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Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 2. BACKGROUND ..... Defining "Consortia" Major Questions for Discussion Historical Context ...... ..... 10 3. R&D CONSORTIA IN THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN. Rationale 10 Organizational Modes 14 Results and Significance .......... ...... 18 4. U.S.-JAPAN R&D COLLABORATION 25 Changing Global Context 25 Corporate Strategy and International R&D Collaboration · . . . . .. . 28 5. POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 32 Japanese Perspectives U.S. Debates Over Collaborating with Japan . . Policy Options for the United States zx . . . . 32 . . . 34 ... 37