NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
For the National Research Council (NRC), this project was overseen by the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP), a standing board of the NRC established by the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering and the Institute of Medicine in 1991. The mandate of the STEP Board is to integrate understanding of scientific, technological, and economic elements in the formulation of national policies to promote the economic well-being of the United States. A distinctive characteristic of STEP’S approach is its frequent interactions with public- and private-sector decision makers. STEP bridges the disciplines of business management, engineering, economics, and the social sciences to bring diverse expertise to bear on pressing public policy questions. The members of the STEP Board* and the NRC staff are listed below:
Dale Jorgenson, Chair
Frederic Eaton Abbe
Professor of Economics
Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts
M. Kathy Behrens Managing Partner
Robertson, Stephens Investment Management San Francisco, California
James F. Gibbons Professor of Engineering
Stanford University Stanford, California
Bronwyn Hall Associate Professor of Economics
University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, California
Ralph Landau Consulting Professor of Economics
Stanford University Stanford, California
Richard Levin President
Yale University New Haven, Connecticut
William J. Spencer, Vice-Chair Chairman
SEMATECH Austin, Texas
Mark B. Myers Senior Vice-President
Xerox Corporation Stamford, Connecticut
Edward E. Penhoet Dean,
School of Public Health University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, California
A. Michael Spence Dean,
Graduate School of Business Stanford University Stanford, California
Joseph E. Stiglitz Senior Vice-President for Development Economics
The World Bank Washington, D.C.
Alan Wm. Wolff Managing Partner
Dewey Ballantine Washington, D.C.
* |
As of February 2000. |
STEP Staff*
Stephen A. Merrill Executive Director
John B. Horrigan Staff Officer
Philip Aspden Senior Program Officer
David E. Dierksheide Program Associate
Charles W. Wessner Program Director
Craig M. Schultz Research Associate
McAlister T. Clabaugh Program Associate
* |
As of February 2000. |
Steering Committee for Government-Industry Partnerships for the Development of New Technologies*
Gordon Moore, Chair Chairman Emeritus
Intel Corporation
M. Kathy Behrens Managing Partner
Robertson, Stephens Investment Management and STEP Board
Michael Borrus Managing Director
Petkevich & Partners, LLP
Iain M. Cockburn Professor of Finance and Economics
Boston University
Kenneth Flamm Dean Rusk Chair in International Affairs
LBJ School of Public Affairs University of Texas at Austin
James F. Gibbons Professor of Engineering
Stanford University and STEP Board
W. Clark McFadden Partner
Dewey Ballantine
Burton J. McMurtry General Partner
Technology Venture Investors
William J. Spencer, Vice-Chair Chairman,
SEMATECH and STEP Board
Mark B. Myers Senior Vice-President
Xerox Corporation and STEP Board
Richard Nelson George Blumenthal Professor of International and Public Affairs
Columbia University
Edward E. Penhoet Dean,
School of Public Health University of California at Berkeley and STEP Board
Charles Trimble Vice-Chairman
Trimble Navigation
John P. Walker Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Axys Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Patrick Windham Adjunct Professor
Stanford University
* |
As of February 2000. |
Project Staff*
Charles W. Wessner Study Director
McAlister T. Clabaugh Program Associate
John B. Horrigan Staff Officer
David E. Dierksheide Program Associate
* |
As of February 2000. |
The Small Business Innovation Research Program: An Assessment of the Department of Defense Fast Track Initiative
Research Team
The National Research Council gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the members of the research team.*
Robert B. Archibald
The College of William and Mary
David B. Audretsch
Indiana University
Peter J. Cahill
BRTRC, Inc.
Reid Cramer
University of Texas at Austin
Maryann P. Feldman
Johns Hopkins University
David H. Finifter
The College of William and Mary
John B. Horrigan
National Research Council
Colin Kegler
Harvard University
Joshua Lerner
Harvard Business School
Albert N. Link
University of North Carolina at Greensboro
John T. Scott
Dartmouth College
Claudia Weigand
Indiana University
Juergen Weigand
Indiana University
Charles W. Wessner
National Research Council
Robert H. Wilson
University of Texas at Austin
* |
Biographies of the Research Team are included in Annex A. |
National Research Council Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy
Sponsors
The National Research Council gratefully acknowledges the support of the following sponsors:
U.S. Department of Defense
National Science Foundation
U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Naval Research
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Standards and Technology
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Sandia National Laboratories
Electric Power Research Institute
International Business Machines
Kulicke and Soffa Industries
Merck and Company
Milliken Industries
Motorola
Nortel
Proctor and Gamble
Silicon Valley Group, Incorporated
Advanced Micro Devices
Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the project sponsors.