Page 415
Index
A
Abortion, see Spontaneous abortion
Acceptable daily intake, 72
Adenomas and adenocarcinomas, 11, 51, 213-237 (passim), 400
Adipose tissue, 7, 38, 70. 71, 80, 91, 99, 1 16, 246, 248, 250, 251-252, 258, 262, 272, 273
Adrenal gland, 7, 69, 188, 217-222 (passim), 225, 228, 229, 231, 232, 234, 236, 237, 238, 241
Age factors. 69, 128, 129, 240-241, 414
breast cancer, 104, 245, 249. 263
breast milk, 90
dose-response assessment, 114. 115. 120
prostate cancer, 269
see also Infants and children
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 72, 179
Agricultural exposures. 138-139. 154. 206
free range farm animals, 170
see also Herbicides; Pesticides; specific herbicides and pesticides
Agricultural Market Survey, 74
Air pollution and monitoring, 60-61, 68, 70, 71-72, 74, 206
Aldrin, 6, 75, 90, 153, 186, 198, 211, 213-216
Alkylphenols, 34, 57, 58, 61-62, 77-78, 80, 128, 147-148
nonylphenols. 62. 63. 68. 77-78. 85. 101. 148
Alligators, 5, 7, 155-158, 290-292
Amphibian studies, 153-155, 307
Androgens, 12, 32, 50, 69, 109, 110, 120, 124, 157-158. 243. 297, 411
see also Antiandrogens; Testosterone
Angiogenesis, 108
butyl benzyl phthalate 129
carcinogenic effects, 5, 6, 7, 12, 107-108, 111, 115, 210-242
DBP, 129-131
DDE, 45. 121-122.211. 220 234. 241. 242
DDT, 6, 23, 121-122, 211, 221-224, 234-235, 241, 242
DES, 12. 111, 115, 119, 129, 157, 399
developmental and reproductive effects, 4, 18, 52, 96, 119-131 (passim), 139-140, 167-168, 169, 294
dose-response assessment, 109-110, 111 - 112, 113, 114-115
enzyme metabolism, 101, 105, 106
extrapolation between species, 23-24, 52-53. 108-110, 117break
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immunologic effects, 186-187, 188-189, 190-193, 196, 197, 198-208
maximum tolerated dose, 24, 239-240
neurologic effects, 5, 125, 133, 171-172
PCBs:
carcinogenic effects, 5, 6, 107-108, 211, 229-230, 236
developmental and reproductive effects, 4, 18, 124-125, 131, 294
neurologic effects, 5, 125, 133, 171-172
thyroid effects, 5, 150-151, 229-230, 236
TCDDs, 125-126, 211, 230-231, 236-237, 241, 242
vinclozolin, 123-124
see also Amphibian studies: Fish studies; Marine mammal studies: Wildlife studies
Antiandrogens, general, 12, 13, 27, 45-46
developmental and reproductive effects. 120, 121, 130, 169
immunologic effects, 196
see also specific substances
Antiestrogens, general, 12, 13, 27, 29, 31-32, 43, 49, 51, 64, 75, 106-107
developmental and reproductive effects, 120, 162-163
dose-response assessment, 113
see also specific substances
Aromatase (CYP19), 102-103, 104, 105, 113
Aryl hydrocarbons, 27, 46-47, 102, 126
Assays, see Bioassays
Atmospheric monitoring. see Air pollution and monitoring
ATSDR. see Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Australia, 72
Autoimmune diseases, 6, 187, 208
B
Background concentrations, 8, 9, 69-70, 81
Bacterial kidney disease. 282
Baffin Island, 72
Baltic Sea, 6, 194, 207, 283-285. 294
B[a]P, see Benzo[a]pyrene
Bayley Mental Development Index, 180
Bayley Psychomotor Development Index, 180
BBP, see Butyl benzyl phthalate
Behavioral effects, 2, 6, 111, 171, 175, 181, 288
sexual behavior, 5, 125-126, 162-163, 170, 270, 406
see also Cognitive effects: Learning effects: Locomotor effects
Bioaccumulation, see Food transfer and bioaccumulation
Bioassays, 6, 9, 31, 33-38, 41-43, 71, 73, 95, 112, 117, 154, 196. 211-243, 296- 306, 309, 310, 412, 413
standardized. 299, 302, 412, 413. 414
Biologic markers, general, 7, 9, 42, 66, 79, 99, 110, 195, 207, 249, 273, 297, 306-308, 310, 413
Biomagnification, 158, 278, 279, 282, 293
concentrations of HAAs, 64. 65, 80
developmental and reproductive effects, 149, 158, 160-166, 168. 169, 285-289
dose-response assessment, 113
Birth weight. 3-4, 133, 134-135. 168, 180
Bisphenol A, 38-39, 57, 68, 76-77, 80, 101, 120, 126-128, 211-212, 216-217
BKD, see Bacterial kidney disease
Blacks:
prostate cancer, 269, 270, 271-272
testicular cancer, 266, 267, 268, 272-273
Bleached paper mill effluent. 152-153
Blood, 7, 9, 38, 116, 182, 207, 272, 273
breast cancer studies, 246, 249, 256, 259, 263
chlordecone, 137
dosimetry, general, 83, 85, 91, 92-96, 97. 273
endometrial cancer, 263
PCBs, 45, 72, 133, 175, 182, 246, 249, 256, 259, 263, 268, 272break
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steroid transport, 103, 116, 308
testicular cancer, 268-269
Blue-sac disease, 4-5, 99, 151, 169, 282
birth weight, 3-4, 133, 134-135, 168, 180
bisphenol A, 126-127
dose-response assessment, 111, 112
see also Birth weight
Brain, 96-97, 99, 104, 116, 289
fetal, 105
hippocampus, 104
pineal gland, 96
pituitary gland, 7, 28, 69, 96, 210, 215-238 (passim), 241
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scales, 180
Breast cancer, 6, 7, 10, 31, 39-40, 43, 73, 104. 106, 107, 114, 116, 121-122, 126, 127, 135, 210, 213-232 (passim). 242, 244-263, 265-266, 272. 300, 400
age factors, 104, 245, 249, 263
blood measurements, 246, 249, 256, 259, 263
case-control studies, 246-258
ecologic studies. 262-263
occupational studies, 246, 258-261, 264
racial/ethnic factors, 245, 249, 250, 256, 263
screening, 244-263
Breast milk, 6, 38. 71. 72. 73
carcinogenic effects, 268
developmental and reproductive effects. 128, 130, 131, 134-135, 136
dosimetry, 86, 87-91, 100, 111, 114
immunologic effects, 195-196
neurologic effects, 173, 175, 180, 182
Butyl benyl phthalate, 129, 211, 212, 217-218
C
Cancer, 2, 3, 6-7, 39-40, 44, 210-273
animal studies, 5, 6, 7, 12, 107-108, 111, 115, 210-242
antiandrogens, general, 243, 272
antiestrogens, general, 243-244, 259
breast milk, 268
cohort studies, 7, 248-249, 258-264, 268- 269, 271
DDE, 211, 220, 234, 241, 242, 243, 246-258 (passim), 262-263, 268, 269, 271-272
DDT, 6, 211, 221-224, 234-235, 241, 242, 243, 251, 253, 256, 257, 262-263
epidemiologic studies, 7, 140, 243-73
estrogens, general, 210, 235, 243, 244, 248, 300, 249-250
PCBs, 5, 6, 105, 107-108, 211, 229-230. 236, 242, 243-244, 246-263 (passim), 268, 270-271, 272-273
reproductive organs, 211, 213-232, (passim). 244-273, 400-402:
see also specific organs
research methodology, 213-233, 244
steroids, general, 243, 244, 264, 272
TCDD, 23, 111-112, 125-126, 211, 230-231, 236-237, 241, 242, 243-244, 259-262, 264, 271, 273
see specific sites and cancer types
Case-control studies, 273, 275
breast cancer, 246-258
testicular cancer, 268-269
Catecholestrogens, 104, 107-108, 109
Cell-mediated Immune response, 11, 23, 4-43, 51-52, 53, 187, 188-196 (passim . 199-202 (passim), 203, 205, 207, 208-209
delayed -type hypersensitivity, 23, 111, 188, 194, 195, 202-203, 208
macrophages, 198, 202, 203, 207
T-cells, 107-196 (passim), 199, 201, 205, 208-209
Cell differentiation, 23, 119, 188, 302
Cell proliferation, 38, 41, 42, 43, 45, 50, 53, 107, 108, 110, 111, 114, 121-122, 210, 264, 299, 300 see also cancerbreak
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 263
chlordecone, 137-138
Chalcones, 36
Chemical Manufacturers Association, 62
Children, see Infants and children
Chloramphenicol actyl transferase, 44, 45
Chlorbenzilate, 75
Chlordane, 60, 72, 75, 156, 202, 204-205, 206, 211, 241
Chlordecone (Kepone), 33, 38, 57, 59, 123, 137-138, 186, 198, 212, 218-219
see also Organochlorine compounds
Chlorodibenzofurans, 136
Circulatory disorders, 139
Cognitive effects, 5, 133, 172-179 (passim), 182. 183-184
intelligence, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179, 183
learning effects, 6, 121, 125, 133, 171, 173, 174-177
see also Learning effects
cancer, 7, 248-249, 258-264, 268-269, 271
developmental and reproductive effects, 131-132, 134-135
neurologic effects, 172-184
prostate cancer, 271
see also Occupational studies
Concanavalin A. 194
Conception, see Contraceptives; Fertility; Pregnancy
Containers, food, see Packaging and containers
Contraceptives, 8, 68, 78-79, 246, 265, 273
Corticosterone, 154
Cryptorchidism, 4, 5, 12, 139, 140, 166, 167, 169, 268, 401, 402, 405
Cyanazine, 139
CYP, see Cytochrome
CYP11, see Side-chain-cleavage enzyme
C'YP19, see Aromatase
Cytochrome (CYP), 87, 93, 98-109 (passim), 113
D
DBP, see Di-n-butyl phthalate
DDD (1, 1 -dichloro-2, 2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)ethane), 97, 156, 211, 212, 234, 219-220, 290
DDE (1, 1-dichloro-2, 2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene), 3, 6, 33, 45-46
animal studies, 45, 121-122, 211, 220, 234, 241, 242
carcinogenic effects, 211, 220, 234, 241, 242, 243, 246-258 (passim), 262- 263, 268, 269, 271-272
developmental and reproductive effects, 120, 121, 122, 131, 134, 155, 156, 165-166, 168-169
dosimetry, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 97, 101
ecologic effects, 289, 290-291, 293, 294
immunologic effects, 196
neurologic effects, 180-181, 183
DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), 21, 33, 46, 301-302
animal studies, 6, 23, 121-122, 211, 221-224, 234-235, 241, 242
carcinogenic effects, 6, 211, 221-224, 234-235, 241, 242, 243, 251, 253. 256. 257, 262-263
developmental and reproductive effects, 5, 6, 21, 120, 121-122, 131, 141, 149-151, 154-155, 156, 159, 161, 164, 165, 168, 169
dosimetry, 86, 91, 97, 99, 100
ecologic effects, 282, 290-291, 294
exposure, 59-60, 64, 65, 66-67, 68, 71-72, 74, 75, 80
food transfer/bioaccumulation, 68, 74, 91-92, 161-162
immunologic effects, 23, 186, 196-197
neurologic effects, 185
persistence, 58
production and use, 56, 57, 80
DEHP (diethylhexyl phthalate), 62, 78
Delayed-type hypersensitivity, 23, 1, 188, 194, 195, 202-203, 208
Demographic factors, 181, 293-294
urban areas, 140, 144, 145, 178, 183, 196. 253, 254, 257
see also Age factors: Racial/ethnic factorsbreak
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Denmark, 140, 253, 257, 260, 264
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Market Survey, 74
Department of the Interior study at hand, 1, 12
U.S. Geological Survey, 62
DES, see Diethylstilbestrol
Developing countries, 245
see also specific countries
Developmental and reproductive effects, 1, 5, 8, 10, 18, 95-96, 119-170, 240-241, 302, 414
agricultural workers, 138-139
antiandrogens, 120, 121, 130, 169
animal studies, 4, 18, 52, 96, 119-131 (passim), 139-140, 167-168, 169, 294
birds, 149, 158, 160-166, 168, 169, 285- 289
reptiles, 155-159
see also fish studies'' and "wildlife studies" infra
Bisphenol A, 126-128
bleached paper mill effluent, 152-153
breast milk, 128, 130, 131, 134-135, 136
carcinogenic effects on reproductive organs, 211, 213-232 (passim), 244-273, 400-402;
see also specific organs
cohort studies, 131-132, 134-135
contraceptives, 8, 68, 78-79, 246, 265, 273
CYP enzymes, 105-106
DBP, 129-131
DDE, 120, 121, 122, 131, 134, 155, 156, 165-166, 168-169
DDT, 5, 6, 21, 120, 121-122, 131, 141, 149-151, 154-155, 156, 159, 161, 164, 165, 168, 169
DES, 1, 11-12, 51, 111, 114-115, 126, 127, 129, 157, 399-406
polychlorinated dibenzofurans, 4, 5, 133, 134, 168
dioxins, 5, 91, 135, 136, 139, 150, 158-159, 164
embryos, 1, 51, 52, 86, 105, 157, 159, 164, 187, 288
estradiol, 123, 154, 157, 160, 163
estrogens, general, 119-120, 160, 164, 169, 307
fertility, 11-12, 16, 73, 121, 132, 138, 245, 246, 302, 402
fish studies, 4-5, 79, 147-153, 169
intersex conditions, 4, 79, 147, 159, 169, 307
Great Lakes studies, 133-134, 149-151. 158-159, 160-161, 162, 164, 165. 282-283
intersex conditions, 4, 79, 102, 147, 159, 163, 169, 187, 307
lactation, 6, 54, 66, 78-79, 100, 104, 111, 124, 127, 131, 245, 258;
see also "breast milk " supra
learning effects, 6, 121, 125, 133, 171, 173, 174-177
locomotor effects, 6, 121, 133, 135-136, 171, 175, 184
methoxychlor, 122-123, 169-170
organochlorine compounds, 155, 159, 162, 166, 179
PCBs, 4, 18, 120, 124-125, 131-135, 141, 149, 150, 157, 158-159, 164, 165, 168, 169-170, 173, 282, 285, 287-289, 292-294
receptor-mediated actions, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 136, 140, 160, 167
regional factors, 120, 133-134, 139, 140, 149-151, 158-159, 160-161, 168, 170;
see also "Great Lakes" supra
sewage treatment plant effluent, 4, 79, 147-148, 169
sex determination and ratios, 5, 98, 103, 104, 108, 113, 120, 130-131, 135, 160-162, 276, 285-286
sexual behavior, 5, 125-126, 162-163, 170, 270, 406
sperm and semen, 2, 4, 5, 10, 12, 17, 123. 126, 128, 129, 130, 133, 137-146 (passim), 167, 170, 402, 404, 405
spontaneous abortion, 11, 68, 133, 138-139, 266, 403, 406break
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study at hand, methodology, 2, 3-4, 13, 14, 15
TCDD, 120, 125-126, 135-137, 149, 150, 151
tributylin, 102
vagina, 1, 42, 51, 303, 304, 306, 400, 401
vinclozolin, 123-124
wildlife studies, 4, 7, 1, 120-121, 146-167, 168-170, 275, 282-295;
see also "fish studies " supra
see also Age factors; Birth weight; Eggs: Fetuses; Gonads; Growth effects; Ovaries and ovulation; Prostate gland: Pregnancy; Testes; Thyroid gland: Uterus
DHT (5-dihydrotestosterone), 32
Dibenzofurans, 75, 134, 136, 159
polychlorinated dibenzofurans, 4, 5, 84, 94, 133. 134
Dichlorobiphenyl, 93
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, see DDT
Dichlorophenol, 34
Dicotol, 5, 74, 75, 155, 290-291
Dieldrin, 7, 34, 56, 72, 74, 75, 156, 159, 198, 199, 211, 213-216, 258, 293
Diet, see Food transfer and bioaccumulation
Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 1, 10-12, 22-23, 48, 68, 79, 106, 126, 127, 157, 268, 399-406
animal studies, 12, 111, 115, 119, 129, 157, 399
carcinogenic effects, 1, 10-12, 51
developmental and reproductive effects, 1, 11-12, 51, 111, 114-115, 126, 127, 129, 157, 399-406
dose-response assessment, 22-23, 110, 111, 114-115
occupational study, 406
Diethylhexyl phthalate, 78
Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), 57, 129-131
Dioxins. 4-5
developmental and reproductive effects, 5, 91, 135, 136, 139, 150, 158-159, 164
neurologic effects, 171, 182, 185
see also TCDD
DMBA (7, 12-dimethylbenzathracene), 237, 238, 240
DNA, 32, 47-49, 53, 107, 114, 301
breast milk, 86, 87-91, 100, 111, 114
defined. 54
PCBs, 84, 86, 88-90, 90, 91-94 (passim), 99, 125, 194
low-dose effects, 16, 113, 119
persistence, 9, 54-55, 58-59, 80, 81, 83, 85, 90, 94, 107:
see also Food transfer and bioaccumulation
see also Blood: Exposure: Target cells and organs
Dose-response relationships, 9, 22-23, 82-83, 86-87, 109-115, 117, 118, 148, 172, 207, 303, 304, 310, 413
animal studies, 109-110, 111- 112, 113, 114-115
antiestrogens, 113
defined, 82
environmentally relevant doses, 16, 24-26
estradiol, 110, 111, 113, 114-115
estrogens, general, 112-113, 115
extrapolation across species. 109-110, 117
fetuses, 13
low-dose effects, 16, 113, 119, 128, 412-413
maximum tolerated dose, 24, 239-240
PCBs, 125
low-dose effects, 16, 113, 119
physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, 93-94
receptor-mediated actions, 110, 112-114
threshold concentrations, 113
see also Bioassays
E
Ecologic studies. 7-8, 138-139, 274-295
breast cancer, 262-263
genetic effects, 278-279
Page 421
prostate cancer, 271 -272
pyramid effects, 278
study at hand, methodology, 2, 3
testicular cancer, 268-269, 272-273
see also Food transfer and bioaccumulation; Wildlife studies
EGF, see Epidermal growth factor
Eggs, 4, 5, 21, 64, 67, 86, 116, 149-150, 151, 156-157, 161, 165-166, 168, 169, 284, 285, 287, 290
Elimination of HAAs, 83-84, 116
see also Metabolism
Embryos, 52, 86, 157, 159, 164, 187, 288
CYP enzymes. 105
see also Fetuses
Employee studies, see Occupational studies
Endocrine disruptor hypothesis, general, 16-17, 20, 50
Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (EDSTAC), 9, 15, 17, 296, 410-414
Endometrial cancer, 7, 46-47, 125, 126, 135, 210, 211, 212, 214, 226, 228, 229. 232, 234-239 (passim), 242, 244, 263-265, 266, 272
Endosulfan, 6, 33, 56, 74, 75, 203, 206, 209, 211, 224, 235
Endothelial cells, 98-99, 104, 106, 203
Endrin, 75, 186, 198, 199, 211, 225-226, 235-236
Environmentally relevant doses, 16, 24-26
Environmental Protection Agency, 62, 155-156, 240-41, 292
Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee. 9, 15, 17, 296, 410-414
prostate cancer. 271
testicular cancer, 269
Enzymes, 32, 83, 87, 101, 152, 285, 306, 308
assays, 302
CYP, 87, 93, 98-109 (passim), 117
epithelial, 98-99
placental, 105
racial differences, 263
RNA transcription, 49
Epidemiologic studies, 7, 135, 137, 170, 399-406
chlordecone, 137-138
immunologic response, 208-209
neurologic effects, 172-185
sperm concentration, 140, 141-146, 170
see also Cohort studies; Ecologic studies: Occupational studies
Epidermal growth factor, 42
Epithelial cells, 11, 50, 83, 86, 87, 98-99. 111, 123, 138, 188, 303
Estradiol, 10, 40, 42, 45, 50, 69, 78, 79, 85, 94, 96, 107, 108, 300
carcinogenic effects, 101, 106-108
developmental and reproductive effects, 123, 154, 157, 160, 163
dose-response relationship, 110, 111, 113, 114-115
Estriol, 30, 31, 109, 110, 303-304
Estrogen responsive elements (EREs), 32, 47, 48
Estrogens, general, 4, 10-11, 18, 27, 38-53, 64, 94-95, 405, 411
bioassays, 41-43, 235, 243, 297, 302. 303
biologic markers, 306-308
carcinogenic effects, 210, 235, 243, 244, 248, 300
catecholestrogens, 104. 107-108. 109
developmental and reproductive effects, 119-120, 160, 164, 169, 307
dose-response relationships. 112-113. 115
hormone replacement therapy, 246, 265, 273
pharmacologic, 8, 68, 78-79, 80
contraceptives, 8, 68, 78-79, 246, 265, 273
hormone replacement therapy, 246, 265, 273
see also Diethylstilbestrol: Estradiol
phytoestrogens, 8, 40-41, 55-56, 68, 73, 80, 81, 95, 101, 273
receptor-mediated actions. 28-32, 110, 112- 114, 299, 300, 301, 412
see also Antiestrogens: Contraceptives: specific estrogensbreak
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Estrone, 30, 31, 70, 79, 103, 108, 109, 147, 306
Estrus and menstruation, see Menstruation and estrus
Ethnicity, see Racial/ethnic factors
Scandinavia, 140
testicular cancer, 272
see also specific countries
Exposure, 1, 8, 54-81, 84-91, 135, 136, 273, 306-308
agricultural, 138-139, 154, 170, 206
background concentrations, 8, 9, 69-70, 81
biologic markers, general, 7, 9, 42, 66, 79, 99, 110, 195, 207, 249, 273, 297, 306-308, 310
occupational, other, 258-261
DDT, 59-60, 64, 65, 66-67, 68, 71-72, 74, 75, 80
defined, 54
environmentally relevant routes of, 25-26
persistence, 9, 54-55, 58-59, 80, 81, 83, 85, 90, 94, 107:
see also Food transfer and bioaccumulation
testicular cancer, 268-269
see also Dose and dosimetry: Screening and monitoring
F
Fatty tissue, see Adipose tissue
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 410
Federal government, see Legislation; specific departments and agencies
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 410
Fertility, 11-12, 16, 73, 121, 132, 138, 245, 246, 302, 402
see also Contraceptives: Sperm and semen
Fetuses, 1, 38, 47, 116, 241, 310
dose-response assessment, 113
fetal alcohol syndrome, 105
resorption, 126
spontaneous abortion, 11, 68, 133, 138-139, 266, 403, 406
spontaneous death, 132
see also Embryos; Placenta
Fish, consumption of, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 68, 69, 71, 72, 131-134, 165, 172-176, 181, 184, 287, 289, 292, 294
Fish studies, 1, 2, 7, 45, 281-285, 412
bleached paper mill effluent, 152-153
concentration of HAAs, 63-66, 67, 71, 73
cytochrome, 102
developmental and reproductive effects, 4-5, 79, 147-153, 169
intersex conditions, 4, 79, 147, 159, 169, 307
dosimetry, 85
salmon, 4, 5, 149-151, 169, 281, 282, 283-284 292
sewage treatment plant effluent, 4, 79, 147-148, 169, 281, 307
trout, 4-5, 45, 73, 79, 147, 148, 151, 282-283
see also Great Lakes; Marine mammal studies
Flavanones, 36
Flavones and flavonoids, 36, 39-41, 43, 68, 73, 101, 102-103, 107
Florida panthers, 166-167, 169-170
Follicles and follicular cells, 137, 152- 153, 156-157, 213, 217, 218, 220-232 (passim). 237
Food and Drug Administration, 11, 241
Food Quality Protection Act, 297, 410
Food transfer and bioaccumulation, 4, 8, 38-41, 43, 55-56, 63, 74-75, 80-81, 86, 91-92, 116, 174, 281-285
biomagnification, 158, 278, 279, 282, 293
bisphenol A, 38-39, 57, 68, 76-77, 80, 101, 120, 126-128, 211-212, 216-217
chlordecone, 123
fish, consumption of, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 68, 69, 71.72, 131-134, 165, 172-176, 181, 184, 287, 289, 292, 294
PBBs, 262
PCBs, 3-4, 68, 72, 131-134, 173, 282, 292-294
phytoestrogens, 8, 40-41, 55-56, 68, 73, 80, 81, 95, 101, 273
pyramid effects, 278
soy, 43, 56, 63, 73, 80, 81, 87, 90
see also Ecologic studies; Milk; Packaging and containersbreak
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Foreign countries, see Developing countries; Europe; specific countries
Fungicides, general, 46, 55, 86, 87, 120, 123, 137, 138, 139, 167
see also specific substrances
G
Genetic effects, 5, 6, 28, 31, 42-43, 50, 299, 300-301
animal strains, 238-239
DNA, 32, 47-49, 53, 107, 114, 301
ecologic studies and, 278-279
extrapolation between species, 23-24, 52-53, 108-110, 117
mRNA, 27, 45, 49, 52, 104, 105, 106, 302
transcription, 27, 28, 43, 47, 49, 51, 115, 301, 302
RNA, 28
testicular cancer, 268
Germany, 88, 177, 183, 184, 260
Gestation, see Pregnancy
Gonadotropins, 87, 97, 98, 104, 152
Gonads, 28, 64, 67, 69, 99, 100, 152, 153, 159, 172, 412
morphologic abnormalities, 5, 79, 156
see Ovaries and ovulation; Testes
Great Lakes, 4, 7, 61, 62-63, 67, 71, 72
developmental and reproductive effects, 133-134, 149-151, 158-159, 160-161, 162, 164, 165, 282-283
ecologic studies, 281-283, 286-288, 292
neurologic effects, 174, 177, 178-180, 183
Great Lakes embryo mortality, edema, and deformity syndrome, 165
Growth effects, 4, 31, 42, 50, 150, 154, 160, 282, 287, 293, 302
children and infants, 133, 134-135, 178, 403
dioxin, 5
egg and gonad size, 4, 152, 169
intrauterine growth retardation, 139
penis size, 5, 157, 158, 306-307, 401, 406
prostate gland size, 22, 11, 127
sex accessory gland size, 126
testes, 4, 126, 128, 129, 148, 169
transforming-growth factor, 42
see also Birth weight; Body weight
H
Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (HAHs), 46, 67, 93, 186, 188-196
see also Polychlorinated byphenyls: Polychlorinated dibenzofurans: TCDD
Hazard quotients, 308-309
Heat-shock proteins, 42, 48-49
Hepatic system, 99, 103, 106, 109, 112, 122-123, 152, 156, 195, 235, 238, 242, 293
Heptachlorodibenzofuran, 75
Herbicides, general, 125, 138, 139, 260, 264
see also specific substances
Hexachlorobenzene, 63, 134, 141, 181, 186, 203, 207, 251, 254
Hexachlorobiphenyl, 93, 124, 133
Hexachlorohexane, 59, 60, 100, 198, 248
Hexachloro-PCBs, 194
Hippocampus, 104
Hormone replacement therapy, 246, 265, 273
Human chorionic gonadotropin, 152, 153
Humoral immunity, 187, 189, 191, 192, 195, 196, 202, 203, 205, 206
Hyperpigmentation, 173
Hypospadias, 4, 5, 12, 78, 130, 139, 140, 167, 168, 170
I
Immunologic effects, 2, 3, 6, 186-209
animal studies, 186-187, 188-189, 190-193, 196, 197, 198-208
breast milk, 195-196
epidemiologic studies, 208-209
humoral immunity, 187, 189, 191, 192, 195, 196, 202, 203, 205, 206break
Page 424
infants and children, 195-196
infectious diseases, 187, 190, 191, 194, 195, 270, 282 , 294
organochlorine compounds, general. 194, 198
PCBs, 6, 188, 191, 192, 194, 195-196, 207, 208, 288, 294
TCDD, 111, 188-189, 190-191, 193, 196
wildlife studies, 6, 189, 194, 196, 207
see also Bioassays; Cell-mediated immune response
India, 71
Indolo[3, 2-b]carbazole, 37
Infants and children, 5, 70, 71, 73, 74-75, 78, 80, 81, 116, 134
birth weight, 3-4, 133, 134-135, 168, 180
fetal alcohol syndrome, 105
immunologic effects, 195-196
neurologic effects, 172, 173, 174-183;
see also Cognitive effects
testicular cancer, 268
see also Breast milk; Fetuses
Infectious diseases, 187, 190, 191, 194, 195, 270, 282, 294
Inhalation exposure:
see Air pollution and monitoring; Lungs; Respiratory system
Insecticides, see Pesticides; specific substances
Instrumental chemical techniques, 308-309
Intelligence, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179, 183
see also Cognitive effects; Learning effects
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 235, 236, 237, 238, 242, 260
International perspectives, see Developing countries; Europe; Regional factors; specific countries
Intersex conditions, 4, 79, 102, 147, 159, 163, 169, 187, 307
Intrauterine growth retardation, 139
In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, 141
Isoflavones and isoflavonoids, 36, 55, 56, 63, 73
Italy, 135, 259, 261-262, 264, 271
J
Japan, 4, 140, 172, 173-174, 245
K
Kenya, 88
Kepone, see Chlordecone
Kidneys, 30, 93, 128, 130, 282
L
Laboratory studies, see Animal studies
Lactation, 6, 54, 66, 78-79, 100, 104, 111, 124, 127, 131, 245, 258
see also Breast milk
Learning effects, 6, 121, 125, 133, 171, 173, 174-177
Life-history models, 274
Ligands, 28-32 (passim), 40, 47, 48-49, 114, 298
Lindane. 6, 34, 74, 198, 202, 209, 211, 226-228, 236
Lipoproteins, 8, 38, 64, 83, 88-89, 94, 99, 116
Liver, see Hepatic system
Locomotor effects, 6, 121, 133, 135-136, 171, 175, 184
Bayley Psychomotor Development Index, 180
Lungs, 71-72, 87, 93, 203, 237, 245. 261
Lymphatic system, 187-188, 190-191, 199, 202, 204, 205, 207, 208
see also T-cells
M
Macrophages, 198, 202, 203, 207
Mammary gland, 104, 126, 213-238 (passim), 241
see also Breast cancer; Breast milk; Lactation
Mammography, 245-246
Marine mammal studies, 92, 294-295
concentrations of HAAs, 64, 65, 66, 72, 80, 90, 99, 196
dosimetry, 86
immunologic effects, PCBs, 6, 194, 196, 207, 208
Maximum tolerated dose, 24, 239-240
Page 425
Menstruation and estrus, 69, 122, 123, 124, 132, 264-265, 250-251, 264, 303
see also Ovaries and ovulation
Mental Development Index, see Bayley Mental Development Index
Meselson-Stahl demonstration, 19
Metabolism, 8, 28, 54, 83-84, 86, 90-91, 98-109, 117, 123, 160, 165
cytochrome (CYP), 87, 93, 98-109 (passim), 113
estrogens, general, 101-103, 106-107
steroids, 101-103, 105-109, 117
thyroxin, 124-125
see also Enzymes
Methodology, see Research methodology
Methoxychlor, 33, 74, 75, 122-123, 169-170, 211, 228-229, 236, 241
Methylsulfonyl, 88, 90-91, 101
Metolachlor, 139
Michelson-Morely experiment, 19
Milk:
soy-based substitutes, 43, 56, 63, 73, 80, 81, 87, 90
see also Breast milk
Minority groups, see Racial/ethnic factors: specific groups
Miscarriage, see Spontaneous abortion
Monitoring, see Screening and monitoring
Mortality data, 173, 190, 192, 258-259, 260, 261, 263, 266, 269, 270-271, 282
mRNA, 27, 45, 49, 52, 104, 105, 106, 302
transcription, 27, 28, 43, 47, 49, 51, 115, 301, 302
Müllerian-inhibiting hormone, 160, 167
Musculoskeletal disorders, 139
N
National Cancer Institute, 234-239 (passim), 241
SEER program, 265
National Center for Health Statistics, 138
National Human Monitoring Program, 99
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 137
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 154, 260
National Toxicology Program, 129
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, 181
Netherlands, 88-89, 134-135, 176, 182-183, 184, 195, 293, 294
Neurologic effects, 5-6. 50. 99. 171-185
animal studies, 5, 125, 133, 171-172
breast milk, 173, 175, 180, 182
cognitive effects, 5, 133, 172-179 (passim), 182, 183-184
intelligence, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179, 183
learning impairments, 6, 121, 125, 133, 171. 173. 174-177
cohort studies, 172-184
DDT, 185
see also "TCDD" infra
epidemiologic studies, 172-185
Great Lakes, 174, 177, 178-180, 183
infants and children, 172, 173, 174-183:
see also, "cognitive effects" supra
locomotor effects, 6, 121, 133, 135-136, 171, 175, 180, 184
regional factors, 172-184;
see also "Great Lakes" supra
standards, 185
study at hand, methodology, 2, 3, 14
TCDD, 135-136
see also Behavioral effects; Brain
Nonylphenol ethoxylates, 58, 62, 63, 101, 148
Nonylphenols, 62, 63, 68, 77-78, 85, 101, 148
Norway, 88
Nutrition, see Food transfer and bioaccumulation
O
Occupational studies, 137, 198
agricultural exposures, 138-139, 154, 206
breast cancer, 246, 258-261, 264
chlordecone, 137-138
DES, 406
endometrial cancer, 264
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testicular cancer, 268
Vietnam veterans, 137, 138, 257, 269
Organochlorine compounds, general, 33-34, 38, 47, 59-60, 72, 91-92
carcinogenic effects, 248, 249-250
developmental and reproductive effects, 155, 159, 162, 166, 179
neurologic effects, 186
see also specific compounds
Organohalogen compounds, 164
see also specific compounds
Ovaries and ovulation, 52, 86, 102, 121, 122, 130, 157, 164, 218, 220, 224, 226, 229-238 (passim). 241. 400
see also Menopause; Menstruation and testrus
P
Packaging and containers:
bisphenol A, 38-39, 57, 68, 76-77, 80, 101, 120, 126-128, 211-212, 216-217
butyl benzyl phthalate, 129
other HAAs, 78
PB-PK, see Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model
PCBs, see Polychlorinated biphenyls
Penis, 5, 102, 126, 133, 157, 158, 167, 169, 405
hypospadias, 4, 5, 12, 78, 130, 139, 140, 167, 168, 170
size, 5, 157, 158, 306-307, 401, 406
Pentachlorobiphenol, 84, 92, 93, 97, 125, 133
Pentachlorophenol, 75
Persistence 9, 54-55, 58-59, 80, 81, 83, 85, 90, 94, 107
see also Food transfer and bioaccumulation
Pesticides, 38, 56, 58, 74-75, 81, 91-92, 97, 158, 179, 198, 242
see also specific substances
Pharmacokinetics, 38, 86, 87, 93-94, 96, 97, 98, 117. 297, 299, 302
Pharmacologic agents, 8, 68, 78-79, 80
contraceptives, 8, 68, 78-79, 246, 265, 273
hormone replacement therapy, 246, 265, 273
see also Diethylstilbestrol; Estradiol
Phenolic compounds, 38
alkylphenols, 34, 57, 58, 61-62, 77-78, 80. 128, 147-148
nonylphenols, 62, 63, 68, 77-78, 85, 101, 148
see specific substances
Phthalates, 38, 58, 62, 78, 120, 129-131, 153, 211, 212, 242
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, 93-94
Phytoestrogens, 8, 40-41, 55-56, 68, 73, 80, 81, 95, 101, 273
Phytohemagglutinin, 189, 194, 195, 202
Pineal gland, 96
Pituitary gland, 7, 28, 69, 96, 210, 215-238 (passim), 241
Placenta, 8, 47, 97-98, 105, 116, 173, 175, 180-181
Plaque-forming cells (PFC), 196, 198
Plasma-binding proteins, 94-95, 96, 116, 127, 157, 301
Pokeweed mitogen, 195
Polybrominated biphenyls, 262
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 3, 5, 34, 38, 45
animal studies:
carcinogenic effects, 5, 6, 107-108, 211, 229-230, 236
developmental and reproductive effects, 4, 18, 124-125, 131, 294
neurologic effects, 5, 125, 133, 171-172
thyroid effects, 5, 150-151, 229-230, 236
blood concentrations, 45, 72, 133, 175, 182, 246, 249, 256, 259, 263, 268, 272
carcinogenic effects, 5, 6, 105, 107-108, 211, 229-230, 236, 242, 243-244, 246-263 (passim), 268, 270-271, 272-273
cohort studies, 131-132, 134-135
developmental and reproductive effects, 4. 18, 120, 124-125, 131-135, 141, 149, 150, 157, 158-159, 164, 165, 168, 169-170, 173, 282, 285, 287-289, 292-294
dosimetry, 84, 86, 88-90, 90, 91-94 (passim), 99, 125, 194
low-dose effects, 16, 113, 119
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food transfer and bioaccumulation, 3-4, 68, 72, 131-134, 173, 282, 292-294
hexachloro-PCBs, 194
immunologic effects, 6, 188, 191, 192, 194, 195-196, 207, 208, 288, 294
marine mammals, 6, 194, 196, 207, 208
neurologic effects, 5, 125, 133, 171-185
pregnancy, 124-125
production and use, 56, 57, 80
thyroid gland, 5, 150-151, 229-230, 236
Polychlorinated diaromatic hydrocarbons (PCHDs), 283
Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), 4, 5, 84, 94, 168, 174, 182, 185, 289
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), 94, 176, 181, 182, 289
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 104
Polymerase chain reaction techniques, 28, 51-52, 105
Pregnancy, 54, 95, 231, 403, 404
DBP, 130-131
embryos, 1, 51, 52, 86, 105, 157, 159, 164, 187, 288
immunologic effects, 187, 203, 205
intrauterine growth retardation, 139
PCBs, 124-125
placenta, 8, 47, 97-98, 105, 116, 173, 175, 180-181
spontaneous abortion, 11, 68, 133, 138-139, 266, 403, 406;
see also Diethylstilbestrol
see also Fetuses
Progesterone, 11, 42, 43, 69-70, 152, 165, 245, 264, 265, 300
see also Contraceptives
Prostate gland, 111, 112, 121, 127, 128, 402
cancer, 7, 39-40, 222, 224, 229, 232-239 (passim), 269-272, 273, 401
age factors, 269
cohort studies, 271
ecologic studies, 271-272
occupational exposures, 270-271, 273
racial/ethnic factors, 269, 270, 271-272
Psychomotor Development Index, see Bayley Psychomotor Development Index
Psychomotor effects, see Locomotor effects
Q
Quercetin, 44
R
Racial/ethnic factors, 72
breast cancer, 245, 249, 250, 256, 263
concentrations of HAAs, 268
prostate cancer, 269, 270, 271-272
testicular cancer, 266, 267, 268, 272-273
see also Blacks: Whites
Receptor-mediated actions, 3, 8, 21-22, 27, 28-37, 40-41, 43-53, 82, 116, 117, 298-300
carcinogenic effects, 248
developmental and reproductive effects, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 136, 140, 160. 167
dose-response relationship, 110, 112-114
estrogens, general, 28-32, 110, 112-114, 299, 300, 301, 412
immunologic effects, 186
ligands, 28-32 (passim), 40, 47, 48-49, 114, 298
steroids, 28, 32, 41, 42, 48, 52, 94-95, 96, 116, 186
thyroid, 18
Reference standards, 308-309
Registry for Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Genital Tract in Young Females, 11
Regional factors, 5, 279, 292-293
concentrations of HAAs, 64, 65, 72, 88-89
developmental and reproductive effects, 120, 133-134, 139, 140, 149-151, 158-159, 160-161, 168. 170
Great Lakes studies, 133-134, 149-151, 158-159, 160-161, 162, 164, 165, 282-283
neurologic effects. 172-184
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persistence. 58
sperm concentration, 4, 5, 142-144
wildlife exposure, 63-64
see also Great Lakes; International perspectives; specific countries
Reptile studies, 5, 7, 103, 155-159, 288, 290-292
Research methodology, 170
carcinogenic effects, 213-233, 244
definition of HAA, 21-22
extrapolation between species 23-24, 52-53, 108-110, 117
neurologic effects, 179
sperm concentration studies, 141-144, 146
study at hand, 1-3. 12-16. 18-26
see also Animal studies; Case-control studies; Cohort studies; Ecologic studies; Epidemiologic studies; Occupational studies; Screening and monitoring; Wildlife studies
Respiratory system, 86, 116, 129, 139, 195
see also Lungs
RNA, 28 see also mRNA
S
Safe Drinking Water Act, 297, 410
Salmon, 4, 5, 149-151, 169, 281, 282, 283-284, 292
Scandinavia. 130
see also specific countries
Screening and monitoring, 8-9, 59-67, 81, 243-273. 296-414
breast cancer, 244-263
committee recommendations, 5-9 (passim). 310, 413-414
Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing
Advisory Committee, 9, 15, 17, 296, 410-414
polymerase chain reaction techniques, 28, 51-52, 105
soil and soil monitoring, 62-63, 70, 123
see also Air pollution and monitoring; Bioassays; Dosimetry; Dose-response relationships; Exposure
Seasonal factors, 58
conception, time of, 139
SEER, see Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program
Semen, see Sperm and semen
Seminal vesicle, 121
Sewage treatment plant effluent, 4, 79, 147-148, 169, 281, 307
Sex determination and ratios, 5, 98, 103, 104, 108, 113, 120, 130-131, 135, 160-162, 276, 285-286
Sexual behavior, 5, 125-126, 130, 170, 270, 406
Sheep red blood cells, 188-189, 200
Side-chain-cleavage enzyme (CPY11), 102, 105
Skin and skin reactions, 42, 55, 86, 92, 116, 133, 173, 189, 195, 196, 208, 237, 259, 261, 272
Society for the Plastics Industry, 76-77
Soil and soil monitoring, 62-63, 70, 123
Soy-based foods, 43, 56, 63, 73, 80, 81, 87, 90
Sperm and semen, 2, 4, 5, 10, 12, 17, 123, 126, 128, 129, 130, 133, 137-146 (passim), 167, 17, 402, 404, 405
epidemiologic studies, 140, 141-146, 170
regional factors, 4, 5, 142-144
research methodology. 141-144. 146
Spleen, 188, 192, 198, 204, 206
Spontaneous abortion, 11, 68, 133, 138-139, 266, 403, 406
see also Diethylstilbestrol
Standards:
acceptable daily intake, 72
bioassays, 297, 302, 309, 310, 412, 413, 414
environmentally relevant doses, 16, 24-26
maximum tolerated doses, 24, 239-240
neurologic effects, 185
reference standards, 308-309
see also Biologic markers, general
Steroids, general, 43, 116, 152, 167, 172, 186-187, 290, 301, 307, 308, 412
background concentrations, 69
blood, transport of, 103, 116, 308
carcinogenesis, 243, 244, 264, 272
dose-response assessment, 110, 113
metabolism, 101-103, 105-109, 117
placental, 105break
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plasma-binding proteins, 94-95, 96, 116, 127, 157, 301
receptor-mediated actions, 28, 32, 41, 42, 48, 52, 94-95, 96, 116, 186
target cells and organs, 101-102, 103
see specific steroids
St. Lawrence River, 58, 63, 66, 67, 158, 179, 183, 194, 294
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, 265
T
Tamoxifen, 31, 50, 51, 52-53, 115
Target cells and organs, 28, 30, 38, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 50, 92, 98-99, 116, 272, 300
steroid metabolism, 101-102, 103
TCDD (2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), 6, 18, 23, 46, 75
animal studies, 125-126, 211, 230-231, 236-237, 241, 242
carcinogenic effects, 23, 111-112, 125-126, 211, 230-231, 236-237, 241, 242, 243-244, 259-262, 264, 271, 273
developmental and reproductive effects, 120, 125-126, 135-137, 149, 150, 151
dosimetry, 85, 88-89, 93, 94, 98-99, 104, 110
dose-response relationships, 23, 111-112, 126
ecologic effects, 282-283, 285
food transfer and bioaccumulation, 136, 282
immunologic effects, 111, 188-189, 190-191, 193, 196
neurologic effects, 135-136
thyroid gland, 136
T-cells, 187-196 (passim), 199, 201, 205, 208-209
Testes, 121, 123, 131, 138, 147, 167, 401-402, 404, 412
cryptorchidism, 4, 5, 12, 139, 140, 166, 167, 169, 268, 401, 402, 405
growth, 4, 126, 128, 129, 148, 169
see also Sperm and semen
Testicular cancer, 4, 7, 139, 140, 214-219 (passim), 222, 223, 227-239 (passim), 241, 242, 266-269, 272-273, 401, 404
racial/ethnic factors, 266, 267, 268, 272-273
blood, 268-269
case-control studies, 268-269
ecologic studies, 268-269, 272-273
Testosterone, 32, 46, 137, 140, 152, 154, 157, 162, 239, 406
Therapeutic agents, see Pharmacologic agents
Thiamine, 285
Thymus, 188, 190, 193, 206, 219, 220, 221
Thyroid gland, 7, 18, 75, 154, 210, 215. 217, 220, 221, 222, 226-238 (passim), 241, 411, 412
PCBs, 5, 150-151, 229-230, 236
receptor-mediated actions, 28, 32, 47, 172
TCDD, 136
Thyroxine, 47, 124-125, 136, 150-151
Tissue sensitivity, 9, 38, 47, 53, 59, 83, 298, 300, 307-308, 310, 413
see also Adipose tissue
T lymphocytes, see T-cells
Tobacco, see Smoking
Toxic Substances Control Act, 410
Total Diet Study (FDA), 63, 75, 77
Toxaphene, 33, 56, 75, 90, 155, 156, 202-203, 211, 231-232, 237-238
Transcription, 27, 28, 43, 47, 49, 51, 115, 301, 302
Transforming-growth factor, 42
Tributylin. 102
Trout, 4-5, 45, 73, 79, 147, 148, 151, 282-283
U
United Kingdom, 89, 146, 147-148, 293
see also Metabolism
Page 430
U.S. Geological Survey, 62
Uterus, 42, 43, 44, 45, 95, 96, 111, 114, 121, 130, 139, 214, 215, 218, 220, 227, 230, 232, 234-238 (passim), 245, 303-306, 400, 412
see also Endometrial cancer
V
Vagina, 11, 42, 51, 303, 304, 306, 400, 401
Vietnam veterans, 137, 138, 257, 269
Vinclozolin, 46, 74, 75, 123-124, 167
Vitellogenin, 4, 42, 45, 48, 73, 79, 148, 154-155, 306, 308
W
Water pollution, 5, 59, 68, 70, 72
Baltic Sea, 6, 194, 207, 283-285, 294
concentrations of HAAs, 60-62, 68, 77-78
bleached paper mill effluent, 152-153
herbicide contamination, 139
reptiles, 5, 7, 103, 155-159, 290-292
sewage treatment plant effluent, 4, 79, 147-148, 169
St. Lawrence River, 58, 63, 66, 67, 158, 179, 183, 194, 294
see also Fish studies; Great Lakes; Marine mammal studies
Whites:
breast cancer, 249, 250, 256, 263
neurological effects, 178, 180
prostate cancer, 269, 270, 271-272
testicular cancer, 266. 268, 272-273
Wildlife studies, 1, 7-8, 9, 79, 275-276, 281-295, 302, 310, 413
developmental and reproductive effects. 4. 7, 10, 120-121, 146-167, 168-170, 275, 282-295
exposure, 63-67
immunologic effects, 6, 189, 194, 196, 207
study at hand, methodology, 1-2, 3
see also Bird studies; Fish studies; Marine mammal studies; Reptile studies