DETAILED STATISTICAL TABLES
1 |
Distribution of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s in the United States, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 |
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2 |
Demographic Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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3 |
Demographic Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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4 |
Employment Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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5 |
Reasons for Not Working as Reported by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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6 |
Reasons for Working Part-Time as Reported by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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7 |
Labor Force Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Gender, 1995 (in percent) |
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8 |
Employment Sector of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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9 |
Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Sector, 1995 (in percent) |
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10 |
Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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11 |
Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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12 |
Primary Work Activity of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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13 |
Primary Work Activity of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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14 |
Median Annual Salaries of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Gender, 1995 |
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15 |
Median Annual Salaries of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector and Gender, 1995 |
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16 |
Government Support Status of Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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17 |
Federal Agencies and Departments Supporting Work of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, 1995 (in percent) |
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18 |
Government Support Status of Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector, 1995 (in percent) |
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19 |
Relationship of Principal Job of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s to Doctoral Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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20 |
Most Important Reason for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Working Outside Field of Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
21 |
Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Academic Rank, 1995 (in percent) |
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22 |
Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, Gender, and Academic Rank, 1995 (in percent) |
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23 |
Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent) |
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24 |
Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, Gender, and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent) |
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25 |
Number of Postdocs Ever Held by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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26 |
Reasons for Holding Postdocs for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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27 |
1995 Postdoc Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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28 |
Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s on Postdoctoral Appointments, by Selected Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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29 |
Relevance of Most Recent Postdoc to Principal Job for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Selected Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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30 |
Second Job Status and Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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31 |
Second Job Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector, 1995 (in percent) |
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32 |
Relationship of Second Job of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s to Doctoral Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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33 |
Employment Changes of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Since 1993, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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34 |
Reasons for Changing Employer or Job Between 1993 and 1995 for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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35 |
Number of Articles and Papers Authored Between April 1990 and April 1995 by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Employment Sector, 1995 (in percent) |
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36 |
Number of Articles and Papers Authored Between April 1990 and April 1995 by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Academic Position and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent) |
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37 |
Patent Activities Between April 1990 and April 1995 for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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38 |
Membership of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s in Professional Societies, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
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39 |
Work or Research Activities Outside the United States by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Since Earning the Doctorate, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent) |
TABLE 1 Distribution of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s in the United States, by Field of Doctorate, 1995
Field of Doctorate |
Number |
Percent |
All Fields |
542,500 |
100.0 |
Computer Sciences |
6,600 |
1.2 |
Mathematical Sciences |
25,200 |
4.6 |
Chemistry |
61,400 |
11.3 |
Physics and Astronomy |
38,700 |
7.1 |
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences |
16,500 |
3.0 |
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences |
22,400 |
4.1 |
Biological Sciences |
109,900 |
20.3 |
Health Sciences |
16,900 |
3.1 |
Social Sciences |
75,800 |
14.0 |
Economics |
22,500 |
4.1 |
Political Sciences |
16,300 |
3.0 |
Sociology |
23,000 |
4.2 |
Other Social Sciences |
13,900 |
2.6 |
Psychology |
82,200 |
15.1 |
Engineering |
87,000 |
16.0 |
Aerospace/Aeronautical |
3,800 |
0.7 |
Chemical |
12,600 |
2.3 |
Civil |
7,700 |
1.4 |
Electrical/Electronics |
22,900 |
4.2 |
Industrial |
2,400 |
0.4 |
Mechanical |
10,600 |
1.9 |
Other Engineering |
27,000 |
5.0 |
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. |
TABLE 2 Demographic Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 3 Demographic Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
|
Years Since Doctorate |
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Demographic Characteristics |
Total |
5 Years or Less |
6-15 Years |
16-25 Years |
More Than 25 Years |
Total Population (No.) |
542,500 |
104,200 |
167,400 |
154,600 |
116,300 |
Gender |
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Male |
78.5 |
65.8 |
71.9 |
83.7 |
92.5 |
Female |
21.5 |
34.2 |
28.1 |
16.3 |
7.5 |
Race/Ethnic Group |
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White |
83.9 |
71.4 |
83.1 |
86.8 |
92.3 |
Black |
2.0 |
2.9 |
2.4 |
2.0 |
0.8 |
Asian |
11.5 |
21.6 |
11.8 |
8.9 |
5.5 |
Native American |
2.2 |
3.6 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
1.0 |
Hispanic |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
Citizenship |
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U.S. Citizen |
92.1 |
75.7 |
92.6 |
97.8 |
98.7 |
Non-U.S. Citizen |
7.9 |
24.3 |
7.4 |
2.2 |
1.3 |
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. |
TABLE 4 Employment Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
|
Field of Doctorate |
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Employment Status |
All Fields |
Computer Sciences |
Mathematical Sciences |
Chemistry |
Physics and Astronomy |
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences |
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences |
Biological Sciences |
Health Sciences |
Social Sciences |
Psychology |
Engineering |
Total Population (No.) |
542,500 |
6,600 |
25,200 |
61,400 |
38,700 |
16,500 |
22,400 |
109,900 |
16,900 |
75,800 |
82,200 |
87,000 |
Full-Time Employed * |
84.1 |
96.5 |
86.3 |
81.7 |
84.9 |
83.2 |
82.2 |
84.7 |
85.9 |
83.6 |
80.5 |
87.4 |
Part-Time Employed * |
5.2 |
1.4 |
4.4 |
4.0 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
3.8 |
5.5 |
5.6 |
11.8 |
3.0 |
Not Employed ** |
10.6 |
2.1 |
9.3 |
14.4 |
11.1 |
12.9 |
13.9 |
11.4 |
8.6 |
10.8 |
7.7 |
9.6 |
Seeking Employment |
1.4 |
0.9 |
1.6 |
1.9 |
1.4 |
1.7 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
1.4 |
1.0 |
0.6 |
1.6 |
Retired |
7.5 |
0.0 |
6.5 |
10.8 |
8.2 |
9.3 |
11.1 |
7.2 |
5.6 |
8.0 |
4.9 |
7.0 |
Not Seeking Employment |
1.8 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
1.8 |
1.3 |
2.7 |
1.6 |
1.8 |
2.3 |
0.9 |
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. *Includes those who held postdoctoral appointments. **Percentages are not unemployment rates because they are based on the total population, which includes those retired and those not seeking employment; none of these is considered part of the labor force in this report. Unemployment rates are shown in Table 7. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. |
TABLE 5 Reasons for Not Working as Reported by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 6 Reasons for Working Part-Time as Reported by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 7 Labor Force Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Gender, 1995 (in percent)
|
Field of Doctorate |
|||||||||||
Labor Force Status and Gender |
All Fields |
Computer Sciences |
Mathematical Sciences |
Chemistry |
Physics and Astronomy |
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences |
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences |
Biological Sciences |
Health Sciences |
Social Sciences |
Psychology |
Engineering |
Total Ph.D. Labor Force (No.) |
492,100 |
6,500 |
23,200 |
53,700 |
35,000 |
14,600 |
19,700 |
99,000 |
15,700 |
68,300 |
76,300 |
80,100 |
Full-Time Employed * |
92.8 |
97.7 |
93.5 |
93.3 |
94.1 |
93.6 |
93.8 |
94.1 |
92.6 |
92.8 |
86.7 |
95.0 |
Part-Time Employed * |
5.8 |
1.4 |
4.8 |
4.5 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
4.5 |
4.3 |
5.9 |
6.2 |
12.7 |
3.2 |
Unemployed and Seeking |
1.5 |
0.9 |
1.7 |
2.2 |
1.6 |
2.0 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
1.5 |
1.1 |
0.6 |
1.8 |
Male |
385,200 |
5,500 |
20,500 |
46,200 |
33,000 |
12,800 |
17,100 |
72,500 |
7,700 |
50,100 |
44,000 |
75,800 |
Full-Time Employed * |
94.5 |
98.1 |
94.7 |
93.5 |
94.3 |
94.1 |
94.4 |
95.3 |
94.0 |
94.0 |
92.7 |
95.4 |
Part-Time Employed * |
4.1 |
1.0 |
3.5 |
4.3 |
4.2 |
3.8 |
4.0 |
3.2 |
4.2 |
5.0 |
6.6 |
3.0 |
Unemployed and Seeking |
1.5 |
0.9 |
1.7 |
2.2 |
1.4 |
2.1 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.8 |
1.0 |
0.7 |
1.6 |
Female |
106,900 |
2,700 |
7,500 |
2,000 |
1,800 |
2,600 |
26,500 |
8,100 |
18,200 |
32,300 |
4,200 |
|
Full-Time Employed * |
86.6 |
84.5 |
92.0 |
89.4 |
90.1 |
89.9 |
90.8 |
91.2 |
89.3 |
78.5 |
87.8 |
|
Part-Time Employed * |
11.8 |
14.1 |
5.8 |
6.9 |
8.6 |
7.7 |
7.3 |
7.5 |
9.3 |
20.9 |
7.5 |
|
Unemployed and Seeking |
1.5 |
1.4 |
2.2 |
3.7 |
1.2 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
1.3 |
1.4 |
0.6 |
4.7 |
|
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. *Includes those who held postdoctoral appointments. **Too few cases to estimate. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. |
TABLE 8 Employment Sector of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 9 Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Sector, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 10 Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
|
Years Since Doctorate |
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Occupation |
Total |
5 Years or Less |
6-15 Years |
16-25 Years |
More Than 25 Years |
Employed Population (No.) |
484,800 |
100,200 |
161,100 |
145,400 |
78,100 |
Scientists |
38.3 |
51.7 |
41.5 |
29.7 |
33.2 |
Computer Scientists |
2.9 |
4.0 |
3.1 |
2.8 |
1.4 |
Math Scientists |
1.2 |
1.7 |
1.4 |
1.0 |
0.8 |
Chemists |
4.4 |
5.7 |
4.6 |
3.3 |
4.2 |
Physicists |
2.5 |
3.4 |
2.4 |
2.0 |
2.5 |
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Scientists |
2.1 |
2.5 |
2.0 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
Agricultural/Environmental Scientists |
1.8 |
1.9 |
2.0 |
1.3 |
1.8 |
Biological Scientists |
9.8 |
16.6 |
10.5 |
6.7 |
5.6 |
Health Scientists |
2.6 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
2.8 |
1.9 |
Social Scientists |
2.4 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
2.0 |
1.8 |
Psychologists |
8.5 |
10.0 |
10.1 |
7.4 |
5.0 |
Engineers |
8.8 |
12.6 |
9.0 |
7.2 |
6.8 |
Postsecondary Teachers of Science |
24.8 |
20.4 |
23.6 |
25.5 |
31.4 |
Postsecondary Teachers of Engineering |
3.2 |
2.9 |
3.3 |
2.7 |
4.2 |
Other Teachers/Professors |
2.3 |
1.8 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
2.0 |
Top/Mid-Level Managers |
12.7 |
3.7 |
10.4 |
18.7 |
17.9 |
Management-Related Occupations |
4.6 |
2.4 |
5.0 |
5.7 |
4.6 |
Technologists |
1.2 |
1.5 |
1.4 |
1.2 |
0.8 |
Other Occupations |
4.1 |
3.0 |
3.5 |
5.0 |
5.3 |
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. |
TABLE 11 Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 12 Primary Work Activity of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 13 Primary Work Activity of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
|
Years Since Doctorate |
||||
Primary Work Activity |
Total |
5 Years or Less |
6-15 Years |
16-25 Years |
More Than 25 Years |
Employed Population (No.) |
484,800 |
100,200 |
161,100 |
145,400 |
78,100 |
Applied Research |
20.2 |
25.8 |
22.3 |
16.4 |
15.5 |
Basic Research |
13.7 |
19.9 |
14.4 |
9.5 |
11.9 |
Development and Design |
7.2 |
8.1 |
7.3 |
7.4 |
5.5 |
Computer Applications |
4.4 |
5.3 |
4.7 |
4.1 |
2.8 |
Management and Administration |
11.8 |
4.0 |
10.3 |
16.9 |
15.6 |
Professional Services |
12.3 |
12.5 |
13.9 |
12.2 |
9.1 |
Teaching |
22.1 |
18.8 |
19.5 |
23.7 |
28.5 |
Other Activities |
8.4 |
5.6 |
7.7 |
9.7 |
11.0 |
SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. |
TABLE 14 Median Annual Salaries of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Gender, 1995
TABLE 15 Median Annual Salaries of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector and Gender, 1995
TABLE 16 Government Support Status of Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 17 Federal Agencies and Departments Supporting Work of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 18 Government Support Status of Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 19 Relationship of Principal Job of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s to Doctoral Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 20 Most Important Reason for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Working Outside Field of Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 21 Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Academic Rank, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 22 Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, Gender, and Academic Rank, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 23 Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 24 Academically Employed Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Years Since Doctorate, Gender, and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 25 Number of Postdocs Ever Held by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
|
Field of Doctorate |
|||||||||||
Years Since Doctorate and Number of Postdocs |
All Fields |
Computer Sciences |
Mathematical Sciences |
Chemistry |
Physics and Astronomy |
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences |
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences |
Biological Sciences |
Health Sciences |
Social Sciences |
Psychology |
Engineering |
Total Population (No.) |
542,500 |
6,600 |
25,200 |
61,400 |
38,700 |
16,500 |
22,400 |
109,900 |
16,900 |
75,800 |
82,200 |
87,000 |
None |
66.4 |
89.7 |
81.1 |
52.1 |
49.3 |
65.6 |
73.3 |
38.3 |
79.5 |
88.2 |
74.7 |
82.6 |
1 |
25.0 |
9.7 |
13.8 |
35.5 |
36.1 |
28.9 |
20.4 |
41.7 |
17.2 |
9.1 |
21.1 |
15.6 |
2 |
6.7 |
0.6 |
3.7 |
9.7 |
11.8 |
4.4 |
5.0 |
15.5 |
2.3 |
1.9 |
3.2 |
1.4 |
3 or More |
1.9 |
0.0 |
1.4 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
1.1 |
1.4 |
4.5 |
0.9 |
0.7 |
1.0 |
0.4 |
5 Years or Less |
104,200 |
3,400 |
3,800 |
9,200 |
6,100 |
3,200 |
3,800 |
21,200 |
5,000 |
12,400 |
16,000 |
20,100 |
None |
59.6 |
87.9 |
69.7 |
39.0 |
28.4 |
49.9 |
55.9 |
29.1 |
78.8 |
90.1 |
71.4 |
73.4 |
1 |
32.0 |
11.0 |
19.0 |
50.6 |
50.2 |
41.2 |
34.6 |
51.8 |
19.4 |
8.8 |
25.0 |
23.9 |
2 |
7.2 |
1.1 |
7.7 |
9.6 |
19.1 |
6.5 |
7.5 |
17.0 |
1.4 |
1.0 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
3 or More |
1.2 |
0.0 |
3.6 |
0.9 |
2.3 |
2.4 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
1.1 |
0.3 |
6-10 Years |
88,800 |
2,000 |
3,000 |
8,700 |
5,000 |
2,500 |
3,500 |
17,400 |
3,500 |
11,400 |
14,500 |
17,200 |
None |
63.4 |
92.1 |
81.0 |
44.1 |
38.9 |
54.1 |
64.7 |
27.5 |
81.7 |
91.2 |
73.1 |
81.1 |
1 |
26.8 |
7.8 |
14.3 |
42.1 |
40.9 |
34.9 |
28.5 |
46.6 |
16.0 |
6.4 |
23.0 |
16.5 |
2 |
7.7 |
0.1 |
4.7 |
11.9 |
15.6 |
9.1 |
6.3 |
19.8 |
1.2 |
1.9 |
2.8 |
2.0 |
3 or More |
2.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
2.0 |
4.6 |
1.9 |
0.4 |
6.1 |
1.1 |
0.5 |
1.0 |
0.4 |
11-15 Years |
78,600 |
* |
3,000 |
7,400 |
4,500 |
2,300 |
3,800 |
17,000 |
2,900 |
12,200 |
15,400 |
9,400 |
None |
65.0 |
* |
81.4 |
54.0 |
48.6 |
60.4 |
73.2 |
32.0 |
77.0 |
85.9 |
74.1 |
85.7 |
1 |
25.8 |
* |
12.8 |
35.8 |
37.2 |
34.8 |
17.2 |
43.8 |
20.1 |
12.3 |
22.1 |
12.5 |
2 |
7.3 |
* |
3.3 |
8.3 |
12.1 |
3.3 |
7.9 |
18.9 |
2.6 |
1.7 |
3.6 |
0.9 |
3 or More |
1.8 |
* |
2.5 |
1.9 |
2.1 |
1.4 |
1.7 |
5.3 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.9 |
TABLE 26 Reasons for Holding Postdocs for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 27 1995 Postdoc Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 28 Characteristics of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s on Postdoctoral Appointments, by Selected Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
|
Field of Doctorate |
|||||||||||
Characteristics |
All Fields * |
Chemistry |
Physics and Astronomy |
Biological Sciences |
Psychology |
Engineering |
||||||
Total 1995 Postdocs |
22,800 |
2,400 |
2,700 |
10,900 |
1,600 |
1,800 |
||||||
Years Since Doctorate |
|
|||||||||||
5 Years or Less |
84.9 |
87.0 |
86.2 |
85.5 |
75.3 |
91.6 |
||||||
6-10 Years |
9.4 |
7.5 |
8.3 |
10.7 |
9.8 |
6.7 |
||||||
11-15 Years |
2.3 |
0.9 |
2.2 |
1.6 |
7.2 |
1.8 |
||||||
25 Years or More |
3.4 |
4.6 |
3.3 |
2.1 |
7.8 |
0.0 |
||||||
Gender |
|
|||||||||||
Male |
66.8 |
74.0 |
92.2 |
59.6 |
35.3 |
86.0 |
||||||
Female |
33.2 |
26.0 |
7.8 |
40.4 |
64.7 |
14.0 |
||||||
Race/Ethnic Group |
|
|||||||||||
White |
67.6 |
57.2 |
63.6 |
71.3 |
88.4 |
40.5 |
||||||
Black |
1.5 |
2.0 |
0.3 |
1.3 |
1.9 |
0.5 |
||||||
Asian |
27.0 |
35.6 |
33.8 |
23.8 |
5.2 |
56.5 |
||||||
Native American |
3.5 |
5.1 |
0.6 |
3.4 |
3.1 |
2.3 |
||||||
Hispanic |
0.3 |
0.1 |
0.8 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
0.1 |
||||||
Age in 1995 |
|
|||||||||||
34 or Younger |
58.1 |
66.0 |
71.8 |
60.3 |
39.2 |
62.1 |
||||||
35-44 |
33.9 |
27.4 |
23.2 |
34.6 |
34.3 |
32.2 |
||||||
45 or Older |
7.9 |
6.7 |
5.0 |
4.8 |
26.7 |
5.7 |
||||||
Citizenship |
|
|||||||||||
U.S. Citizen |
71.0 |
62.5 |
64.0 |
76.3 |
93.7 |
36.9 |
||||||
Non U.S. Citizen |
29.0 |
37.5 |
36.0 |
23.7 |
6.3 |
63.1 |
||||||
Sector |
|
|||||||||||
Educational Institution |
54.9 |
53.6 |
51.1 |
57.1 |
49.8 |
48.2 |
||||||
Business/Industry |
6.6 |
4.9 |
6.0 |
6.9 |
5.7 |
12.0 |
||||||
Government |
33.1 |
38.9 |
40.0 |
30.5 |
24.5 |
38.9 |
||||||
Other |
5.4 |
2.5 |
2.9 |
5.6 |
20.0 |
0.9 |
||||||
Employment Benefits ** |
|
|||||||||||
Received Health Benefits |
83.5 |
88.7 |
89.6 |
86.7 |
57.1 |
73.3 |
||||||
Received Pension Benefits |
37.2 |
43.3 |
49.6 |
34.5 |
17.9 |
31.9 |
||||||
*Includes all science and engineering doctorates on postdoctoral appointments in 1995, including fields not shown separately in this table. **Does not add to 100 because some respondents and both benefits. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. |
TABLE 29 Relevance of Most Recent Postdoc to Principal Job for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Selected Field of Doctorate and Years Since Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
|
Field of Doctorate |
|||||
Years Since Doctorate and Relevance of Postdoc |
All Fields |
Chemistry |
Physics and Astronomy |
Biological Sciences |
Psychology |
Engineering |
Total (No.) * |
159,400 |
26,900 |
16,900 |
56,900 |
19,200 |
13,400 |
Subject Matter |
84.5 |
77.2 |
77.0 |
87.5 |
92.6 |
82.0 |
Specific Skills |
72.6 |
62.1 |
66.9 |
75.4 |
77.2 |
69.4 |
Contacts With Colleagues |
79.6 |
72.0 |
75.6 |
81.9 |
86.5 |
77.4 |
Use of Equipment |
58.4 |
61.9 |
56.3 |
69.5 |
46.2 |
52.4 |
General Approach |
90.4 |
90.0 |
92.0 |
91.9 |
91.8 |
89.0 |
5 Years or Less |
22,600 |
3,500 |
2,000 |
5,700 |
3,300 |
3,700 |
Subject Matter |
90.7 |
89.1 |
84.2 |
90.6 |
98.2 |
87.1 |
Specific Skills |
80.3 |
76.1 |
74.9 |
76.7 |
87.3 |
79.1 |
Contacts With Colleagues |
86.3 |
83.2 |
75.0 |
86.7 |
96.5 |
82.8 |
Use of Equipment |
64.9 |
76.6 |
73.3 |
72.5 |
49.8 |
61.3 |
General Approach |
93.1 |
97.5 |
93.3 |
90.5 |
96.4 |
91.8 |
6-10 Years |
30,300 |
4,700 |
2,800 |
11,500 |
3,800 |
3,100 |
Subject Matter |
89.3 |
80.7 |
85.7 |
92.5 |
95.5 |
86.4 |
Specific Skills |
80.9 |
71.7 |
80.3 |
83.0 |
86.4 |
79.5 |
Contacts With Colleagues |
85.2 |
75.8 |
87.5 |
88.5 |
89.2 |
81.9 |
Use of Equipment |
69.2 |
69.6 |
67.5 |
80.7 |
57.3 |
62.4 |
General Approach |
93.0 |
92.4 |
95.6 |
94.5 |
90.0 |
95.0 |
11-15 Years |
27,000 |
3,400 |
2,200 |
11,400 |
3,900 |
|
Subject Matter |
87.1 |
83.6 |
77.5 |
89.8 |
92.3 |
|
Specific Skills |
75.1 |
65.6 |
71.2 |
78.7 |
74.4 |
|
Contacts With Colleagues |
81.8 |
73.4 |
80.5 |
83.9 |
83.4 |
|
Use of Equipment |
62.2 |
63.5 |
65.0 |
72.9 |
48.7 |
|
General Approach |
91.0 |
91.9 |
90.3 |
93.5 |
90.6 |
|
16-20 Years |
25,400 |
3,200 |
2,900 |
10,300 |
3,400 |
1,500 |
Subject Matter |
82.1 |
75.3 |
69.1 |
86.3 |
89.7 |
78.1 |
Specific Skills |
71.1 |
58.6 |
65.7 |
75.1 |
72.0 |
64.1 |
Contacts With Colleagues |
77.4 |
68.1 |
69.1 |
81.5 |
84.4 |
70.6 |
Use of Equipment |
54.5 |
61.2 |
52.0 |
66.4 |
38.2 |
53.2 |
General Approach |
90.4 |
89.7 |
92.9 |
92.5 |
90.6 |
86.2 |
21-25 Years |
22,800 |
4,800 |
2,800 |
7,800 |
1,800 |
2,100 |
Subject Matter |
77.5 |
67.6 |
69.8 |
83.0 |
85.7 |
74.6 |
Specific Skills |
61.0 |
50.7 |
54.8 |
67.2 |
66.9 |
44.3 |
Contacts With Colleagues |
72.2 |
60.7 |
73.4 |
75.1 |
82.8 |
72.4 |
Use of Equipment |
49.4 |
52.8 |
48.5 |
61.2 |
39.7 |
31.5 |
General Approach |
87.8 |
88.2 |
89.4 |
91.7 |
92.2 |
79.4 |
More than 25 Years |
26,300 |
7,400 |
4,100 |
10,200 |
3,000 |
1,700 |
Subject Matter |
80.0 |
73.3 |
77.9 |
82.1 |
90.8 |
77.3 |
Specific Skills |
66.3 |
56.7 |
60.6 |
69.2 |
70.1 |
68.4 |
Contacts With Colleagues |
74.6 |
72.6 |
71.4 |
75.1 |
80.7 |
68.7 |
Use of Equipment |
49.8 |
55.5 |
44.0 |
61.0 |
38.0 |
39.7 |
General Approach |
87.5 |
85.2 |
90.8 |
87.4 |
91.3 |
88.0 |
NOTE: Percentages represent those who said the aspect of postdoc training was “a great deal” or “somewhat” relevant to their principal job. *Includes those who held at least one postdoc, but whose principal job was not a postdoc in April 1995. **Too few cases to estimate. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. |
TABLE 30 Second Job Status and Occupation of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 31 Second Job Status of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Employment Sector, * 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 32 Relationship of Second Job of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s to Doctoral Degree, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 33 Employment Changes of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Since 1993, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 34 Reasons for Changing Employer or Job Between 1993 and 1995 for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
|
Field of Doctorate |
|||||||||||
Reasons for Changing * |
All Fields |
Computer Sciences |
Mathematical Sciences |
Chemistry |
Physics and Astronomy |
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences |
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences |
Biological Sciences |
Health Sciences |
Social Sciences |
Psychology |
Engineering |
Total Changing (No.) |
105,300 |
2,100 |
4,300 |
12,200 |
7,500 |
3,100 |
3,900 |
22,000 |
3,600 |
12,200 |
15,900 |
18,600 |
Pay/Promotion Opportunities |
52.4 |
59.9 |
46.1 |
52.6 |
42.1 |
53.7 |
59.2 |
53.1 |
59.7 |
55.7 |
51.9 |
51.6 |
Working Conditions |
28.4 |
21.8 |
27.9 |
23.1 |
18.1 |
25.2 |
24.8 |
28.9 |
37.1 |
30.7 |
39.3 |
24.8 |
Job Location |
21.3 |
30.1 |
15.9 |
17.5 |
14.7 |
24.1 |
19.3 |
21.9 |
25.3 |
24.6 |
25.2 |
19.6 |
Family-Related Reasons |
10.9 |
8.7 |
8.3 |
7.3 |
8.9 |
10.5 |
10.3 |
10.5 |
15.5 |
13.4 |
16.8 |
8.3 |
School-Related Reasons |
13.8 |
17.1 |
17.1 |
13.0 |
12.2 |
9.8 |
9.8 |
17.2 |
12.8 |
10.9 |
15.8 |
11.7 |
Laid Off/Job Terminated |
19.0 |
15.1 |
20.6 |
18.5 |
33.4 |
25.2 |
19.3 |
18.6 |
16.5 |
15.7 |
16.1 |
18.2 |
Retired |
3.8 |
0.8 |
4.5 |
4.2 |
5.8 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
4.1 |
4.5 |
3.5 |
4.0 |
2.4 |
Other Reason |
11.2 |
9.0 |
12.2 |
11.6 |
11.5 |
16.7 |
8.4 |
9.5 |
6.8 |
13.7 |
13.0 |
10.4 |
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. *Percentages may total more than 100 because multiple answers were allowed. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. |
TABLE 35 Number of Articles and Papers Authored Between April 1990 and April 1995 by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate and Employment Sector, 1995 (in percent)
|
|
Total Number of Articles |
Total Number of Papers |
||||||||||
Field of Doctorate and Employment Sector |
Total Number Employed |
None |
1-2 |
3-5 |
6-10 |
More Than 10 |
Mean No. of Articles |
None |
1-2 |
3-5 |
6-10 |
More Than 10 |
Mean No. of Papers |
Total |
484,800 |
37.1 |
19.7 |
18.0 |
12.8 |
12.4 |
4.7 |
26.7 |
16.8 |
21.7 |
17.6 |
17.1 |
6.4 |
Field of Doctorate |
|||||||||||||
Computer Sciences |
6,400 |
32.6 |
25.3 |
22.6 |
10.5 |
8.9 |
3.6 |
13.9 |
20.2 |
21.7 |
18.7 |
25.5 |
8.4 |
Mathematical Sciences |
22,800 |
37.9 |
22.3 |
17.1 |
13.3 |
9.4 |
4.0 |
32.8 |
18.9 |
23.9 |
14.2 |
10.2 |
4.4 |
Chemistry |
52,500 |
41.6 |
18.9 |
17.2 |
10.8 |
11.6 |
4.6 |
33.8 |
19.5 |
21.9 |
13.3 |
11.4 |
4.9 |
Physics and Astronomy |
34,400 |
33.3 |
16.9 |
15.8 |
14.6 |
19.5 |
6.7 |
25.2 |
14.2 |
21.0 |
18.9 |
20.7 |
7.8 |
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences |
14,400 |
23.3 |
20.9 |
21.7 |
18.9 |
15.2 |
5.6 |
14.7 |
12.2 |
24.1 |
23.9 |
25.2 |
8.6 |
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences |
19,300 |
33.9 |
18.6 |
17.7 |
15.1 |
14.7 |
4.9 |
23.5 |
15.3 |
19.3 |
20.8 |
21.1 |
7.5 |
Biological Sciences |
97,400 |
22.4 |
17.5 |
21.5 |
18.0 |
20.7 |
7.0 |
19.2 |
15.3 |
23.8 |
19.9 |
21.7 |
7.7 |
Health Sciences |
15,500 |
26.6 |
23.9 |
20.5 |
14.1 |
14.8 |
5.4 |
18.0 |
15.5 |
21.4 |
21.8 |
23.2 |
8.3 |
Social Sciences |
67,600 |
40.9 |
22.1 |
19.6 |
11.0 |
6.4 |
3.1 |
23.7 |
16.7 |
25.2 |
20.8 |
13.6 |
5.5 |
Psychology |
75,800 |
56.1 |
17.2 |
11.9 |
7.7 |
7.0 |
2.8 |
42.1 |
16.9 |
16.1 |
12.4 |
12.5 |
4.7 |
Engineering |
78,600 |
37.9 |
22.3 |
18.4 |
11.8 |
9.7 |
4.1 |
23.8 |
18.5 |
21.1 |
17.6 |
18.9 |
7.1 |
Employment Sector * |
|
||||||||||||
Educational Institution |
234,900 |
22.3 |
19.0 |
21.6 |
18.2 |
18.9 |
6.7 |
15.1 |
14.6 |
23.2 |
22.4 |
24.8 |
8.8 |
Private For-Profit Company |
146,700 |
52.1 |
21.6 |
14.7 |
7.2 |
4.4 |
2.4 |
38.1 |
20.8 |
21.2 |
12.1 |
7.8 |
3.9 |
Self-Employed |
28,600 |
71.7 |
15.3 |
8.4 |
2.5 |
2.0 |
1.1 |
58.8 |
16.8 |
13.5 |
6.5 |
4.5 |
2.4 |
Private Not-for-Profit Organization |
23,800 |
42.3 |
20.5 |
16.1 |
9.9 |
11.1 |
4.4 |
31.4 |
15.3 |
22.3 |
16.4 |
14.7 |
6.3 |
Government |
48,000 |
39.6 |
18.7 |
17.1 |
11.9 |
12.6 |
4.4 |
27.6 |
16.0 |
20.3 |
18.7 |
17.5 |
3.9 |
*Those reporting "other" types of employers are not included. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. |
TABLE 36 Number of Articles and Papers Authored Between April 1990 and April 1995 by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Academic Position and Tenure Status, 1995 (in percent)
|
|
Total Number of Articles |
Total Number of Papers |
||||||||||
Academic Position and Tenure Status |
Total Number Employed in Academe |
None |
1-2 |
3-5 |
6-10 |
More Than 10 |
Mean No. of Articles |
None |
1-2 |
3-5 |
6-10 |
More Than 10 |
Mean No. of Papers |
Total |
229,500 |
21.0 |
19.1 |
22.0 |
18.6 |
19.3 |
6.9 |
13.9 |
14.4 |
23.5 |
22.9 |
25.3 |
8.9 |
Academic Position * |
|
||||||||||||
Postdoc Appointee |
17,700 |
6.2 |
19.2 |
38.4 |
24.3 |
11.9 |
5.4 |
4.9 |
16.5 |
36.8 |
27.6 |
14.2 |
6.3 |
Full Professor |
80,200 |
22.8 |
16.5 |
17.3 |
17.4 |
26.0 |
9.2 |
14.8 |
13.7 |
21.0 |
21.8 |
28.8 |
10.4 |
Associate Professor |
50,700 |
19.4 |
18.4 |
21.8 |
18.9 |
21.6 |
7.2 |
12.8 |
13.1 |
20.9 |
23.6 |
29.5 |
10.2 |
Assistant Professor |
42,100 |
13.6 |
21.6 |
26.4 |
23.3 |
15.0 |
5.9 |
7.6 |
13.3 |
25.2 |
26.7 |
27.2 |
9.0 |
Instructor/Lecturer |
6,300 |
39.2 |
23.9 |
20.6 |
11.6 |
4.7 |
3.0 |
26.8 |
20.3 |
27.5 |
16.3 |
9.0 |
4.2 |
Adjunct Faculty |
4,700 |
41.8 |
24.2 |
16.2 |
11.1 |
6.6 |
3.2 |
31.9 |
19.0 |
22.4 |
15.0 |
11.8 |
4.9 |
Not Applicable |
24,700 |
32.1 |
22.1 |
20.3 |
13.4 |
12.1 |
4.9 |
23.1 |
17.3 |
22.8 |
19.1 |
17.8 |
6.6 |
Tenure Status |
|
||||||||||||
Postdoc Appointee |
17,700 |
6.2 |
19.2 |
38.4 |
24.3 |
11.9 |
5.4 |
4.9 |
16.5 |
36.8 |
27.6 |
14.2 |
6.3 |
Tenured |
118,600 |
22.3 |
17.5 |
19.0 |
17.7 |
23.5 |
8.2 |
14.5 |
14.0 |
21.0 |
22.4 |
28.1 |
10.1 |
On Tenure Track |
37,400 |
11.5 |
20.2 |
26.5 |
24.1 |
17.7 |
6.5 |
6.3 |
11.9 |
23.8 |
27.5 |
30.5 |
9.8 |
Not Tenured |
18,500 |
22.6 |
22.1 |
21.1 |
18.8 |
15.3 |
5.7 |
15.4 |
15.1 |
28.1 |
21.0 |
20.3 |
7.3 |
Not Applicable |
37,200 |
32.4 |
21.5 |
19.6 |
13.2 |
13.3 |
5.1 |
23.0 |
16.7 |
22.6 |
18.6 |
19.1 |
7.0 |
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. *Those reporting "other" academic ranks were not included in this table. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. |
TABLE 37 Patent Activities Between April 1990 and April 1995 for Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 38 Membership of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s in Professional Societies, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
|
Field of Doctorate |
|||||||||||
Membership |
All Fields |
Computer Sciences |
Mathematical Sciences |
Chemistry |
Physics and Astronomy |
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences |
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences |
Biological Sciences |
Health Sciences |
Social Sciences |
Psychology |
Engineering |
Total Population (No.) * |
542,100 |
6,600 |
25,100 |
61,300 |
38,700 |
16,500 |
22,400 |
109,700 |
16,900 |
75,700 |
82,100 |
86,900 |
None |
15.6 |
19.6 |
18.1 |
15.8 |
20.8 |
9.4 |
13.4 |
16.0 |
7.1 |
17.7 |
12.5 |
16.2 |
One |
21.1 |
22.4 |
23.5 |
28.3 |
27.4 |
17.4 |
18.7 |
16.6 |
13.7 |
14.6 |
22.9 |
25.0 |
Two |
23.7 |
31.2 |
27.2 |
26.9 |
24.3 |
21.9 |
25.0 |
20.5 |
22.4 |
21.4 |
23.8 |
25.6 |
Three |
17.4 |
14.6 |
15.9 |
15.6 |
15.4 |
20.2 |
19.2 |
18.4 |
20.6 |
19.5 |
17.1 |
15.7 |
Four or More |
22.3 |
12.3 |
15.3 |
13.4 |
12.2 |
31.1 |
23.7 |
28.6 |
36.3 |
26.8 |
23.7 |
17.6 |
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. *Those who reported that they had never worked were excluded. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. |
TABLE 39 Work or Research Activities Outside the United States by Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Since Earning the Doctorate, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
TABLE 40 Work-Related Training Activities Between April 1994 and April 1995 of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
|
Field of Doctorate |
|||||||||||
|
All Fields |
Computer Sciences |
Mathematical Sciences |
Chemistry |
Physics and Astronomy |
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences |
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences |
Biological Sciences |
Health Sciences |
Social Sciences |
Psychology |
Engineering |
Total Population (No.) * |
542,100 |
6,600 |
25,100 |
61,300 |
38,700 |
16,500 |
22,400 |
109,700 |
16,900 |
75,700 |
82,100 |
86,900 |
Taken Work-Related Training |
52.1 |
53.8 |
43.4 |
49.4 |
39.2 |
47.4 |
58.5 |
46.6 |
69.2 |
48.1 |
71.8 |
50.1 |
No Work-Related Training |
47.9 |
46.2 |
56.6 |
50.6 |
60.8 |
52.6 |
41.5 |
53.4 |
30.8 |
51.9 |
28.2 |
49.9 |
Total with Training (No.) |
282,600 |
3,500 |
10,900 |
30,300 |
15,200 |
7,800 |
13,100 |
51,100 |
11,700 |
36,400 |
58,900 |
43,500 |
Types of Work-Related Training ** |
|
|||||||||||
Management/Supervisor Training |
27.7 |
21.3 |
17.9 |
37.7 |
29.2 |
24.3 |
34.8 |
28.9 |
31.7 |
25.5 |
17.3 |
35.1 |
Training in Occupational Field |
77.7 |
79.9 |
79.1 |
71.1 |
69.5 |
73.1 |
75.4 |
76.1 |
85.8 |
69.9 |
91.5 |
73.7 |
General Professional Training |
19.8 |
14.8 |
15.4 |
23.3 |
18.9 |
18.0 |
24.6 |
18.6 |
19.3 |
23.4 |
15.5 |
22.3 |
Other Work-Related Training |
16.5 |
18.3 |
16.8 |
17.0 |
19.1 |
21.7 |
17.1 |
17.1 |
16.2 |
22.5 |
11.2 |
15.2 |
Reasons for Taking Training ** |
|
|||||||||||
Change Occupational Field |
11.1 |
10.1 |
14.8 |
12.3 |
11.7 |
11.5 |
11.0 |
10.7 |
12.4 |
9.4 |
9.6 |
13.1 |
Further Skills in Occupational Field |
91.8 |
88.9 |
92.8 |
89.3 |
86.7 |
86.0 |
92.4 |
91.7 |
95.9 |
89.6 |
96.6 |
90.7 |
Licensure/Certification |
18.2 |
3.6 |
4.2 |
6.7 |
5.3 |
7.6 |
17.6 |
15.5 |
38.5 |
8.9 |
45.3 |
6.0 |
Increase Opportunities |
29.6 |
33.8 |
32.3 |
33.8 |
28.6 |
28.5 |
34.0 |
29.1 |
32.3 |
28.1 |
22.4 |
35.8 |
Learn Skills for New Position |
26.6 |
34.5 |
24.7 |
32.8 |
29.6 |
27.3 |
24.4 |
27.5 |
29.2 |
21.3 |
19.4 |
33.6 |
Required or Expected by Employer |
33.0 |
34.0 |
32.0 |
42.1 |
40.7 |
34.4 |
36.1 |
33.0 |
32.2 |
32.5 |
23.0 |
37.4 |
Other Reasons |
7.1 |
7.8 |
7.9 |
6.6 |
7.3 |
9.2 |
6.0 |
6.6 |
6.0 |
10.5 |
6.5 |
5.8 |
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. *Those who reported that they had never worked were excluded. **Percentages may total more than 100 because multiple answers were allowed. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. |
TABLE 41 Continuing Education of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s Between April 1993 and April 1995, by Field of Doctorate, 1995 (in percent)
|
Field of Doctorate |
|||||||||||
|
All Fields |
Computer Sciences |
Mathematical Sciences |
Chemistry |
Physics and Astronomy |
Earth/Atmospheric/Marine Sciences |
Agricultural/Environmental Sciences |
Biological Sciences |
Health Sciences |
Social Sciences |
Psychology |
Engineering |
Total Population (No.) |
542,500 |
6,600 |
25,200 |
61,400 |
38,700 |
16,500 |
22,400 |
109,900 |
16,900 |
75,800 |
82,200 |
87,000 |
Courses Taken |
|
|||||||||||
Took Courses |
5.9 |
5.2 |
5.1 |
5.2 |
4.8 |
6.3 |
5.8 |
5.9 |
8.5 |
5.4 |
6.9 |
5.9 |
Did Not Take Courses |
94.1 |
94.8 |
94.9 |
94.8 |
95.2 |
93.7 |
94.2 |
94.1 |
91.5 |
94.6 |
93.1 |
94.1 |
Total Taking Courses |
32,000 |
3,200 |
1,900 |
6,500 |
4,100 |
5,700 |
5,200 |
|||||
Reasons for Taking Courses * |
|
|||||||||||
Further Education Before Career |
25.3 |
22.9 |
32.5 |
33.2 |
20.6 |
17.6 |
25.0 |
|||||
Prepare for Graduate School |
2.1 |
0.1 |
5.5 |
1.9 |
1.4 |
0.8 |
4.1 |
|||||
Change Field |
26.3 |
24.0 |
40.9 |
32.2 |
27.4 |
20.4 |
24.1 |
|||||
Gain Further Skills |
62.5 |
52.6 |
58.3 |
62.6 |
61.9 |
67.8 |
61.0 |
|||||
Licensure/Certification |
18.9 |
17.6 |
7.5 |
25.5 |
15.0 |
30.2 |
7.1 |
|||||
Increase Opportunities |
37.8 |
42.3 |
34.4 |
41.6 |
33.2 |
28.4 |
46.4 |
|||||
Required by Employer |
9.6 |
14.5 |
10.2 |
10.9 |
9.4 |
7.2 |
7.7 |
|||||
Leisure/Personal Interest |
52.0 |
51.7 |
56.5 |
47.9 |
57.1 |
52.9 |
52.6 |
|||||
Other Reason |
4.7 |
2.7 |
0.0 |
4.7 |
5.6 |
6.6 |
3.4 |
|||||
School-Related Costs |
|
|||||||||||
Employer Paid Costs |
45.0 |
51.5 |
51.7 |
40.7 |
48.4 |
34.0 |
55.2 |
|||||
Employer Did Not Pay Cost |
55.0 |
48.5 |
48.3 |
59.3 |
51.6 |
66.0 |
44.8 |
|||||
Degree/Certificate Status |
|
|||||||||||
Completed Degree/Certificate |
15.8 |
17.0 |
11.7 |
20.3 |
12.7 |
11.7 |
17.5 |
|||||
Did Not Complete Degree/Certificate |
84.2 |
83.0 |
88.3 |
79.7 |
87.3 |
88.3 |
82.5 |
|||||
NOTE: Numbers are rounded to the nearest hundred; therefore, subcategories may not add to total. *Those who reported that they had never worked were excluded. **Percentages may total more than 100 because multiple answers were allowed. SOURCE: National Research Council/National Science Foundation, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 1995. |