |
223 |
192 |
234 |
266 |
252 |
237 |
234 |
192 |
201 |
165 |
172 |
177 |
150 |
Industrial |
41 |
44 |
60 |
102 |
88 |
121 |
124 |
96 |
61 |
72 |
40 |
48 |
40 |
54 |
Other |
212 |
236 |
259 |
353 |
430 |
477 |
525 |
514 |
452 |
397 |
408 |
360 |
354 |
334 |
Computer science |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
25 |
90 |
175 |
Field |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1969 |
1970 |
1971 |
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
1979 |
Total doctorates to females |
||||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
8 |
9 |
12 |
10 |
16 |
16 |
22 |
47 |
34 |
52 |
55 |
79 |
64 |
89 |
Engineering, total |
8 |
9 |
12 |
10 |
16 |
16 |
22 |
46 |
34 |
52 |
55 |
74 |
53 |
62 |
Aerospace |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
3 |
0 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
0 |
3 |
1 |
0 |
Chemical |
2 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
3 |
4 |
2 |
4 |
9 |
5 |
8 |
10 |
5 |
Civil |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
9 |
3 |
5 |
6 |
8 |
8 |
4 |
Electrical |
2 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
7 |
3 |
16 |
15 |
21 |
17 |
11 |
Mechanical |
1 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
7 |
7 |
4 |
4 |
6 |
3 |
5 |
Materials |
2 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
7 |
3 |
5 |
8 |
10 |
5 |
8 |
Industrial |
0 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
5 |
2 |
5 |
Other |
1 |
0 |
3 |
1 |
4 |
1 |
8 |
8 |
5 |
13 |
12 |
11 |
12 |
20 |
Computer science |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
11 |
27 |
Female U.S. citizens and permanent residents |
||||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
5 |
8 |
6 |
7 |
16 |
11 |
21 |
31 |
24 |
39 |
42 |
61 |
43 |
71 |
Engineering, total |
5 |
8 |
6 |
7 |
16 |
11 |
21 |
30 |
24 |
39 |
42 |
57 |
36 |
44 |
Aerospace |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Chemical |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
4 |
3 |
6 |
6 |
2 |
6 |
Civil |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
5 |
2 |
5 |
5 |
8 |
6 |
1 |
Electrical |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
4 |
3 |
1 |
10 |
12 |
16 |
12 |
8 |
Mechanical |
1 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
5 |
6 |
2 |
3 |
5 |
1 |
5 |
Materials |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
4 |
2 |
4 |
6 |
8 |
3 |
5 |
Industrial |
0 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
4 |
Other |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
4 |
1 |
8 |
7 |
5 |
13 |
8 |
10 |
9 |
15 |
Computer science |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
7 |
27 |
Field |
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
Total doctorates |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
2,697 |
2,760 |
2,866 |
3,067 |
3,208 |
3,476 |
3,775 |
4,162 |
4,703 |
5,156 |
5,598 |
6,009 |
Engineering, total |
2,479 |
2,528 |
2,646 |
2,781 |
2,913 |
3,166 |
3,376 |
3,712 |
4,188 |
4,544 |
4,893 |
5,212 |
Aerospace |
81 |
97 |
86 |
106 |
119 |
124 |
118 |
142 |
150 |
178 |
192 |
207 |
Chemical |
316 |
317 |
333 |
392 |
409 |
504 |
531 |
584 |
685 |
712 |
658 |
690 |
Civil |
306 |
358 |
368 |
397 |
408 |
391 |
429 |
477 |
532 |
539 |
553 |
573 |
Electrical |
540 |
549 |
616 |
625 |
660 |
716 |
806 |
779 |
1,010 |
1,137 |
1,276 |
1,405 |
Mechanical |
384 |
360 |
437 |
379 |
427 |
513 |
536 |
657 |
715 |
760 |
883 |
874 |
Materials |
273 |
234 |
255 |
268 |
271 |
303 |
305 |
392 |
374 |
380 |
440 |
490 |
Industrial |
77 |
66 |
79 |
86 |
84 |
92 |
101 |
120 |
127 |
162 |
151 |
163 |
Other |
502 |
547 |
472 |
528 |
535 |
523 |
550 |
561 |
595 |
676 |
740 |
810 |
Computer science |
218 |
232 |
220 |
286 |
295 |
310 |
399 |
450 |
515 |
612 |
705 |
797 |
U.S. citizens and permanent residents |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
1,723 |
1,659 |
1,620 |
1,689 |
1,708 |
1,807 |
1,975 |
2,188 |
2,473 |
2,625 |
2,743 |
2,799 |
Engineering, total |
1,554 |
1,471 |
1,465 |
1,482 |
1,513 |
1,594 |
1,726 |
1,913 |
2,147 |
2,229 |
2,340 |
2,358 |
Aerospace |
44 |
56 |
44 |
53 |
57 |
70 |
45 |
72 |
81 |
82 |
90 |
107 |
Chemical |
179 |
177 |
188 |
215 |
217 |
292 |
298 |
350 |
408 |
444 |
391 |
392 |
Civil |
179 |
192 |
180 |
187 |
201 |
170 |
192 |
203 |
234 |
247 |
241 |
203 |
Electrical |
359 |
350 |
335 |
349 |
356 |
353 |
410 |
393 |
503 |
539 |
597 |
657 |
Mechanical |
243 |
202 |
263 |
192 |
202 |
251 |
267 |
308 |
327 |
325 |
367 |
338 |
Materials |
175 |
135 |
131 |
145 |
150 |
165 |
152 |
214 |
199 |
194 |
215 |
235 |
Industrial |
44 |
42 |
49 |
45 |
36 |
38 |
47 |
57 |
51 |
59 |
69 |
63 |
Other |
331 |
317 |
275 |
296 |
294 |
255 |
315 |
316 |
344 |
339 |
370 |
363 |
Computer science |
169 |
188 |
155 |
207 |
195 |
213 |
249 |
275 |
326 |
396 |
403 |
441 |
Field |
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
Total doctorates to females |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
111 |
125 |
144 |
160 |
188 |
231 |
273 |
307 |
342 |
483 |
525 |
568 |
Engineering, total |
90 |
99 |
124 |
124 |
151 |
198 |
225 |
242 |
286 |
375 |
415 |
452 |
Aerospace |
1 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
5 |
1 |
10 |
9 |
8 |
4 |
7 |
Chemical |
14 |
11 |
19 |
23 |
27 |
41 |
61 |
60 |
65 |
80 |
78 |
80 |
Civil |
11 |
10 |
17 |
13 |
25 |
20 |
21 |
18 |
30 |
54 |
49 |
39 |
Electrical |
17 |
22 |
22 |
13 |
15 |
35 |
38 |
32 |
48 |
67 |
84 |
77 |
Mechanical |
7 |
6 |
17 |
8 |
15 |
26 |
18 |
17 |
29 |
29 |
38 |
57 |
Materials |
14 |
17 |
17 |
30 |
26 |
32 |
24 |
45 |
33 |
45 |
49 |
74 |
Industrial |
7 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
16 |
6 |
14 |
13 |
19 |
18 |
25 |
17 |
Other |
19 |
27 |
25 |
29 |
25 |
33 |
48 |
47 |
53 |
74 |
88 |
101 |
Computer science |
21 |
26 |
20 |
36 |
37 |
33 |
48 |
65 |
56 |
108 |
110 |
116 |
Female U.S. citizens and permanent residents |
TABLE 13 Research and Development Expenditures of Academic Institutions by Field and Source of Funds, 1973–1991
Field |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
1979 |
All Sources |
|||||||
(Current dollars in thousands) |
|||||||
Engineering and computer science |
368,786 |
386,107 |
426,505 |
476,230 |
554,036 |
656,295 |
873,254 |
Engineering, subtotal |
333,129 |
346,905 |
380,912 |
431,727 |
498,473 |
591,962 |
775,553 |
Computer science |
35,657 |
39,202 |
45,593 |
44,503 |
55,563 |
64,333 |
97,701 |
(Constant 1989 dollar in thousands) |
|||||||
Engineering and computer science |
941,021 |
902,963 |
908,424 |
953,222 |
1,039,662 |
1,147,971 |
1,403,269 |
Engineering, subtotal |
850,036 |
811,284 |
811,314 |
864,145 |
935,397 |
1,035,442 |
1,246,269 |
Computer science |
90,985 |
91,679 |
97,110 |
89,077 |
104,265 |
112,529 |
157,000 |
Federal sources |
|||||||
(Current dollars in thousands) |
|||||||
Engineering and computer science |
263,068 |
268,057 |
293,228 |
323,443 |
374,271 |
442,107 |
602,053 |
Engineering, subtotal |
238,139 |
239,346 |
259,353 |
290,518 |
336,725 |
402,102 |
532,763 |
Computer science |
24,929 |
28,711 |
33,875 |
32,925 |
37,546 |
40,005 |
69,290 |
(Constant 1989 dollars in thousands) |
|||||||
Engineering and computer science |
671,263 |
626,888 |
624,554 |
647,404 |
702,329 |
773,320 |
967,464 |
Engineering, subtotal |
607,652 |
559,743 |
552,403 |
581,501 |
631,873 |
703,344 |
856,119 |
Computer science |
63,611 |
67,145 |
72,151 |
65,903 |
70,456 |
69,976 |
111,345 |
Nonfederal sources |
|||||||
(Current dollars in thousands) |
|||||||
Engineering and computer science |
105,718 |
118,050 |
133,277 |
152,787 |
179,765 |
214,188 |
271,201 |
Engineering, subtotal |
94,990 |
107,559 |
121,559 |
141,209 |
161,748 |
189,860 |
242,790 |
Computer science |
10,728 |
10,491 |
11,718 |
11,578 |
18,017 |
24,328 |
28,411 |
(Constant 1989 dollars in thousands) |
|||||||
Engineering and computer science |
269,758 |
276,075 |
283,870 |
305,818 |
337,333 |
374,651 |
435,805 |
Engineering, subtotal |
242,384 |
251,541 |
258,911 |
282,644 |
302,524 |
332,098 |
390,150 |
Computer science |
27,374 |
24,534 |
24,959 |
23,174 |
33,809 |
42,553 |
45,65 |
Field |
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
All sources |
|||||||
(Current dollars in thousands) |
|||||||
Engineering and computer science |
986,587 |
1,110,884 |
1,191,718 |
1,308,643 |
1,456,082 |
1,698,684 |
1,962,463 |
Engineering, subtotal |
862,351 |
966,996 |
1,028,024 |
1,122,372 |
1,231,950 |
1,417,876 |
1,641,081 |
Aerospace |
53,096 |
54,397 |
62,386 |
68,473 |
69,757 |
80,525 |
94,422 |
Chemical |
60,762 |
85,946 |
89,132 |
95,989 |
101,513 |
116,210 |
132,260 |
Civil |
83,202 |
108,611 |
115,893 |
126,513 |
139,714 |
153,156 |
178,090 |
Electrical |
183,146 |
193,292 |
218,459 |
261,960 |
295,159 |
337,403 |
394,984 |
Mechanical |
140,378 |
140,773 |
142,743 |
149,388 |
178,975 |
207,751 |
228,117 |
Materials |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Other |
341,767 |
383,977 |
399,411 |
420,049 |
446,832 |
522,831 |
613,208 |
Computer science |
124,236 |
143,888 |
163,694 |
186,271 |
224,132 |
280,808 |
321,382 |
(Constant 1989 dollars in thousands) |
|||||||
Engineering and computer science |
1,454,071 |
1,492,522 |
1,505,074 |
1,590,862 |
1,707,613 |
1,934,500 |
2,178,094 |
Engineering, subtotal |
1,270,967 |
1,299,202 |
1,298,338 |
1,364,420 |
1,444,764 |
1,614,709 |
1,821,400 |
Aerospace |
78,255 |
73,085 |
78,790 |
83,240 |
81,807 |
91,704 |
104,797 |
Chemical |
89,553 |
115,472 |
112,569 |
116,690 |
119,049 |
132,343 |
146,792 |
Civil |
122,626 |
145,924 |
146,367 |
153,796 |
163,849 |
174,417 |
197,658 |
Electrical |
269,928 |
259,696 |
275,902 |
318,454 |
346,146 |
384,242 |
438,384 |
Mechanical |
206,895 |
189,135 |
180,277 |
181,605 |
209,892 |
236,592 |
253,182 |
Materials |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Other |
503,710 |
515,890 |
504,434 |
510,636 |
524,020 |
595,412 |
680,586 |
Computer science |
183,104 |
193,320 |
206,737 |
226,442 |
262,850 |
319,790 |
356,695 |
Nonfederal structures |
|||||||
(Current dollars in thousands) |
|||||||
Engineering and computer science |
307,161 |
344,069 |
379,348 |
434,790 |
504,483 |
635,862 |
752,224 |
Engineering, subtotal |
270,395 |
304,376 |
337,097 |
387,458 |
443,271 |
550,771 |
663,503 |
Aerospace |
10,877 |
10,868 |
13,029 |
14,590 |
15,202 |
19,006 |
21,751 |
Chemical |
21,604 |
28,479 |
33,838 |
38,896 |
41,560 |
51,591 |
58,976 |
Civil |
29,932 |
46,972 |
56,246 |
62,803 |
67,293 |
74,322 |
89,718 |
Electrical |
44,507 |
46,529 |
50,102 |
68,645 |
85,507 |
108,854 |
134,644 |
Mechanical |
46,339 |
45,783 |
45,219 |
49,079 |
60,014 |
73,620 |
80,112 |
Materials |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Other |
117,136 |
125,745 |
138,663 |
153,445 |
173,695 |
223,378 |
278,302 |
Computer science |
36,766 |
39,693 |
42,251 |
47,332 |
61,212 |
85,091 |
88,721 |
(Constant 1989 dollars in thousands) |
|||||||
Engineering and computer science |
452,706 |
462,272 |
479,095 |
528,556 |
591,630 |
724,134 |
834,876 |
Engineering, subtotal |
398,519 |
408,943 |
425,735 |
471,016 |
519,844 |
627,230 |
736,407 |
Aerospace |
16,031 |
14,602 |
16,455 |
17,736 |
17,828 |
21,644 |
24,141 |
Chemical |
31,841 |
38,263 |
42,736 |
47,284 |
48,739 |
58,753 |
65,456 |
Civil |
44,115 |
63,109 |
71,036 |
76,347 |
78,918 |
84,640 |
99,576 |
Electrical |
65,596 |
62,514 |
63,276 |
83,449 |
100,278 |
123,965 |
149,438 |
Mechanical |
68,296 |
61,511 |
57,109 |
59,663 |
70,381 |
83,840 |
88,915 |
Materials |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Other |
172,640 |
168,944 |
175,124 |
186,537 |
203,700 |
254,388 |
308,881 |
Computer science |
54,187 |
53,329 |
53,361 |
57,540 |
71,786 |
96,904 |
98,469 |
Field |
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
Federal sources |
|||||||
(Current dollars in thousands) |
|||||||
Engineering and computer science |
679,426 |
766,815 |
812,370 |
873,853 |
951,599 |
1,062,822 |
1,210,239 |
Engineering, subtotal |
591,956 |
662,620 |
690,927 |
734,914 |
788,679 |
867,105 |
977,578 |
Aerospace |
42,219 |
43,529 |
49,357 |
53,883 |
54,555 |
61,519 |
73,284 |
Chemical |
39,158 |
57,467 |
55,294 |
57,093 |
59,953 |
64,619 |
73,284 |
Civil |
53,270 |
61,639 |
59,647 |
63,710 |
72,421 |
78,834 |
88,372 |
Electrical |
138,639 |
146,763 |
168,357 |
193,315 |
209,652 |
228,549 |
260,340 |
Mechanical |
94,039 |
94,990 |
97,524 |
100,309 |
118,961 |
134,131 |
148,005 |
Materials |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Other |
224,631 |
258,232 |
260,748 |
266,604 |
273,137 |
299,453 |
334,906 |
Computer science |
87,470 |
104,195 |
121,443 |
138,939 |
162,920 |
195,717 |
232,661 |
|
679,426 |
766,815 |
812,370 |
873,853 |
951,599 |
1,062,822 |
1,210,239 |
(Constant 1989 dollars in thousands) |
|||||||
Engineering and computer science |
1,001,365 |
1,030,250 |
1,025,979 |
1,062,306 |
1,115,983 |
1,210,366 |
1,343,218 |
Engineering, subtotal |
872,448 |
890,259 |
872,603 |
893,404 |
924,920 |
987,479 |
1,084,992 |
Aerospace |
62,224 |
58,483 |
62,335 |
65,503 |
63,979 |
70,059 |
80,656 |
Chemical |
57,713 |
77,209 |
69,833 |
69,406 |
70,310 |
73,590 |
81,336 |
Civil |
78,511 |
82,815 |
75,331 |
77,450 |
84,931 |
89,778 |
98,082 |
Electrical |
204,332 |
197,183 |
212,626 |
235,005 |
245,868 |
260,277 |
288,946 |
Mechanical |
138,598 |
127,623 |
123,167 |
121,941 |
139,511 |
152,751 |
164,267 |
Materials |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Other |
331,070 |
346,946 |
329,310 |
324,099 |
320,320 |
341,024 |
371,705 |
Computer science |
128,917 |
139,991 |
153,376 |
168,902 |
191,064 |
222,887 |
258,225 |
Field |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
|
|
All sources |
|||||||
(Current dollars in thousands) |
|||||||
Engineering and computer science |
2,264,944 |
2,505,849 |
2,870,919 |
3,171,832 |
3,437,214 |
|
|
Engineering, subtotal |
1,892,452 |
2,097,242 |
2,398,738 |
2,662,616 |
2,892,750 |
|
|
Aerospace |
108,150 |
122,814 |
145,077 |
159,320 |
174,321 |
|
|
Chemical |
148,362 |
162,559 |
194,060 |
214,887 |
238,553 |
|
|
Civil |
190,873 |
225,265 |
246,509 |
285,113 |
315,134 |
|
|
Electrical |
451,095 |
509,597 |
600,395 |
667,747 |
682,213 |
|
|
Mechanical |
275,135 |
303,812 |
344,140 |
392,518 |
415,071 |
|
|
Materials |
0 |
0 |
0 |
275,238 |
301,992 |
|
|
Other |
718,837 |
773,195 |
868,557 |
667,793 |
765,466 |
|
|
Computer science |
372,492 |
408,607 |
472,181 |
509,216 |
544,464 |
|
|
(Constant 1989 dollars in thousands) |
|||||||
Engineering and computer science |
2,436,734 |
2,609,172 |
2,870,919 |
3,046,323 |
3,427,211 |
|
|
Field |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
Engineering, subtotal |
2,035,989 |
2,183,717 |
2,398,738 |
2,557,257 |
2,892,747 |
Aerospace |
116,353 |
127,878 |
145,077 |
153,016 |
174,321 |
Chemical |
159,615 |
169,262 |
194,060 |
206,384 |
238,553 |
Civil |
205,350 |
234,553 |
246,509 |
273,831 |
315,134 |
Electrical |
485,309 |
530,609 |
600,395 |
641,324 |
682,212 |
Mechanical |
296,003 |
316,339 |
344,140 |
376,986 |
415,071 |
Materials |
0 |
0 |
0 |
264,347 |
301,992 |
Other |
773,359 |
805,076 |
868,557 |
641,369 |
765,465 |
Computer science |
400,744 |
425,455 |
472,181 |
489,066 |
544,463 |
Federal sources |
|||||
(Current dollars in thousands) |
|||||
Engineering and computer science |
1,369,988 |
1,518,949 |
1,705,601 |
1,864,247 |
1,996,954 |
Engineering, subtotal |
1,112,663 |
1,229,753 |
1,383,162 |
1,524,287 |
1,630,945 |
Aerospace |
80,168 |
93,681 |
111,737 |
122,968 |
131,708 |
Chemical |
76,652 |
85,506 |
101,187 |
107,682 |
114,310 |
Civil |
89,711 |
103,144 |
101,688 |
116,000 |
122,874 |
Electrical |
292,216 |
330,387 |
389,773 |
435,125 |
437,494 |
Mechanical |
178,487 |
192,614 |
213,864 |
238,744 |
243,182 |
Materials |
0 |
0 |
0 |
141,654 |
155,051 |
Other |
395,429 |
424,421 |
464,913 |
362,114 |
426,326 |
Computer science |
257,325 |
289,196 |
322,439 |
339,960 |
366,009 |
|
1,369,988 |
1,518,949 |
1,705,601 |
1,864,247 |
1,996,954 |
(Constant 1989 dollars in thousands) |
|||||
Engineering and computer science |
1,473,898 |
1,581,580 |
1,705,601 |
1,790,479 |
1,996,952 |
Engineering, subtotal |
1,197,055 |
1,280,459 |
1,383,162 |
1,463,971 |
1,630,943 |
Aerospace |
86,249 |
97,544 |
111,737 |
118,102 |
131,708 |
Chemical |
82,466 |
89,032 |
101,187 |
103,421 |
114,310 |
Civil |
96,515 |
107,397 |
101,688 |
111,410 |
122,874 |
Electrical |
314,380 |
344,010 |
389,773 |
417,907 |
437,494 |
Mechanical |
192,025 |
200,556 |
213,864 |
229,297 |
243,182 |
Materials |
0 |
0 |
0 |
136,049 |
155,051 |
Other |
425,421 |
441,921 |
464,913 |
347,785 |
426,326 |
Computer science |
276,842 |
301,120 |
322,439 |
326,508 |
366,009 |
Nonfederal sources |
|||||
(Current dollars in thousands) |
|||||
Engineering and computer science |
894,956 |
986,900 |
1,165,318 |
1,307,585 |
1,440,260 |
Engineering, subtotal |
779,789 |
867,489 |
1,015,576 |
1,138,329 |
1,261,805 |
Aerospace |
27,982 |
29,133 |
33,340 |
36,352 |
42,613 |
Chemical |
71,710 |
77,053 |
92,873 |
107,205 |
124,243 |
Civil |
101,162 |
122,121 |
144,821 |
169,113 |
192,260 |
Electrical |
158,879 |
179,210 |
210,622 |
232,622 |
244,719 |
Mechanical |
96,648 |
111,198 |
130,276 |
153,774 |
171,889 |
Materials |
0 |
0 |
0 |
133,584 |
146,941 |
Other |
323,408 |
348,774 |
403,644 |
305,679 |
339,140 |
Computer science |
115,167 |
119,411 |
149,742 |
169,256 |
178,455 |
TABLE 14 Full-Time Graduate Research Assistants by Field and Source of Support, 1972–1991
Field |
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
1979 |
All sources of support |
||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
10,369 |
11,033 |
11,850 |
11,733 |
12,059 |
12,543 |
0 |
13,634 |
Engineering, subtotal |
9,731 |
10,380 |
11,103 |
10,987 |
11,328 |
11,819 |
0 |
12,817 |
Aerospace |
598 |
544 |
534 |
512 |
484 |
497 |
0 |
503 |
Chemical |
1,326 |
1,351 |
1,348 |
1,364 |
1,455 |
1,487 |
0 |
1,745 |
Civil |
1,391 |
1,607 |
1,836 |
1,718 |
1,858 |
1,957 |
0 |
1,926 |
Electrical |
2,093 |
2,203 |
2,187 |
2,183 |
2,153 |
2,435 |
0 |
2,596 |
Mechanical |
1,200 |
1,556 |
1,696 |
1,636 |
1,778 |
1,762 |
0 |
1,967 |
Materials |
1,000 |
987 |
1,018 |
1,070 |
1,105 |
1,150 |
0 |
1,320 |
Industrial |
467 |
494 |
616 |
516 |
476 |
460 |
0 |
563 |
Other |
1,656 |
1,638 |
1,868 |
1,988 |
2,019 |
2,071 |
0 |
2,197 |
Computer science |
638 |
653 |
747 |
746 |
731 |
724 |
0 |
817 |
Federal sources, total |
||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
6,821 |
7,005 |
7,258 |
7,387 |
7,599 |
7,971 |
0 |
8,579 |
Engineering, subtotal |
6,416 |
6,554 |
6,781 |
6,935 |
7,213 |
7,497 |
0 |
7,998 |
Aerospace |
414 |
407 |
406 |
385 |
330 |
366 |
0 |
355 |
Chemical |
777 |
779 |
707 |
817 |
863 |
899 |
0 |
950 |
Civil |
789 |
855 |
962 |
902 |
1,019 |
1,025 |
0 |
1,094 |
Electrical |
1,638 |
1,668 |
1,646 |
1,697 |
1,665 |
1,828 |
0 |
1,878 |
Mechanical |
743 |
979 |
1,010 |
1,045 |
1,185 |
1,189 |
0 |
1,273 |
Materials |
755 |
756 |
740 |
760 |
823 |
836 |
0 |
1,013 |
Industrial |
260 |
198 |
266 |
220 |
172 |
212 |
0 |
230 |
Other |
1,040 |
912 |
1,044 |
1,109 |
1,156 |
1,142 |
0 |
1,205 |
Computer science |
405 |
451 |
477 |
452 |
386 |
474 |
0 |
581 |
Field |
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
1979 |
National Science Foundation |
||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
2,207 |
2,390 |
2,325 |
2,364 |
2,284 |
2,314 |
0 |
2,368 |
Engineering, subtotal |
2,002 |
2,174 |
2,134 |
2,173 |
2,138 |
2,094 |
0 |
2,128 |
Aerospace |
58 |
60 |
59 |
75 |
48 |
45 |
0 |
21 |
Chemical |
369 |
437 |
376 |
395 |
404 |
375 |
0 |
345 |
Civil |
246 |
241 |
229 |
251 |
279 |
262 |
0 |
316 |
Electrical |
494 |
549 |
535 |
556 |
513 |
493 |
0 |
552 |
Mechanical |
217 |
319 |
344 |
320 |
311 |
329 |
0 |
300 |
Materials |
245 |
243 |
239 |
274 |
274 |
291 |
0 |
351 |
Industrial |
52 |
64 |
69 |
57 |
48 |
45 |
0 |
39 |
Other |
321 |
261 |
283 |
245 |
261 |
254 |
0 |
204 |
Computer science |
205 |
216 |
191 |
191 |
146 |
220 |
0 |
240 |
National Institutes of Health |
||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
381 |
334 |
350 |
424 |
472 |
387 |
0 |
367 |
Engineering, subtotal |
356 |
299 |
314 |
385 |
430 |
348 |
0 |
327 |
Aerospace |
3 |
7 |
6 |
5 |
6 |
4 |
0 |
1 |
Chemical |
50 |
40 |
36 |
32 |
50 |
40 |
0 |
40 |
Civil |
7 |
10 |
6 |
7 |
2 |
11 |
0 |
4 |
Electrical |
118 |
75 |
106 |
111 |
125 |
111 |
0 |
93 |
Mechanical |
49 |
50 |
34 |
60 |
66 |
45 |
0 |
52 |
Materials |
31 |
37 |
28 |
32 |
36 |
24 |
0 |
27 |
Industrial |
39 |
6 |
15 |
18 |
6 |
7 |
0 |
10 |
Other |
59 |
74 |
83 |
120 |
139 |
106 |
0 |
100 |
Computer science |
25 |
35 |
36 |
39 |
42 |
39 |
0 |
40 |
Other HHS |
||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
102 |
97 |
116 |
109 |
73 |
73 |
0 |
106 |
Engineering, subtotal |
101 |
93 |
108 |
98 |
66 |
66 |
0 |
105 |
Aerospace |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
Chemical |
14 |
15 |
9 |
8 |
4 |
3 |
0 |
9 |
Civil |
7 |
16 |
14 |
5 |
19 |
9 |
0 |
22 |
Electrical |
25 |
4 |
16 |
18 |
14 |
7 |
0 |
13 |
Mechanical |
27 |
29 |
19 |
18 |
12 |
21 |
0 |
6 |
Materials |
6 |
2 |
12 |
10 |
2 |
5 |
0 |
10 |
Industrial |
6 |
14 |
22 |
22 |
6 |
5 |
0 |
17 |
Other |
15 |
13 |
16 |
15 |
9 |
16 |
0 |
26 |
Computer science |
1 |
4 |
8 |
11 |
7 |
7 |
0 |
1 |
Department of Defense |
||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
1,726 |
1,558 |
1,650 |
1,627 |
1,632 |
1,705 |
0 |
1,777 |
Engineering, subtotal |
1,609 |
1,424 |
1,464 |
1,470 |
1,474 |
1,538 |
0 |
1,569 |
Aerospace |
185 |
143 |
160 |
138 |
133 |
141 |
0 |
154 |
Chemical |
66 |
44 |
51 |
49 |
33 |
36 |
0 |
47 |
Civil |
67 |
46 |
58 |
72 |
64 |
58 |
0 |
46 |
Electrical |
622 |
628 |
574 |
641 |
635 |
712 |
0 |
723 |
Mechanical |
145 |
201 |
180 |
186 |
208 |
218 |
0 |
205 |
Materials |
181 |
183 |
158 |
165 |
186 |
174 |
0 |
182 |
Industrial |
92 |
46 |
51 |
48 |
31 |
47 |
0 |
47 |
Other |
251 |
133 |
232 |
171 |
184 |
152 |
0 |
165 |
Computer science |
117 |
134 |
186 |
157 |
158 |
167 |
0 |
208 |
Field |
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
1979 |
Other federal agencies |
||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
2,405 |
2,626 |
2,817 |
2,863 |
3,138 |
3,492 |
0 |
3,961 |
Engineering, subtotal |
2,348 |
2,564 |
2,761 |
2,809 |
3,105 |
3,451 |
0 |
3,869 |
Aerospace |
167 |
197 |
181 |
165 |
143 |
176 |
0 |
177 |
Chemical |
278 |
243 |
235 |
333 |
372 |
445 |
0 |
509 |
Civil |
462 |
542 |
655 |
567 |
655 |
685 |
0 |
706 |
Electrical |
379 |
412 |
415 |
371 |
378 |
505 |
0 |
497 |
Mechanical |
305 |
380 |
433 |
461 |
588 |
576 |
0 |
710 |
Materials |
292 |
291 |
303 |
279 |
325 |
342 |
0 |
443 |
Industrial |
71 |
68 |
109 |
75 |
81 |
108 |
0 |
117 |
Other |
394 |
431 |
430 |
558 |
563 |
614 |
0 |
710 |
Computer science |
57 |
62 |
56 |
54 |
33 |
41 |
0 |
92 |
Nonfederal sources |
||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
3,548 |
4,028 |
4,592 |
4,346 |
4,460 |
4,572 |
0 |
5,055 |
Engineering, subtotal |
3,315 |
3,826 |
4,322 |
4,052 |
4,115 |
4,322 |
0 |
4,819 |
Aerospace |
184 |
137 |
128 |
127 |
154 |
131 |
0 |
148 |
Chemical |
549 |
572 |
641 |
547 |
592 |
588 |
0 |
795 |
Civil |
602 |
752 |
874 |
816 |
839 |
932 |
0 |
832 |
Electrical |
455 |
535 |
541 |
486 |
488 |
607 |
0 |
718 |
Mechanical |
457 |
577 |
686 |
591 |
593 |
573 |
0 |
694 |
Materials |
245 |
231 |
278 |
310 |
282 |
314 |
0 |
307 |
Industrial |
207 |
296 |
350 |
296 |
304 |
248 |
0 |
333 |
Other |
616 |
726 |
824 |
879 |
863 |
929 |
0 |
992 |
Computer science |
233 |
202 |
270 |
294 |
345 |
250 |
0 |
236 |
Field |
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
All sources of support |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
14,959 |
15,486 |
15,799 |
16,940 |
17,919 |
19,976 |
22,766 |
24,984 |
26,499 |
27,941 |
28,425 |
30,311 |
Engineering, subtotal |
13,923 |
14,388 |
14,608 |
15,537 |
16,284 |
17.900 |
20,412 |
22,147 |
23,452 |
24,602 |
25,086 |
26,763 |
Aerospace |
580 |
583 |
617 |
691 |
673 |
725 |
823 |
815 |
934 |
1,040 |
1,137 |
1,232 |
Chemical |
1,949 |
2,136 |
2,199 |
2,413 |
2,487 |
2,605 |
2,741 |
2,970 |
3,007 |
3,026 |
3,017 |
3,180 |
Civil |
2,121 |
2,111 |
2,027 |
2,245 |
2,440 |
2,417 |
2,786 |
2,908 |
3,072 |
3,042 |
3,095 |
3,562 |
Electrical |
2,851 |
2,891 |
2,950 |
3,192 |
3,156 |
3,677 |
4,447 |
5,111 |
5,722 |
6,129 |
6,212 |
6,576 |
Mechanical |
2,052 |
2,138 |
2,213 |
2,371 |
2,663 |
3,280 |
3,666 |
3,930 |
4,069 |
4,248 |
4,238 |
4,633 |
Materials |
1,390 |
1,558 |
1,522 |
1,681 |
1,749 |
1,963 |
2,247 |
2,264 |
2,331 |
2,507 |
2,545 |
2,509 |
Industrial |
591 |
542 |
552 |
433 |
563 |
585 |
716 |
944 |
1,049 |
1,167 |
1,130 |
1,270 |
Other |
2,389 |
2,429 |
2,528 |
2,511 |
2,553 |
2,648 |
2,986 |
3,205 |
3,268 |
3,443 |
3,712 |
3,801 |
Computer science |
1,036 |
1,098 |
1,191 |
1,403 |
1,635 |
2,076 |
2,354 |
2,837 |
3,047 |
3,339 |
3,339 |
3,548 |
Federal sources, total |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
9,212 |
9,240 |
9,325 |
9,838 |
9,646 |
9,499 |
10,704 |
11,868 |
12,617 |
13,042 |
12,941 |
13,865 |
Engineering, subtotal |
8,534 |
8,525 |
8,562 |
8,995 |
8,675 |
8,426 |
9,556 |
10,361 |
10,971 |
11,259 |
11,153 |
11,910 |
Aerospace |
375 |
399 |
469 |
541 |
524 |
478 |
558 |
567 |
634 |
623 |
651 |
741 |
Chemical |
1,100 |
1,136 |
1,121 |
1,213 |
1,196 |
1,141 |
1,245 |
1,366 |
1,325 |
1,267 |
1,287 |
1,310 |
Civil |
1,237 |
1,076 |
1,059 |
1,058 |
1,019 |
1,009 |
1,117 |
1,225 |
1,221 |
1,198 |
1,176 |
1,406 |
Electrical |
1,982 |
1,971 |
2,061 |
2,124 |
1,829 |
1,694 |
2,027 |
2,332 |
2,750 |
2,752 |
2,719 |
2,933 |
Mechanical |
1,240 |
1,283 |
1,278 |
1,423 |
1,469 |
1,585 |
1,709 |
1,926 |
2,061 |
2,136 |
2,044 |
2,158 |
Materials |
1,017 |
1,132 |
1,067 |
1,139 |
1,111 |
1,146 |
1,323 |
1,240 |
1,288 |
1,411 |
1,327 |
1,235 |
Industrial |
261 |
240 |
189 |
167 |
169 |
156 |
178 |
248 |
289 |
289 |
271 |
375 |
Other |
1,322 |
1,288 |
1,318 |
1,330 |
1,268 |
1,217 |
1,399 |
1,457 |
1,403 |
1,583 |
1,678 |
1,752 |
Computer science |
678 |
715 |
763 |
843 |
971 |
1,073 |
1,148 |
1,507 |
1,646 |
1,783 |
1,788 |
1,955 |
Field |
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
National Science Foundation |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
2,447 |
2,465 |
2,626 |
2,749 |
2,753 |
2,773 |
3,183 |
3,626 |
3,942 |
3,954 |
3,946 |
4,287 |
Engineering, subtotal |
2,171 |
2,133 |
2,285 |
2,411 |
2,370 |
2,355 |
2,811 |
3,119 |
3,405 |
3,289 |
3,245 |
3,508 |
Aerospace |
31 |
27 |
32 |
36 |
24 |
24 |
30 |
55 |
62 |
55 |
73 |
75 |
Chemical |
355 |
421 |
452 |
509 |
518 |
512 |
552 |
587 |
590 |
550 |
542 |
534 |
Civil |
326 |
310 |
373 |
361 |
357 |
336 |
377 |
442 |
390 |
349 |
392 |
443 |
Electrical |
532 |
464 |
541 |
546 |
459 |
441 |
635 |
736 |
1,003 |
929 |
936 |
1,030 |
Mechanical |
263 |
270 |
284 |
323 |
355 |
390 |
435 |
538 |
608 |
559 |
528 |
594 |
Materials |
342 |
361 |
329 |
367 |
342 |
385 |
410 |
402 |
418 |
431 |
373 |
330 |
Industrial |
35 |
41 |
30 |
40 |
54 |
38 |
76 |
94 |
110 |
118 |
116 |
164 |
Other |
287 |
239 |
244 |
229 |
261 |
229 |
296 |
265 |
224 |
298 |
285 |
338 |
Computer science |
276 |
332 |
341 |
338 |
383 |
418 |
372 |
507 |
537 |
665 |
701 |
779 |
National Institutes of Health |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
373 |
325 |
347 |
368 |
374 |
347 |
377 |
427 |
515 |
578 |
600 |
628 |
Engineering, subtotal |
333 |
293 |
311 |
352 |
354 |
327 |
335 |
377 |
459 |
537 |
558 |
585 |
Aerospace |
1 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
5 |
2 |
3 |
9 |
14 |
Chemical |
30 |
34 |
35 |
37 |
56 |
44 |
60 |
58 |
78 |
75 |
76 |
72 |
Civil |
19 |
8 |
17 |
16 |
7 |
8 |
16 |
7 |
3 |
13 |
9 |
29 |
Electrical |
89 |
75 |
50 |
59 |
63 |
54 |
49 |
46 |
93 |
70 |
82 |
85 |
Mechanical |
37 |
33 |
44 |
51 |
42 |
59 |
38 |
51 |
55 |
53 |
62 |
49 |
Materials |
22 |
14 |
7 |
16 |
16 |
17 |
10 |
5 |
7 |
9 |
13 |
12 |
Industrial |
8 |
5 |
10 |
10 |
9 |
8 |
4 |
6 |
5 |
16 |
21 |
15 |
Other |
127 |
120 |
145 |
161 |
157 |
136 |
156 |
199 |
216 |
298 |
286 |
309 |
Computer science |
40 |
32 |
36 |
16 |
20 |
20 |
42 |
50 |
56 |
41 |
42 |
43 |
Field |
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
Other HHS |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
57 |
45 |
55 |
59 |
44 |
44 |
42 |
83 |
56 |
61 |
70 |
49 |
Engineering, subtotal |
54 |
43 |
51 |
56 |
43 |
43 |
41 |
83 |
56 |
55 |
61 |
43 |
Aerospace |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
4 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Chemical |
5 |
1 |
8 |
5 |
7 |
1 |
2 |
8 |
4 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
Civil |
21 |
20 |
6 |
10 |
0 |
9 |
2 |
4 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
Electrical |
8 |
6 |
22 |
20 |
12 |
16 |
16 |
24 |
24 |
17 |
21 |
10 |
Mechanical |
6 |
8 |
6 |
2 |
4 |
14 |
6 |
11 |
2 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
Materials |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
4 |
Industrial |
11 |
6 |
4 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
5 |
7 |
12 |
4 |
13 |
Other |
2 |
1 |
5 |
17 |
17 |
2 |
7 |
25 |
12 |
20 |
29 |
8 |
Computer science |
3 |
2 |
4 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
6 |
9 |
6 |
Department of Defense |
||||||||||||
Engineering and computer science |
1,895 |
2,189 |
2,365 |
2,642 |
2,574 |
2,633 |
3,052 |
3,811 |
3,924 |
3,927 |
3,644 |
3,760 |
Engineering, subtotal |
1,686 |
1,903 |
2,082 |
2,325 |
2,146 |
2,169 |
2,523 |
3,053 |
3,104 |
3,127 |
2,936 |
3,007 |
Aerospace |
161 |
221 |
197 |
241 |
234 |
231 |
250 |
294 |
306 |
276 |
268 |
292 |
Chemical |
64 |
50 |
66 |
87 |
83 |
79 |
88 |
132 |
123 |
111 |
79 |
113 |
Civil |
54 |
44 |
60 |
74 |
97 |
104 |
149 |
189 |
192 |
194 |
153 |
175 |
Electrical |
749 |
865 |
953 |
1,034 |
862 |
822 |
906 |
1,116 |
1,141 |
1,150 |
1,110 |
1,106 |
Mechanical |
231 |
261 |
262 |
362 |
344 |
381 |
428 |
586 |
612 |
658 |
546 |
552 |
Materials |
191 |
206 |
251 |
249 |
278 |
305 |
420 |
409 |
380 |
408 |
425 |
412 |
Industrial |
60 |
58 |
48 |
42 |
30 |
44 |
36 |
56 |
65 |
52 |
49 |
50 |
Other |
176 |
198 |
245 |
236 |
218 |
203 |
246 |
271 |
285 |
278 |
306 |
307 |
Computer science |
209 |
286 |
283 |
317 |
428 |
464 |
529 |
758 |
820 |
800 |
708 |
753 |