INDEX
A
Acclimatization/acclimation
air-conditioning and, 196, 199-200
and aldosterone levels, 268, 274
and appetite, 19-20, 107, 109, 200-201
B complex vitamin supplementation and, 148-149
dietary requirements following, 107-108
and energy requirements, 19, 29-30, 45, 109
and food intake, 28, 29-30, 48, 185
and gastrointestinal functioning, 81
and gender differences in response to heat stress, 13-14
glycogen sparing effect, 65
heat illness symptoms during, 288-290
and metabolic rate, 11, 59, 61, 63, 104-105, 108
NaCl balance during, 247-255, 259-260, 268-269
and nitrogen loss from sweating, 206
and oxygen uptake, 59, 62, 105, 108
physique and, 194-195
and plasma renin activity, 268, 269, 274
and plasma volume, 274
and sodium/NaCl intakes, 17-18, 248, 262, 270, 277
and sweat rates, 16, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96
and thermoregulation, 7, 16, 55, 70, 92
vitamin C and, 48-49, 148-149, 152, 159, 160, 169
see also Temperature (environmental)
Acute-phase response, 122, 123, 125, 126-127
Adiposity, and sweating response, 96
Adrenocorticotropic hormone synthesis, 150
Aero Medical Laboratory, 97
Aerobic fitness
age and, 14
nitrogen losses and, 111
riboflavin and, 142
and thermoregulatory response, 15, 16, 55, 70, 92
Age
and aerobic fitness, 14
and body water, 87
and fluid requirements, 14-15, 92, 93
and heat tolerance, 14-15
and sweat rates, 14-15, 16, 91-92, 93, 95
and thermoregulation, 91-92
and vitamin E, 167
Aldosterone biosynthesis and release, 260, 263, 264-265, 268, 272 273
Amino acid metabolism, 143, 147
Aminotransaminase reactions, 144
Anemia
folate deficiency and, 147
pernicious, 146
''sports'' vs iron deficiency, 23, 120-121
Anorexia nervosa, 203
Antacids, 81
Antioxidants, 21, 24, 46, 51, 118, 126, 149, 151, 154, 159
fatty acid, 156
multivitamin supplement, 155
Appetite, 109
acclimatization and, 19-20, 107, 109
and body weight set point, 192-193
brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and, 192, 193
environmental temperature and, 189-190, 199-207
fever and, 203
food temperature and, 204-205
humidity and, 196
internal mechanisms in, 297-299
light and, 205
ration components and, 46
research needs on, 207-208
seasonal changes in, 30, 202-203
skin temperature and, 212
and thermic effect of food, 199
Arginine-vasopressin, 260, 263, 267, 268, 269-270
Army Regulations (AR)
40-250 Nutrition (1947), 5
Ascorbic acid, see Vitamin C
B
B complex vitamins
and energy metabolism, 20-21, 141, 159
functions of, 138-139
and physical performance, 147-148
MRDAs vs RDAs, 20-21
requirements for, 159
supplementation, 148-149
sweat losses of, 48-49, 148, 159
see also individual B vitamins
Beriberi, 139
Beta-endorphin levels, 80
Biotin
deficiencies, 147
functions, 147
MRDAs vs RDAs, 10
Blood flow/circulation
age and, 15
exercise in the heat and, 65, 68-70, 80
fluid losses and, 12
and gastrointestinal functioning, 77
and heat transfer, 6-7, 12, 68-70
hepatic, 71
skeletal muscle metabolism and, 65
skin, 68-70
see also Plasma/serum
Body fat
and environmental temperature, 190-191
and sweating, 94-95
Body mass, on NaCl diets during acclimatization, 250
Body temperature
age and, 15
and appetite, 201, 203, 212-13
body weight and, 47
clothing and, 12
environmental temperature and, 89
esophageal, 69
exercise in the heat and, 13-14, 56-58, 89, 90
evaporative heat loss and, 6-7, 65-68
fever, 203
and food intake control, 191, 201-202, 298
and gastrointestinal functioning, 11, 49, 79-80, 192
gender differences in, 13-14, 94
and hunger and satiety, 27-28
and sweat rates, 12, 67, 91, 96
see also Thermogenic effect of eating
Body water
avenues of loss and gain, 88-89
sweat rate, 89
Body weight
below-normal, 28
body temperature and, 47
and caloric intake, 99, 100, 103
eating behavior and, 225-226, 230
environmental temperature and, 190-191, 195-196, 201, 298, 300
hypothalamic disturbances and, 192
light exposure and loss of, 205
MRE intake and loss in, 216, 218-219
NaCl diet and, 257
seasonal variation in, 202, 205
set point, 192-193, 195, 197, 202, 208, 298
Burning foot syndrome, 145
C
Calcium, 24
exercise and absorption of, 49
MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9
pantothenate, 148
Caloric intake
acclimatization and, 19, 29-30, 45, 109
and B vitamin intake, 139-140, 159
eating conditions and, 220-224
environmental temperature and, 19-20, 98, 99, 101, 199-205, 300
and heat stress, 27
and metabolic rate, 99
from military rations, 215-216, 218-219
physical fitness and, 98
and protein intake, 19
seasonal changes in, 30
social eating and, 231-232
time of day and, 235
by troop and ration types, 102
and weight loss in hot climates, 30, 300
Capillary permeability, 77
Capsaicin, 25, 178-179, 184-185
Carbohydrate intakes
acclimatization and, 29
body weight and, 100
chromium regulation of metabolism of, 119
environmental temperature and, 19-20, 98, 100, 101, 206, 300
intestinal absorption during exercise, 80-81
from MREs, 46-47
and nitrogen excretion, 111
percentage of calories provided by, 100
physical fitness and, 98
seasonal changes in preferences for, 206
thermic effects of, 198
by troop and ration types, 102
and vitamin B6, 145
vitamin B12 and, 146
World War I requirements, 5
Cardiac diseases, magnesium and, 125
Cardiovascular performance
dehydration and, 68
heat stress and, 59, 61, 68-70, 71
hypohydration and, 13
water and, 87
Carnitine, 149
Carotenoids, 154;
see also Vitamin A
Carpopedal spasms, 125
Catecholamines, 149
Cellular oxidation, 141
Chloride
in electrolyte-carbohydrate beverages, 23
MRDAs vs RDAs, 10
Chromium
deficiency, 119-120
exercise and, 23
intakes, 119
metabolic functions of, 119
MRDAs vs RDAs, 10
research needs on, 120
urinary excretions, 119
Chronic fatigue syndrome, 125
Cimetidine, 76
Climate
and body weight set point, 195-196
energy expenditure and, 105
humidity, 196
and physique, 194-195
see also Acclimatization;
Temperature (environmental)
Clothing
Collagen biosynthesis, 149
Committee's task, 3-4
Constipation, 33-34
Copper
deficiency, 124
intakes, 127
metabolism, exercise and heat and, 125-127
MRDAs vs RDAs, 10
plasma and tissue concentrations, 127
Cortisol, 150
Cyanocobalamin, see Vitamin B12
Cytochrome oxidase, 126
Cytokines, vitamin E supplementation and, 167
D
Dehydration
age and, 15
and arginine-vasopressin, 269-270
and constipation, 33-34
defined, 68
and electrolyte loss, 16
and food intake, 28, 36, 47-48, 298
and gastrointestinal functioning, 49, 76
gender and, 13
and heart rate, 12-13
heat stress and, 13
life-threatening fluid loss, 12, 87
and lipid peroxidation, 158
sweat rate and, 12, 36, 68, 71
Diet, elemental semihydrolyzed, 81
Dietary deficiencies, 110-113
Digestion, see Gastrointestinal functioning
2, 3–Diphosphoglycerate synthesis, 135
E
Eating patterns
brain temperature and, 27
environmental temperature and, 200
factors affecting, 24-31, 35, 46
humans, 199-200
meal shifts and duration, 35, 230
nonhumans, 200-202
social/psychological aspects of, 34-35, 229-233
and thermoregulation, 26, 189, 192-198
tobacco use and, 35
see also Food intake
Electrolyte balance
and fluid requirements, 15-16, 49
and food preferences, 180
intestinal absorption, 81
NaCl diet and, 254
and performance capacity, 15-16
Electrolyte-carbohydrate beverages, 23, 81, 82
Endotoxin, 203
Endurance
athletes/runners, 77, 119, 121, 123, 146
B complex supplementation and, 148
fatty acid mobilization and, 143
gender and, 13-14
mineral losses and, 24, 117, 119-120
nitrogen losses and, 111
Energy expenditure
climate and, 105
submaximal exercise and, 103-107
Energy needs and intakes
B vitamins and, 20, 140, 143, 159
MRDAs and RDAs, 8-9
working in the heat and, 49
see also Caloric requirements
Energy production, vitamins and, 20-21, 141
Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire, 278, 288
Epileptic-type convulsions in, 125
Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes
MRDAs vs RDAs, 10
Erythrocyte
enzyme stimulation test, 139
glutathione reductase activity, 141
Exercise in the heat
acclimatization and, 62-63
and appetite, 190
and caloric requirements, 101
cycling, 60, 63, 64, 69, 85, 104, 108, 118, 140, 144, 145-146, 157
and electrolyte balance, 16
and energy expenditure, 103-107
and energy requirements, 49
gender and, 13
and glycogen utilization, 64
intensity and training, 90-91, 106
and intestinal absorption, 80-81
jogging, 141
and lactate levels in plasma or muscle, 61-62, 64-65
and lipid peroxidation, 21, 46, 118
and metabolism, 6, 7, 13, 58-68, 71
mild, 81
and mineral metabolism and requirements, 117-118
and niacin requirements, 143
oxygen uptake response to, 62, 64, 79, 104
physiological responses to, 6-11, 55-71
prolonged high-intensity, 67, 127
and respiratory exchange ratio, 61-62
riboflavin requirements, 142
running, see Runners
and serum ferritin, 23
skin blood flow and circulatory response, 68-70, 80
submaximal, 7, 13, 61, 62, 64, 71, 103-107
sustained, 47
temperature (core) responses to, 56-58
thermogenic effects, 197
thiamin requirements, 139
treadmill, 60, 63, 79-80, 90, 91, 104, 140, 141, 142, 144, 148, 155
and triglyceride utilization, 64
and urine and sweat urea, 112-113
and water requirements, 67, 81, 90-91
see also Runners
F
Fat (dietary) intakes
body weight and, 100
environmental temperature and, 98, 100, 101, 300
and heat stress, 27, 46-47, 298
MRE content, 46-47
organoleptic changes in hot environments, 47
percentage of calories provided by, 100
physical fitness and intakes, 98
preferences for, 198
thermic effects of, 198
by troop and ration types, 102
vitamin B12 and, 146
World War I requirements, 5
Fat-soluble vitamins
functions, 154
requirement for hot environments, 21
storage/retention, 154
see also individual vitamins
Fatty acid
antioxidant, 156
metabolism, 138-139
mobilization, 143
oxidation, 142
synthesis, 147
Fever, and appetite, 203
Flavor
defined, 174
food temperature and, 204
research needs on perceptions of, 181
Fluid intakes
age and, 14-15
electrolyte balance and, 15-16
and food intake, 47-48
palatability of water and, 34
recommendations, 50
requirements for hot environments, 11-16
see also Water requirements
Fluids
avenues of loss and gain, 12, 88-89
determinants of losses, 87-88
electrolyte-carbohydrate beverages, 23
interstitial volume, 88
lost as sweat, 67-68
Fluoride
MRDAs vs RDAs, 10
Folate/folic acid
forms and functions, 147
and physical performance, 147
temperature and exercise effects of requirements, 20-21
supplementation, 147
sweat losses of, 138
see also Biotin
Food and Agriculture Organization
Committee on Caloric Requirements, 101
Vitamin B12 RDA, 21
Food Consumption Survey, 301
Food flavors
chemical irritation/chemesthesis, 178-179
menthol, 185
see also Olfaction;
Taste
Food intakes
accessibility of food and, 226
acclimatization and, 28, 29-30, 48, 109
in battle situations, 31-32, 52
and constipation, 33-34
constraints on, 225-229
cost aspects of food availability and, 226
and dehydration, 28, 36, 47-48, 298
eating conditions and, 218-224
environmental concerns, 33
and environmental temperature, 26-27, 33, 187, 199-205, 297-298
factors influencing, 25-26, 47, 50
field observations of, 33-36
fluid intake and, 47-48
food temperature and, 25, 26, 197-198
gastrointestinal effect, 28, 192
and hyperthermia, 27, 47, 191, 193, 201, 298
ice cream, 206
NaCl intake and, 299
nutrition understanding and, 35
observational data on, 299-301
osmotic factors in, 299
palatability and, 109, 173-175, 198
preferences in hot environments, 26, 29-31, 34, 46, 48, 181, 184-185 , 198, 204-205
psychological factors in, 181
recommendations for improving, 50
research needs, 51
and salivary flow, 179
seasonal changes in, 30-31, 47
situational influences on, 31-32, 224-236
social factors in, 32, 34-35, 229-233
surveys of troops, 99
tactile perception and, 25, 175, 178, 198
thermogenic effects of, 27-28, 31, 189, 190, 204-205
thermostatic theory of, 298
time of day and, 233-236, 240-241, 242, 243
G
Gastrointestinal functioning
aspirin use and, 76
body temperature and, 11, 28, 49
dehydration and, 49
food intake and, 28
food temperature and, 204
gastric emptying, 11, 49, 79-80, 202, 204
hemorrhage and intestinal ischemia, 76-77
importance of manifestations with exercise-heat stress, 76-79
intestinal absorption, 11, 75, 80-81, 85
intestinal motility, 11, 49, 80
iron supplements and, 121
prevention and management of distress, 81-82
research needs on, 51
sampling methods, 85
symptoms of distress, 11, 76, 81
vitamin C and, 76, 81, 170-171
Gender
and acclimation to heat, 13-14
and body temperature, 94
and body water, 87
and endurance, 13-14
and fluid intakes, 13-14, 33-34
and fluid requirements, 14-15, 91-92
hormonal responses to low-salt diets, 274-275
and metabolism, 196
and MRDAs, 8-9
and sweat rates, 13-14, 16, 91-92, 93, 94
and thermoregulation, 91-92, 196
Gla-protein, 156
Glucose
beverages, gastric emptying of, 80
metabolism, 138-139
serum, during exercise in the heat, 64
tolerance, 119
Glutathione
peroxidase synthesis, 118
status, 155
Glycogen
phosphorylase, 144
sparing effects, 65
synthesis, 147
utilization during exercise, 65
Glycogenolysis, 13
H
H2 blockers, 81
Heart rate
dehydration and, 12-13
NaCl intake during acclimation trials and, 252, 260, 269
see also Cardiovascular performance
Heat acclimatization, see Acclimatization
Heat exhaustion, 18, 149, 248, 252, 254, 255, 278, 288
Heat illness
diet construction for study of, 293
evaluation of overall index of subjective feelings, 286-288, 292
procedure for studying, 279
subjects in study, 278-279
tabulation of symptoms, 279-286
Heat loss
convective/radiative, 68-70
evaporative, 65, 67-68, 70, 89
metabolic rate and, 56
physique and, 28
see also Sweating
Heat shock, 151
Heat stress
acute, determinants, 11, 12, 28
and cardiovascular performance, 59, 61, 68-70, 71
and food intake, 27, 28-29, 298
and gastrointestinal functioning, 49, 75-82, 85
gender differences in response to, 13-14
and lipid peroxidation, 158
and metabolic rate, 58-64
muscular exercise and, 56
and skeletal muscle metabolism, 64-65
thermoregulation and, 7
and vitamin B12 status, 147
vitamin C and, 152-153
and weight loss, 298
Heat stroke, 12, 77, 79, 151-152, 252
Hunger
body temperature and, 298
research needs on, 52
Hydration
recommendations, 50
and weight loss in hot climates, 30
Hypertension, 247
Hyperthermia
environmental temperature and, 57
fever, 203
food intake and, 27, 47, 191, 193, 201, 298
and mucosal lesions, 77
psychogenic, 196
skin and muscle blood flow and, 70
temperature of food and, 198
Hypohydration
and cardiovascular performance, 13
and gastric emptying, 80
physical exercise and, 16
and undernutrition, 110
Hyponatremia, 291
Hypozincemia, 123
I
Interleukin-6, 122
Iodide, sweat losses of, 23
Iodine
intakes, 118
metabolism, exercise and heat and, 118
sweat losses of, 118
Iodized salt, 118
Iron
metabolism, exercise and heat and, 120-121
MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9
K
Kanamycin, 79
Ketosis, 112
L
Lactate levels, plasma or muscle, 13, 61, 64-65, 66, 146, 157, 158
Light, and appetite, 205
Lipid
peroxidation, 21, 46, 118, 156, 157, 158, 159
metabolism, 119
Low-salt diets
acclimation and work in the heat, 262, 268
and aldosterone biosynthesis and release, 260, 263, 264-265, 268, 272-273
and arginine-vasopressin, 260, 263, 267, 268, 269-270
blood sampling, 262-263
and body temperature, 269
design of study, 261
and heart rate, 269
methodology for study of, 261-263
and plasma renin activity, 260, 263, 266-267, 268, 269, 272-273
radioimmunoassays, 263
statistical analysis, 263
subjects, 261
and urinary sodium excretion, 265, 269
M
Macronutrients, see Caloric requirements; Protein
Magnesium, 24
and 2, 3-Diphosphoglycerate synthesis, 135
erythrocyte uptake, 135
lymphocyte uptake of, 134
metabolism, exercise and heat and, 124-125
MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9
and work capacity, 125
Manganese
MRDAs vs RDAs, 10
Metabolism
acclimatization and, 11, 59, 61, 63, 108
basal, 109-110
and body temperature, 56-58, 70
and caloric intake, 99
environmental temperature and, 60, 89, 110
evaporative heat loss, 6, 65-68
exercise in the heat and, 6, 7, 13, 56, 58-68, 90, 104, 107
gender differences in, 196
and lactate levels in plasma or muscle, 61
light and, 205
rate, 6, 7, 11, 13, 55, 56, 58-64, 70, 89, 90
and respiratory exchange ratio, 61-62
resting, and dietary-induced thermogenesis, 13, 109-110
skeletal muscle, 11, 55, 64-65
and sweating, 92
Metallothien, liver concentration, 23, 122
Military rations
A-rations, 223-224
adequacy for hot environment, 46
acceptability to troops, 216-217, 221, 232, 234
all-environment, survival, 112
breakfast, 240-243
C rations, 243
caloric intake from, 215-216, 218-224
compatibility of foods in MREs, 34, 35, 46, 50
heating of, 227-229
intake determinants, 32, 47-48, 109
laboratory and field differences in intakes, 220-224, 300
meals, ready to eat (MREs), 32, 34-35, 46-47, 122-123, 216, 217, 220-223, 234, 274
menu composition, 216, 217, 234
nutrient intakes by type, 102
nutritional composition, 46-47, 50
on-the-go food items, 241, 242
operational, 17, 18, 22, 50, 122-124, 215-220, 225, 234, 236
restricted, 17
sodium/salt in, 17, 18, 260, 274
underconsumption problem, 215-216, 236
vitamin/mineral fortification, 22, 35-36
and weight loss, 215
zinc intake from, 123
Military Recommended Dietary Allowances (MRDAs)
adequacy for hot environments, 6, 22, 24, 36, 45, 46, 48
basis for, 20-21
comparison with other RDAs, 8-9, 20-21
history, 4-5
revision, 5
Minerals
changes in requirements for hot environments, 22-24, 48-49, 127-128
deficiencies and food preferences, 180
and physical performance, 52, 117
research needs on, 52, 120, 127-128
sweat losses, 22, 36, 45, 117, 127
see also individual minerals
Molybdenum
MRDAs vs RDAs, 10
Monosodium glutamate, 174
Morale, 35
Mucosal lesions, 77
Muscle
building, 159
damage prevention, 155, 158, 167
lactate levels, 13, 61, 64-65, 66
triglyceride utilization, 64
Muscular activity
and heat production, 11
N
NaCl diets
and body temperature, 260
and heart rates, 260
methods for evaluating, 248-249
and physical performance, 252-254
plasma/serum volume changes during exercise in the heat, 252-254, 260
preexercise blood measurements, 250, 252
responses during heat acclimation trials, 252
and subjective reports of heat illness, 277-290
sweat rates, 252
see also Low-salt diets
Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, 30
Neutrophil generation, 167
Niacin
deficiency, 142
and energy metabolism, 20, 143, 159
exercise and, 142-143
MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9
overdose, 143
and physical performance reduction, 168
status assessment, 142-143
see also B complex vitamins
Nicotinic acid, see Niacin
Night blindness, 154
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, 79, 81;
see also Aspirin
Nuclear-biological-chemical protective clothing, 12, 65, 67
Nutrient intakes
adequacy in hot climates, 31
functional indicators of status, 51
of North American ground troops, 102
research needs on, 51
seasonal changes and, 30
Nutritional needs of troops
Committee's task, 3-4
early appraisals, 97-103
evidence of changes for work in hot environments, 45-46
MRDA adequacy, 46
temperature changes in desert environments and, 48
World War I, 5
Nutrition understanding, 35
O
Obesity, and sweating, 96
Olfaction
and eating patterns, food preferences, and intakes, 24-26
environmental temperature and, 180
food temperature and, 204
Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, 3, 22, 32, 33, 34, 36, 46, 47, 48, 87, 113
Overtraining, 76
Oxygen uptake
activity level and, 104
aerobic/anaerobic fractions during exercise, 105-106, 147
B complex vitamins and, 147-148
environmental temperature and, 104, 108
and heat illness symptoms, 292
heat stress and, 59, 62, 64, 79
as measure of vitamin supplementation effects, 167-168
pantothenic acid supplementation and, 146
physical fitness and, 108
during rest, 104
and sweating, 91
P
Pantothenic acid
deficiency, 145
and exercise, 145-146
forms and functions, 145
MRDAs vs RDAs, 10
supplementation, 146
see also B complex vitamins
Pellagra, 142
Phosphorus, 24
MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9
Physical fitness
and nutrient intakes of troops, 98
and oxygen uptakes, 108
see also Aerobic fitness
Physical performance
at high altitudes, 157-158
hyperthermia and, 70
hypohydration and undernutrition and, 110
magnesium deficiency and, 125
NaCl diet and, 254
vitamin supplementation and, 137-138, 140, 141-142, 144, 146, 150, 154-155, 156, 157-158
see also Endurance
Physiological changes
from exercise in heat, 6-7
and food preferences, 180-181
gastrointestinal functioning, 11
Physique
and acclimatization, 194-195
and heat loss, 28
Plasma renin activity, 260, 263, 266-267, 268, 269, 272-273
Plasma/serum
beta-endorphin levels, 80
ceruloplasmin, 125
chromium levels, 23
lactate levels, 64, 106, 146, 157, 158
selenium levels, 23
volume changes during exercise in heat, 69, 82, 88, 95, 250, 252-254 , 260, 268, 273, 274
Potassium
in electrolyte-carbohydrate beverages, 23
MRDAs vs RDAs, 10
sweat losses of, 24
Prickly heat, 153
Protein intakes
acclimatization and, 29
body weight and, 100
changes in requirements for hot environments, 18-19, 45, 47, 112
environmental temperature and, 98, 100, 101, 205, 206, 298
physical fitness and, 98
seasonal changes in intakes, 30
sweat losses of nitrogen, 19
thermogenic effects of, 27, 198
by troop and ration types, 102
and urine volume required for excretion, 19, 89, 113
World War I requirements, 5
Psychiatric disturbances, magnesium deficiency and, 125
Psychological factors, and food preferences, 181
Pyrexia, 18-19
Pyridoxine, see Vitamin B6
Pyrophosphate, 139
Q
Quartermaster
Climatic Research Laboratory, 99
R
Rations, see Military rations
RDAs
MRDAs compared with, 8-9
for hot climates, 20-21
Recommendations
acclimatization, 208
activity levels, 208
delivery systems and feeding situations, 50, 236
food preferences, 208
hydration, 50
practical, for working in hot environments, 208
vitamin intakes, 159-160
Research needs
alliesthesia studies, 207-208
antioxidant vitamins for reduction of heat stress, 51, 158, 160
chromium studies, 120
effects of heat on appetite, 207-208, 301-302
factors that affect food intake, 51
flavor perception, 181-182
food intake under operational conditions, 52
functional indicators of nutritional status, 51
gastrointestinal function in heat, 51
metabolic effect of food intake, 52
mineral intake and physical performance, 52, 127-128
satiety signals in heat, 52
thermic effect of food, 207
Riboflavin
deficiency, 141
and energy metabolism, 20, 141, 159
exercise and, 141-142
heat stress and, 142
MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9
status assessment, 141
supplementation, 142
see also B complex vitamins
Runners
B complex vitamin supplementation, 148
chromium losses, 119
copper concentrations in, 126
diuretic-induced weight loss, 13
epileptic-type convulsions in, 125
gastrointestinal distress in, 76, 77, 85, 171
histological observations after maximal distance training run, 79
hyperthermia, 57
magnesium metabolism, 124
pantothenic acid supplementation, 146
sprint, 157
vitamin C supplementation, 171
vitamin E supplementation, 157-158
water requirements for, 67, 89, 90
S
Satiety
signal, 193-194, 198, 204, 298
social facilitation of eating and, 230
Scurvy, 149
Seasonal affective disorder, 205
Seasonal changes
in appetite, 202
in body weight and composition, 202, 300
in food intakes, 30-31, 47, 300-301
and food preferences, 206-207, 301
in nutrient intakes, 30, 300-301
in thyroid activity, 206
Selenium, 23
chromium levels and, 23
intakes, 119
metabolism, exercise and heat and, 118-119
MRDAs vs RDAs, 10
supplements, 118
sweat losses of, 119
Serotonin, 149
Serum, see Plasma/serum
Skeletal muscle metabolism, 11, 64-65
Skiing, 139
Smokers, vitamin C requirements, 150
Sodium
in electrolyte-carbohydrate beverages, 23
levels for work in heat, 16-18, 22-23
in military-dining-hall food, 17, 18
MRDAs and RDAs, 8-9, 16-17, 247-248
salicylate, 203
Surgeon General's recommended intakes, 16
sweat losses of, 22, 247, 254, 260, 277
see also Low-salt diets;
NaCl diets
Stress (psychic)
and acute-phase response, 127
and body temperature, 28, 196-197
environmental temperature and, 299
and food intake, 28-29, 36, 47
intracellular oxidative, 126
MRE use and, 35
and nutrient intakes, 51, 111-112
research needs on, 51
and vitamin C, 150
and zinc absorption, 51, 123-124
see also Heat stress
Superoxide dismutase activity, 126
Superoxide radicals, 77
Sweating
acclimatization and, 16, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 108
age and, 14-15, 16, 91-92, 93, 95
body temperature and, 67, 90, 96
and dehydration, 12, 36, 68, 71
electrolyte losses through, 15
energy expenditure in, 103-104
environmental conditions and, 12, 25, 65, 71, 89-90
exercise and, 11, 12, 13, 16, 65, 67, 71, 89, 90
gender and, 13-14, 16, 91-92, 93, 94
gland fatigue, 89-90
and heat loss, 7, 11, 65, 67-68
mineral losses through, 22-24, 117, 118, 120, 123, 127
NaCl diet and, 252
nitrogen losses, 19, 24, 110-111, 206
plasma volume and, 95-96
secretion rate, 11
sodium losses during exercise-heat exposure, 254, 260
vitamin losses through, 20, 137-138, 141, 142, 143, 145, 148, 151, 159
and water requirements, 65, 67
Sweets, environmental temperature and preference for, 29, 175, 198
T
Taste
defined, 173
environmental temperature and, 24-26, 198
Temperature (environmental)
abrupt shifts in, 200
and appetite, 189-190, 199-207
and body weight/fat, 190-191, 195-196, 201
and caloric intake, 98, 99, 101
and energy expenditure, 103-104
and evaporative heat loss, 70
and food intake, 26-27, 33, 187, 199-205
and food preferences, 29, 30, 204-207, 301
and gastric emptying, 79-80, 202
heat, defined, 188
and hyperthermia, 57
and metabolic rate during exercise, 60, 62, 63, 103, 107, 110
and nutrient intake of troops, 98, 100, 102
and olfaction and taste, 24-25, 26
and oxygen uptake, 104, 106, 108
as satiety signal, 193-194
sensory effects of, 174-180
and thermal and circulatory responses, 69
and thiamin requirement, 140
see also Body temperature
Thermogenic effects of food
brown adipose tissue, 192, 193
gastrointestinal phase, 28, 192, 202
resting metabolism and, 109-110
source of calories and, 27-28, 192, 198, 298
temperature of food and, 197-198, 204-205
Thermoregulation
acclimatization and, 7, 16, 55
activity level and, 197
age and, 15
air conditioning and, 196
climatic adaptation and, 194-196
eating and, 26-27, 31, 189, 192-198
and energy expenditures, 105-106
indices of, 7
internal mechanisms in, 297-298
physique and, 194-195
seasonal changes in, 202
skin blood flow and, 68-70, 105-106
Thiamin
assessment of status, 139
and carbohydrate metabolism, 139
and energy metabolism, 20, 140, 159
environmental temperature and requirements for, 140
and exercise performance, 139, 140
supplementation, 140
see also B complex vitamins
U
Urinary excretion
mineral losses, 22, 23, 119, 122, 127
nitrogen losses from, 110-111
obligatory volume, 89
volume required for protein excretion, 19, 89, 113
water intakes and, 88
of zinc, 122
U.S. Army
Medical Research and Nutrition Laboratory, 97
Medical Research Laboratory, 99
Natick Research Development and Engineering Center, 216
Quartermaster Food and Container Institute for the Armed Forces, 97, 99
Quartermaster Research and Development Center, 99
Quartermaster Research and Development Command and Medical Nutrition
Laboratory, 101
Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 99, 216, 223
V
Vitamin A
antioxidant properties, 21, 154, 155
and exercise, 154-155
forms and functions, 154
research needs on, 160
seasonal changes in intakes, 30, 300-301
status assessment, 154
Vitamin B1, see Thiamin
Vitamin B2, see Riboflavin
Vitamin B6
carbohydrate intake and, 145
deficiency, 144
and energy metabolism, 20, 159
exercise and, 144
forms and functions, 143-144
MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9
performance and, 145
retention/storage, 144
status assessment, 144
supplementation, 144-145
urinary excretion of, 144
see also B complex vitamins
Vitamin B12
forms and functions, 146-147
and heat stress, 147
and physical performance, 146
storage/retention, 138
supplementation, 146
temperature and exercise effects of requirements, 20-21
vitamin C and absorption of, 21, 147, 159, 169
see also B complex vitamins
Vitamin C
and acclimatization, 21, 48-49, 151-153, 159, 160, 169
antioxidant properties, 21, 51, 151, 155, 159, 160
and body temperature, 152
deficiency, 139, 149, 150-151, 153
exercise and, 150
and gastrointestinal distress, 76, 81, 170-171
and heat stress, 21, 48-49, 151-153
and injury rate, 151
megadoses, 147
and muscle soreness, 151
and physical performance, 150
research needs on, 160
seasonal changes in intakes, 30, 300-301
smokers' requirements for, 150
status assessment, 149-150, 153
supplementation, 149, 150, 151, 152, 159, 160
urinary excretion of, 153-154
and vitamin B12 absorption, 21, 147, 159, 169
see also B complex vitamins
Vitamin D
and exercise performance, 156
forms and functions, 154, 155, 156, 159
requirements for hot environments, 21, 160
status assessment, 155
Vitamin E
age and, 167
antioxidant properties, 21, 155, 157, 158, 160
exercise and, 157
forms and functions, 154, 156, 167
and heat stress, 158
and physical performance, 157-158
status assessment, 156-157
MRDAs vs RDAs, 10
Vitamins
changes in requirements for hot environments, 20-22, 45-46, 48-49
effects of exercise and heat on, 36, 137-160
and energy production, 137, 138
supplementation and physical performance, 137-138, 168-169
see also B complex vitamins;
Watersoluble vitamins;
individual vitamins
W
Water
accessibility and intakes of, 226, 227
body weight composition, 87
daily intake/output values, 88
evaporative losses, 88
fecal losses, 88-89
gastric emptying of, 80
intestinal absorption during exercise, 81, 82
intoxication, 291
and plasma arginine-vasopressin, 269
and plasma volume, 88
preferred temperature for drinking, 185
respiratory losses, 88
Water requirements
battlefield, 65
determinants of, 11-12, 87-88, 92
exercise intensity and training and, 45, 90-91
gender and, 91-92
heat acclimatization and, 91
hot-wet vs hot-dry environment, 89-90
prediction of, 92
recommendations, 92-93
for runners, 67
see also Fluid intakes
Water-soluble vitamins
functions, 138
retention, 138
see also B complex vitamins;
individual vitamins
Weber illusion, 178
Weight loss, cause in hot climates, 30, 31, 90, 91
World War I, nutrition surveys, 5
World War II, nutritional surveys, 215
Wrestlers, hypohydration-caused weight loss, 13
Z
Zinc
and copper absorption, 24, 124
intakes, 123
iron intake and absorption of, 23, 121
metabolism, exercise and heat and, 23-24, 121-124
metallothien-induced sequestration of, 23, 122
MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9
superoxide dismutase activity, 126