Index
Absorbed dose from combustion, 448
Accelerator breeders, 213
Acceptable levels of risk, 424
Accidents
catastrophes. See Catastrophes
coal mining, 50–51, 188–189, 428–432
large-scale, 53
with liquid metal fast breeder reactors, 289–292
LOCA. See Loss-of-coolant accident
with nuclear reactors, 216–217, 281–289
and uranium mining, 216
Actinide transport studies, 310
Ad Hoc Population Dose Assessment Group, 460–461
Add-on costs for nuclear power, 271–272
Advanced converters, 24–25, 27, 29–30, 215, 244
CANDU, 215
extending resources, 215
light water breeder reactors. See Light water reactor
safety of, 218
Advanced reactors, fuel cycles of, 241
Africa
natural gas exports, 522
trade surplus, 523
Agricultural residues, See Biomass
Agriculture
in developing countries, 525
energy efficiency of, 376
Air conditioning
and insulation, 91
mandatory standards for, 90
2010, projection for, 92
and coal use, 20, 158, 162–168, 455
and geopressured reservoirs, 406
and GNP, 123
health effects, research on, 455–459
and hot water reservoirs, 403
solar thermal conversion plants, 366–367
Air quality, 425
research and standards, 489–490
Air travel
efficiency, increases in, 86
projections for, 547
Alabama, 157
ALARA
and radiation exposure, 440
for radioactive waste disposal, 309
Alaska
oil discovery, 507
pipeline, 480
volcanoes, 409
Algae
and photochemical conversion, 379
ponds, 378
Algeria, oil production, 504
Allocation systems, 144
for reprocessed nuclear fuel, 320
and radioactive wastes, 316
and underground nuclear waste repositories, 310–311
and WASH-1400, 285
American Society of Heating,
Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), 91
Anaerobic fermentation, 374
Animal life and plant monocultures, 377
Appliances
labeled for energy consumption, 121
Aqueous raffinates, 300
Arab-Israeli war of 1973, 507
As low as reasonably achievable. See ALARA
Ashland Oil Co., 180
Atascadero, Skytherm House in, 360
Athabascan tar sands, 517
Atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion, 160
Atomic bomb and ionizing radiation, 432–434
Atomic Energy Commission
The Brookhaven Report, 261
and Clinch River breeder reactor program, 255–256
and radioactive waste, 314–315
and WASH-1400, 285
Attic insulation. See Insulation
Australia, uranium reserves in, 518–519
Automobiles
international comparisons, 109
miles per gallon. See Miles per gallon
pollutants, 52
replacement of, 11
savings in energy for, 85
substituting materials for, 96
Baby boom and GNP, 535
Balance of payments, 508
Barges for transporting coal, 196
Barstow pilot plant, California, 366
Base-case values, 110
Batteries
for electric vehicles, 86
Beryllium, 388
Best available control technology, 426
Bi-Gas process, 175
Binary cycle plant, 413
Biocides, 372
and algae ponds, 378
committee’s recommendations, 71
destructiveness of, 55
ecosystem risks of, 478
high-solar energy scenario, 350–351
municipal wastes, 374
Biophotolysis, 379
Black lung disease, 147, 188–189, 431
Blanket cycles for fast breeders, 253
Bloomster, C.H., 413
Bombs on nuclear facility, 293
BORAX, 293
Boron, 388
Brayton engineers, 87
Brazil, oil resources in, 518
Break-even thermal breeder, 245
Breeder reactors, 24–25, 27, 29–30, 32–34, 38–39, 214–215, 244
versus advanced converters, 256–258
cores for, 253
gas-cooled fast breeder reactor. See Gas-cooled fast breeder reactor
illegal diversion during reprocessing, 218
industrial position on, 213
light water reactor. See Light water reactor
liquid-metal fast breeder reactor. See Liquid-metal fast breeder reactor
national energy policies, 525
postponement of, 525
recommendations for, 70, 258–260
recycling load through, 214
uranium price and competitiveness of, 522
Breeder Reactor Resource Group, 651
Brine deposits, 46, 142, 398–399, 405
Bronchial asthma, 426
Bronchitis, 436
Brookhaven Report, The, 261
Brooks, Harvey, 618–621, 623–633, 637–641
Brown’s Ferry, 289
Brush, Harvey, 265
Btu
quads. See Quadrillion Btu
tax, 606
Building codes, 91
Buildings
heating. See Heating systems
housing. See Housing
retrofitting. See Retrofitting
thermal performance standards for, 79
Buildings Resource Group, 650
Bunkers for storing radioactive waste, 314
Bureau of Mines and coal reserves, 155
Buses, flexibility of, 90
Business as usual scenario, 132–133, 135
geothermal energy production, 417
By-product steam marketing, 98
California
Imperial Valley of, 403
solar heating systems, tax credit for, 347
state government office building in Sacramento, 360
Campbell, G.E., 404
Athabascan tar sands in, 517
GNP and energy use, 108
natural gas reserves, 142, 515
oil consumption, 1973–1977, 509
oil exploration in, 518
oil exports, 507
reactors, 214
Cancer
and costs for avoiding risk, 443
and fission, 439
and ionizing radiations, 432–434
and oil, 423
and smoking, 436
and uranium mining, 216
CANDU, 28–29, 214–215, 245–247
costs, 248
once-through cycle costs, 248–249
Cannon, Robert H., Jr., 629, 642
Capital
constant availability of, 113–114
and labor inputs, 122
for nuclear power plants, 264–265
for technological advances, 111–112
Car pools, 90
from coal, 147
ocean thermal conversion, 371–372
risks, 487
Carbon monoxide, 51
Carbon-steel tanks for radioactive wastes, 306
Cartels
OPEC. See Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
uranium prices, 520
Cash surpluses, countries with, 67
Catalytic gasification, 176
Catalytic liquefaction processes, 179
Cattle feedlots, 375
Caulking, 91
Chattanooga shales, 520
Chemical agents, public health risk from, 434–436
Chemical feedstocks, coal for, 184–185
Chicken factories, 375
China, 135
coal resources, 513
oil resources in, 522
Civex cycle, 218, 259, 322–324, 326
and combustion, 454
sulfur emission standards, 164
and demand, 76
and solar thermal conversion plants, 367
Climatological Effects Resource Group, 65, 650
Clinch River breeder reactor (CRBR)
government opposition to, 241
CLOP
members of, 653
minimum energy-use scenario, 557–559
total primary energy use, 559
accidents, 50–51, 188–189, 428–432
air pollution regulations, 20, 158, 162–168, 455
Appalachian basin, 153–155, 196
area mining, 191
atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion, 160
balanced with nuclear power, 70
Bi-Gas process, 175
black lung disease, 147, 188–189
cancer caused by use of, 52–53
and carbon dioxide emissions, 147
catalytic liquefaction processes, 179
as chemical feedstock, 184–185
cogeneration, 173
coke production, 185
combined-cycle generation, 169–170
combustion risks, 450
contour mining, 191
conversion, 479
decline in use of, 505
in developing countries, 526
disabling injuries in mining, 188–189
and diseases, 431
distribution of resources, 153–155, 157–158
ecosystem risks of, 479
electricity generation from, 161, 163–164
energy from, 158
Energy Information Administration projections, 566
environmental problems, 148, 507
fatalities in mining, 188–189, 428
federal leasing policy, 192–193
flue-gas desulfurization, 164–166
fluidized-bed combustion, 166–167, 169, 170
future use of, 149
gas from, 160
gasification-combined-cycle plants, 170–171
gross income of industry, 195
high-Btu gas production, 175
horizontal integration by gas and oil companies, 194
HYGAS process, 175
indirect liquefaction, 178–182
industrial accidents and disease, 50–51
industrial coal demand, 160
for industrial process heat, 182–183
inorganic substances, 150
interlocking boards, 194
and labor-management relations, 187–188
linked vertical well method, 176
liquefaction, 562
long-term contracts, 193
longwall mining, 190
low-Btu gas from, 174
Lurgi process, 175
magnetohydrodynamic generation, 172
market for, 147
medium-Btu gas from, 174
metallurgical, 148
nitrogen dioxide, 163
and nuclear power, 163–164, 213, 263
objectives for use of, 148
oil and gas companies mining, 194
open-pit mining, 191
from organic remains, 150
Pittsburgh bed, 153
pollution control costs, 161
power plant construction by 1995, 186
productivity decline, 188
profitability, 195
projection for price of, 539
recoverable reserves, 155
regenerable double-alkali process, 166
research and development, 177, 182
reserve base tonnage, 155
respirable dust standards, 188–189
risk factors, 60
room-and-pillar mining, 190
scrubbing requirements, 186
short-term production, 158
slurry pipelines, 196
solvent-extraction processes, 178–179
stack gas scrubbers, cost of, 124
steeply dipping beds, 176
substitution for electricity, 570
synthetic fuel derived from, 139–140, 173–178
technologies, 148, 160–161, 168–173
underground gasification, 176
underground mining, 190
uranium exports, effect on coal, 523
utilities use of, 158, 160, 193–194
vertical integration by utilities, 193–194
and water supply, 147, 197–203, 473
Wellman-Lord process, 166
western regions, 153, 157, 186
world production of, 501
Wyodak bed, 155
Coal Conversion Resource Group, 651
Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, 188–189
Coal mine reclamation, 121
Cogeneration of electricity, 97–99, 173
tax credits for, 122
Coke production for coal, 185
Combined-cycle generation, 169–170
Combustion
ecosystem, risks to, 479
health risks from, 448
Commercial feasibility for fusion, 393–394
Committee on Processing and Utilization of Fossil Fuels, 180
Commonwcalth Edison, 265, 267, 270
Communist countries
consumption and production, 1960–1973, 501–505
oil reserves in, 28, 30, 515–518, 522
production, 1973–1977, 509
uranium reserves in, 519
Community-based utility systems, 91
CONAES.
See also Demand and Conservation Panel
advanced converters, 258
coal consumption, estimates, 186
and Energy Information Administration projections, 566
Modeling Resource Group, 5, 11–12, 14, 78
and photovoltaics, 40
and radioactive waste, 35
Supply and Delivery Panel, 7, 9, 14, 16, 18
Synthesis Panel, 653
Uranium Resource Group, 25
Conflicts between conservation and national goals, 122–123
Congenital heart disease, 444
Congress and Clinch River breeder reactor program, 255–256
Congressional Office of Technology Assessment, 155
of fluid fuels, 17
national energy policies, 64
and risks, 486
Conservation tax on energy, 113, 605–606
political acceptability of, 115
Consultants, 654
Consumer durables, 68
Consumption
higher oil prices affecting, 508
historical changes in, 106–107
in 1978, 128
U.S., 2
worldwide, 62
Consumption, Location, and Occupation Patterns Resource Group. See CLOP
Contracts and coal production, 193
Contributors, 654
Converters, 210
advanced nuclear converters. See Advanced converters
Coprocessing, 218
Cores for fast breeders, 253
Cost-benefit analysis, 484
Costs
and best available control technology, 426
of drilling, 131
energy farming, 377
geopressured reservoirs, 413–414
geothermal energy resources, 410–416
hot dry rock, extracting heat from, 414–415
of light water reactors, 247–250
of liquid-metal fast breeder reactor, 273–275
liquefied fuels from coal, 180–181
methane production, 374
normal-gradient systems, extracting heat from, 415
synthetic gas production, 176–177
transporting oil, 504
CRBR. See Clinch River breeder reactor
Credit to developing countries, 67
Crops. See Agriculture
Crude oil. See Oil
Current Decision-Making Resource Group, 653
Dams and catastrophes, 54, 459–460
Death
cancer. See Cancer
Decay and reprocessing, 321
Decommissioning costs for nuclear power, 272
Deep mining, ecosystem risks of, 479
Demand
Demand and Conservation Panel, 5–6, 14, 16, 134, 559
supply and demand scenarios, 566–609
Denatured thorium cycle, 218
Denaturing nuclear fuel, 321–322, 326
Denmark, 369
Department of Commerce, 548–549
Department of Energy
coal production, 148
enrichment of uranium, 235
H-Coal process, 180
hot water reservoirs, development of, 398–399
and liquid-metal fast breeder reactor accidents, 291
and nuclear waste disposal standards, 316
ocean thermal coversion, 377
solar energy, environmental assessment of, 366
solar space heating systems, cost of, 355–356
and solar thermal conversion, 346, 365
SRC-II process plant, 179
uranium availability figures from, 213
DESOM demand projections, 602–603
consumption and production. 1969–1973, 504–505
demand growth in, 521
oil price rise of 1973–1974, 526–527
trade deficits in, 526
and world financial system, 525–527
Development wells, 131
Diabetes, 444
Dilution of radioactive wastes, 300–305
Disadvantaged consumers, goal conflicts with, 122
Diseases
cancer. See Cancer
from coal dust, 431
District heat, 98
Diversity in energy system, 347
Dodecane for reprocessing, 319
Dollar, value of, 3
Domestic oil and gas production, 4, 17–20
Dominion Aluminum, Ltd., of Canada, 370
Dose-effect relationships, 50
Dosimetry, 458
Drilling, cost of, 131
income tax treatment on, 78
Drinking water, pollutants in, 425
Dust clouds from solar thermal conversion plants, 367
Earthquakes
and geothermal power, 477
and radioactive waste, 312
East Texas field, 130
EBR-I, 252
Econometric studies by Modeling Resource Group, 110–114
Economics of cogeneration, 98
Economics Resource Group, 649
Ecosystem effects, 55–56, 475–481
Ecosystem Impacts Resource Group
on hydroelectric power, 476
members of, 650
Edison Electric Institute, 573
Efficient energy, 5, 11, 68–69
Elasticity
for building projections, 544
for industry, 548
Electric power plants
Electric Power Research Institute, 36, 170, 180, 358
Energy Modeling Forum, 102
and solar thermal conversion, 365
Electricity
and coal-fired plants, 158–161
and demand, 30, 32, 557, 571–583
in developing countries, 526
development, 1960–1973, 504
generated from solar energy, 364–372
growth, 16
hydroelectric power. See Hydroelectric power
long-range perspectives, 521–522
nuclear power. See Nuclear power
ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), 371–372
photovoltaic conversion, 368–369
price changes, effect of, 509
slowdown in consumption of, 509
and solar energy, 10–11, 40–43, 349–350
solar heating and cooling systems,
backup for, 358
Supply and Delivery Panel on, 211–213
tax on, 14
wind energy conversion, 369–370
Electricity Conversion Resource Group, 651
Electrochemical systems for photochemical conversion, 379
Electrolysis, 373
Electrolytic conversion, 380
Electrostatic precipitators, 167–168
Embargo and Arab-Israeli War of 1973, 507
Emergency core-cooling system, 283
areas of no significant deterioration, 426
controls and price of energy, 121
from uranium tailings, 216
Emissions and Pathways Resource Group, 650
Endangered species, 367
Endangered Species Act, 162
Energy, Department of. See Department of Energy
Energy farms, 351, 373, 376–378
Energy industry, 616
Energy Information Administration (EIA), 566
Energy input fractions, 553, 556
Energy Modeling Forum, 102
Energy prices, projection for, 539–540
Energy Research and Development Administration, 355–356
Energy Resource Group, 651
Energy stamps, 122
Energy storage technology, 172–173
1975–2010, 7
and projection comparisons, 564–609
Energy Supply and Environmental Coordination Act of 1974, 424
Energy-to-output ratios, 76
Engineering research, 116
Engineering submodels for buildings, 545
Engineers, coal mining and demand for, 187
England
coal mining in, 515
and International Fusion Research Council, 390
lung cancer in, 432
oil consumption, 1973–1977, 509
wave-energy converter research, 371
Enrichment of uranium, 235–238
Enrico Fermi-I, 252
Environment
biomass production, 377
and coal use, 148
and geopressured reservoirs, 406
and hot water reservoirs, 403
low-grade uranium deposits, mining of, 520
molten magma, 409
natural steam reservoirs, 404
normal-gradient geothermal heat, 408
nuclear fusion and, 385–386, 394–395
ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), 371–372
and price of energy, 121
relaxation of standards, 110
solar energy. See Solar energy
and underground coal gasification, 176
Environmental Protection Act, 454
Environmental Protection Agency, 162
and air quality, 425
coal production, 186
and combustion, 448
creation of, 422
light water reactor exposure, 441
particulate emissions from coal, 167
and risk regulation, 424
sulfur dioxide emissions from coal, 151
and uranium fuel cycle, 422
and WASH-1400, 285
water pollution from chicken factories, 375
Epidemiological methods, 432, 456
Equipment, energy life cycle costs, 379
Erosion
and radioactive waste, 312
from solar thermal conversion plants, 367
Europe
taxing policies in, 77
uranium enrichment in, 235
European Congress on the Influence of Air Pollution on Plants and Animals, 466
Excise taxes, 509
Exploratory wells, 131
Exxon Corporation, 539
Exxon Donor Solvent (EDS) process, 179–180
Fabric filter baghouses, 167–168
Fast breeders. See Breeder reactors
Fast Flux Test Facility, 256
Fatalities. See Death
Federal leasing
geothermal energy and, 398, 416
Federal Mines Safety and Health Act of 1977, 424
Federal Power Act, 99
Federal Power Commission, 193–194
Federal Register, 425
Fertile isotopes, 239
Fertilizers, wastes to replace, 376
FIFA, 251
Financing
developing countries and, 67
world banking, 527
Finding rate, 131
Fissile isotopes, 239
Fission
breeders, 210
of uranium, 214
Fissions per initial fissile atom (FIFA), 251
Flue-gas desulfurization, 164–166
Fluid fuels
Fluidized-bed combustion, 166–167, 169–170
Fly-ash emissions, 458
Foil insulation on floor, 91
in competition with biomass production, 376–378
Ford/Mitre Report, 463
Foreign royalties, income taxes on, 78
Forest products industry, 351
Fort Saint Vrain reactor, 246, 292
Forward costs for uranium, 229
Fossil fuels.
See also Coal;
Natural gas;
France
and International Fusion Research Council, 390
oil consumption, 1973–1977, 509
uranium reserves in, 519
Freight transportation
projections for, 547
railroads. See Railroads
trucking. See Trucking
Fuel cycle costs, 239, 267–270
nuclear fuels. See Nuclear fuels
Fuels. See Coal;
Fossil fuels;
Natural gas;
Nuclear fuels;
Oil
Fusion. See Nuclear fusion
Fusion Assessment Resource Group, 651
Fusion-fission devices, 213
Gas. See Natural Gas
Gas-centrifuge method of uranium enrichment, 227–239
Gas-cooled fast breeder reactor (GCFBR), 38, 252–253
introduction of, 255
Gas Distribution Resource Group, 652
Gasification-combined-cycle plants, 170–171
Gasohol motor fuel, 377
Gasoline
incentives for cconomy, 85
GCFBR. See Gas-cooled fast breeder reactor
GDP. See GNP
Geography
and international energy use statistics, 110
Geopressured reservoirs, 399, 405–406, 413–414
Geothermal energy, 46, 72, 397–417
conclusions on, 419
estimated heat contents, 400
and federal leasing policy, 416
geopressured reservoirs, 399, 405–406, 413–414
hot dry rock, 399–400, 406–408, 414–415
hot water reservoirs, 398–399, 402–403, 412–413
institutional problems, 416–417
in integrating model, 553
normal geothermal gradient, 399–400, 408, 415
potential production scenarios, 417
producibility, 400
and Tax policy, 416
technical considerations and, 402–409
wells drilled, 400
Geothermal Resource Group, 652
German pebble-bed reactor, 246–247
Germany
oil consumption, 1973–1977, 509
Geysers, 397
Geysers power plant, 399, 403–404, 410–412
GNP, 5
conclusions concerning, 116–120
and Demand and Conservation Panel results, 80
as determinant of energy demand, 76
of developing countries, 66, 526
and energy consumption, 501
feedback from energy use to, 601–602
international comparisons, 107–110
and investment, 600
Modeling Resource Group growth projections, 599–600
and moderating energy consumption, 102–110
and national output, 104
and oil consumption, 509
and price elasticities, 78, 111–112
reduction of energy affecting, 11–12, 14
slowdown in growth of, 65, 525
and use of energy, 103
Gornowski, Edward J., 620–622, 630, 633–635, 642
Government incentives. See Incentives
Government-supported research, 115–116
Grain to produce fuels, 377
Great Britain. See England
Greenwood, Ted, 328
Gross National Product. See GNP
Groundwater and radioactive waste disposal, 312
Growth rates, 501
Gulf Coast, brines of, 46, 142
Gulf’s Solvent Refined Coal 11 (SRC-II), 179
GWe-year of reactor operation, 280–281
Half-life of uranium ore tailings, 298–300
Hanford reservation
leaks at, 306
wastes from, 317
Harris Polls on nuclear energy, 261
Hawaii, Mini-OTEC plant in, 371
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, 409
Health and safety
and carbon dioxide, 472
and coal mining, 20
death. See Death
and emissions, 52
GNP and protection of, 124
and high-temperature gas-cooled reactor, 292
and liquid-metal fast breeder reactors,289–292
and nuclear power, 215–225, 279–296
synthetic liquid fuels from coal, 181
Health Effects Resource Group, 650
Heat processes, industrial, 348, 350
Heat pumps, 90
Heating systems, 91
thermal efficiency. See Thermal efficiency
Heavy metals, 51
Heavy water reactors
recommendation for, 223
Heliostats, production of, 350
Helium, 386
High-Btu gas production, 175
High-consumption scenarios, 585
High-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), 214, 246, 254
enriched uranium for, 238
once-through costs, 249
safety of, 292
Hijacking of nuclear fuel, 324–325
Holdren, John P., 271–272, 619–620, 623–627, 629–630, 635–636, 640
Homer City, Pennsylvania, 175
Hot water reservoirs, 398–399, 402–403, 412–413
Households, international comparisons, 109–110
Housekeeping, improvement of, 96–97
Housing
low-income housing and conservation, 122
replacement of, 11
Houthakker, Hendrik S., 620, 637
HTGR. See High-temperature gas-cooled reactor
Hudson-Jorgenson model, 606–608
HWR. See Heavy water reactors
Hybrid fusion-fission fuel cycles, 388–389
Hydraulic fracturing, 407–408, 415
Hydrocarbon Research, Inc.’s JH-Coal, 179–180
Hydrocarbons, 51
Hydroelectric power
accidents, 430
committee’s recommendations, 71
destructiveness of, 55
developing countries, 66–67, 526
and ecosystem risks, 476
growth in, 501
in integrating model, 553
pumped hydroelectric storage, 172–173
Hydrolysis of carbohydrates, 374
HYGAS process, 175
Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, 314
Waste Calcination Facility of, 309
Imperial Valley of California, 403
Imports
cost of, 504
by developing countries, 66–67
future availability of, 134–136
in 1978, 128
and oil price rise of 1973–1974, 505–508
from poor countries, 67
Incentives
for airlines, 86
for automobile fuel economy, 85
for industry, 122
oil reserves, for recovery of, 517–518
for recycling, 97
for retrofitting, 91
subsidies. See Subsidies
synthetic fuel production, 140
and underpricing, 76
INCFE. See International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation
Income and energy consumption, 602–608
Income elasticities of demand, 110–111
Income tax. See Taxation
Indefinitely sustainable energy sources, 37–48
Indian lands, leases on, 192
Indiana, 153
Industrial accidents and disease, 50–51
Industrial heat processes, 348, 350
and geothermal energy, 397
Industrial plants, replacement of, 11
Industry
cost-benefit analyses of conservation, 121–122
gas as preferred fuel by, 583
international comparisons, 109–110
nuclear power, position on, 213
routine risks, 428
2010, projections for, 99
Industry Resource Group, 649
Insects and plant monocultures, 377
Institute of Gas Technology, 175
Institutions Resource Group, 653
Insulation, 90
increasing use of, 91
labeling of, 121
and retrofitting for solar heating, 362
Integrated utility systems, 122
Integrating model, energy consumption, 548–557
Integration Resource Group, 651
International Atomic Energy Agency, 219, 390
and proliferation of nuclear weapons, 329
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 67, 527
International banking, 527
International Commission on Radiological Protection, 439, 443
International Development Association, 50, 67
International Fusion Research Council, 390
International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation (INFCE), 259
International Resource Group, 653
Interpanel Resource Group members, 653
Interstate Commerce Commission, 87
Investment
and GNP growth rate, 600
for nuclear power, 275
Ionized gas, 386
Iraq, 135
Isolation for radioactive waste, 297–298
Italy and International Fusion Research Council, 390
Japan
consumption and production, 1960–1973, 501–504
energy efficiency, 77
GNP and energy use, 108
and International Fusion Research Council, 390
ionizing radiation health risks in, 432–434
nuclear power, 523
oil price rise, 1973–1974, 505–508
Jobs, energy investments creating, 122
Karlsruhe, Germany, 308
Kohn, Henry I., 623, 626, 628, 629, 640
Labels, energy consumption on, 121
Labor
and capital investments, 122
Labor-productivity growth, 114
La Hague reprocessing plant, 309
Land reclamation and water supply, 473–474
Land use
and hot water reservoirs, 403
photovoltaic conversion, 368–369
solar thermal conversion plants, 366–367
wind energy conversion, 369
Large Components Test Facility, 256
Laser fusion, 391
Laser separation of uranium, 236
Lead and health risk, 435
Leasing. See Federal leasing
Lettuce and sulfur dioxide, 466
Libya, oil production, 504
Lichens and sulfur dioxide, 466
Light water reactor (LWR), 24, 26–27, 211, 215, 241, 245
and availability of uranium, 234–235
CANDU. See CANDU
fuel use by, 254
future of, 257
high-consumption scenarios, 585
and LMFBR’S, 215
plans following, 213
radioactive waste disposal, 315–316
uranium consumption, 214
uranium ore tailings, 299
Linked vertical well method, 176
Liquid fuels
demand projections for, 583, 587
Liquid-metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR). 28, 30, 215, 254–255
add-on costs, 271
committee’s recommendation for, 70
recommendation for, 222–223, 258–259
Liquefied natural gas, 18, 31, 142
accidents, 54
hazards in shipping, 459
Lischer, Ludwig F., 282, 622–623, 624–629, 634–637
LMFBR. See Liquid-metal fast breeder reactor
LNG. See Liquefied natural gas
Loans
to developing countries, 67
for retrofitting, 91
LOCA. See Loss-of-coolant accident
Los Angeles Basin, agriculture in, 466
Loss-of-coolant accident, 282–283, 286
with high-temperature gas-cooled reactor, 292
Louisiana, brine deposits, 405
Low-Btu gas production, 174
Low-growth oil-import demand scenarios. 134
Low-income housing and conservation goals, 122
Lurgi process, 175
LWR. See Light water reactor
Magnetic confinement and fusion, 389–390
Magnetic mirror experiments, 390
Magnetohydrodynamic generation technology, 172
Major fuel burning installations, 183
Mandatory standards, 79
for appliances, 90
for buildings, 90
research, 116
Manganese, 457
Marcoule reprocessing plant, 309
Market guarantees
oil shale, 138
synthetic fuels, 139
Mass transportation, 547
Materials science, 366–367, 395
Maximum-solar scenario, 562
Measure of Economic Welfare (MEW) and GNP, 123–124
Mechanical collectors for particulate control systems, 167
Medium-Btu gas production, 174
Meltdown, 284
estimates for damages from, 462
with liquid-metal fast breeder reactors, 292
Methodology for projections, 544–557
importing natural gas from, 142
oil exploration in, 518
Microwave beams in space solar systems, 372
Middle East
natural gas exports, 522
trade surplus, 523
uranium exports, 522
Miles per gallon
advertising figures for, 85
standards for, 79
by 2010, 85
Military radioactive wastes, reprocessing, 301–306
Minimum energy-use scenario, 557–559
Mining engineers, 187
Missed accident sequences, 284
Modeling Resource Group, 102, 530
and demand projections, 593–609
econometric studies by, 110–114
limitations on results of, 113–114
members of, 653
and carbon dioxide, 473
energy consumption, integrating model. 548–557
simulation models, 545
of Supply and Delivery Panel, 559–564
transportation projections, 546–547
Moderately enhanced conditions scenario, 132–134
Modified in situ process, 138–139
Molten-salt breeder reactor (MSBR), 38, 246
Monetary policies and inflation, 508–509
Mosses and sulfur dioxide, 466
Mount Lassen National Park, 404
MPG. See Miles per gallon
MSBR. See Molten-salt breeder reactor
Municipal waste processing. See Biomass
Mutation, 444
National Academy of Sciences
and nuclear reactor safety, 279
and sabotage of nuclear facilities, 292–293
National Aerometric Data Bank, 452
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), 162
National commitment scenario, 132–134
geothermal energy production, 417
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, 439, 443
National economy, moderating consumption affecting, 102–115
National Energy Act of 1978, 202, 474
National Energy Plan of 1977, 56–57
water requirements of, 202
National energy policies, 64–65
National Environmental Policy Act, 162
and ecosystem, 475
National Historic Preservation Act, 162
National output and GNP, 104
National Research Council, 180
accidents, 430
coal producing, 160
ecosystem risks, 480
Energy Information Administration projections, 564
exporters of, 522
and geopressured reservoirs, 414
growth in, 501
liquefied (LNG). See Liquefied natural gas
and oil demand, 569
price increases for, 582
production of, 18
projections for prices, 539
reserves, 515
risk factors, 60
synthetic. See Synthetic fuels
transportation of, 515
from unconventional sources, 142, 619
Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978, 184
Natural Resources Defense Council, 192
Natural steam reservoirs, 399, 403–404, 410–412
New Source Performance Standards, 166
1973 oil embargo, 77
Nitrogen fertilizer production, 369
No significant deterioration areas, emissions, 426
No-threshold dose-effect curve, 481
Non-Proliferation Treaty, 219, 328, 330, 332, 335
Nordhaus models of demand, 602–604
Normal-gradient geothermal heat, 399–400, 408, 415
North American Coal, 195
Nuclear Converters and Fuel Cycle Resource Group, 652
Nuclear Energy Policy Study Group and WASH-1400, 285–286
Nuclear explosives, 407
Nuclear fuels.
See also Plutonium;
Uranium
ecosystem risks from mining, 481
for fast breeder reactors, 252
and health risks, 442
reprocessing, 65, 522, 524–525;
through breeder reactors, 214;
illegal diversion
for light water
reactors, 215;
technological designs for, 223–224;
wastes from, 218
substituted for electricity, 570
conclusions, 396
costs of, 394
criteria for deployment of, 393–395
development of, timetable, 393–395
hybrid fusion-fission fuel cycles, 388–389
program for, 395
reaction, 386
reference designs for, 395
Nuclear power, 4, 15, 24–37, 210–239
accelerator breeders, 213
accidents, 53–55, 216–217, 281–289
advanced converters. See Advanced converters
balanced with coal, 70
breeder reactor. See Breeder reactors
and climatic changes, 58
colocation of facilities, 336
demand projections, 570
developing countries and, 66–67, 526
electricity, demand for, 30, 32, 521–522
in energy-consumption integrating model, 553
Energy Information Administration projections, 564
fast breeder reactors. See Breeder reactors
fuels. See Nuclear fuels
fusion. See Nuclear fusion
fusion-fission devices, 213
heavy water reactors. See Heavy water reactors
hybrid fusion-fission fuel cycles, 388–389
International Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Evaluation (INFCE), 218
international safeguards, 525
issues, 25
light water reactors. See Light water reactor
loss-of-coolant accident, 282–283
normal operational safety, 281
plutonium. See Plutonium
proliferation as problem, 218–220, 225, 326–338
public opinion on, 36–37, 260–262
radioactive waste. See Radioactive wastes
recommendations of committee, 222–225
routine operation, risks from, 443–444
stockpiles of weapons, 219
thermal breeders, 215
Three Mile Island. See Three Mile Island
trade deficits and, 523
transuranic wastes, 224
uranium. See Uranium
wastes. See Radioactive wastes
weapons. See Nuclear weapons
world perspectives on, 523
worldwide investment in, 523
Nuclear Regulatory Administration, 424, 461
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 36, 53, 278–279
costs and health risks, 443
licensing process, 425
light water reactor exposure, 441
and liquid-metal fast breeder reactor, 291–292
and radioactive waste standards, 316
and security for transporting fuel, 325
Nuclear Regulatory Commission Act of 1975, 424
Nuclear Safety Analysis Center, 36
and enrichment of uranium, 235–236
fusion devices and, 47
hybrid fusion-fission fuel cycles and, 388–389
manufacture of, 27
proliferation of, 71, 326–338, 524–525
wastes from production, 224–225
Occupational exposure to radiation, 439
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 424
Ocean, biomass production in, 377
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), 42, 56, 346, 371–372
and ecosystem risks, 478
Ocean waves, energy from, 371
Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), 188–189
Offshore drilling, 524
Offshore oil exploration, 517
Oil
accidents, 430
combustion of, 450
conventional oil reserves, 517, 522
demand, 137
depletion allowance, 77
ecosystem risks of,480
estimates of recoverable resources, 517–518
exploration boom, 518
global perspectives on production of, 63
high-cost reserves, 517–518, 522
imports. See Imports
long-range perspectives, 521
offshore exploration, 517
price controls. See Price controls
price increase of 1973–1974, 505–508, 526–527
problem of, 618
production peak in 1990s, 129
projection for price of, 539
projections for production of,130–134
reserves, 17, 129–130, 515–518
resources, 129
risk factors, 60
world production, 136–138, 500–505, 521
Oil depletion allowance, 77
Oil shale, 19, 56, 138–139, 480, 513, 517, 564
Oil spills, 480
Once-through fuel cycles, 214, 248–249
OPEC. See Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 62
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 63, 135, 137
conservation policies affecting, 523–524
developing countries and, 526
dominance of, 518
exports, 1969–1973, 505
formation of, 507
long-range perspectives, 521–522
prices controlled by, 522
production, 1973–1977, 509
Soviet resources and, 522
trade deficit and, 67
U.S. national energy policy and, 523–525
OTA. See Office of Technology Assessment
OTEC. See Ocean thermal energy conversion
Output resource group, 652
Ozone, 453
and spinach, 467
Papadopulos, S.S., 405
Particulates, 51
Per capita energy consumption, 62
Persian Gulf production, 1960–1973, 504
Personal Income in developing countries, 525–526
Petrochemical feedstocks, 184–185, 513
Petroleum. See Oil
Petroleum Resource Group, 653
Phosphate, uranium as byproduct of, 520
Photochemical conversion, 373, 378–380
oxidants and plant life, 466
Photolysis, 378
Photovoltaic conversion, 40–41, 368–369
Photovoltaic solar cells, 346
Physical research, 116
Pinto beans and pollution, 466
Pittsburg coal bed, 153
Pittston Corp., 195
Plankton, 371
Plant monocultures, 377
Plutonium, 27
ecosystem risks from mining of, 481
for LMFBR, 215
wastes. See Radioactive wastes
Pneumoconiosis, 431
Poland, coal resources, 513
Polar ice, melting of, 473
Pollution
air pollution. See Air pollution
and biomass production, 377
and coal conversion,140
coal producing, 20
and electric vehicles, 85
synthetic liquid fuels, 181
water pollution. See Water pollution
Population
exposure to radiation, 439
and public transportation, 89–90
Potatoes and sulfur dioxide, 466
Power Plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978, 21, 148, 158,161, 183
Pre-irradiation, 326
President’s National Energy Plan of 1977, 474
Pressurized-water reactor (PWR), 245
Price
controls. See Price controls
and demand for oil, 137
elasticity of, 14, 77–78, 110–112
GNP and behavior of, 107
smooth rise of, 121
Price-Anderson Act, 347
Price-Anderson insurance, 271
Price controls, 143–144, 509, 520–521
elimination of, 121
national energy policy, 524
Price-induced shifts toward less energy-intensive goods and services, 5
Projections, 7, 9, 11, 544–557
Property taxes and solar energy systems, 356–357
Public opinion
on energy standards, 490
on nuclear power, 215–216, 260–262
Public transportation
buses, 90
car pools, 90
in foreign countries, 109
Public utilities. See Utilities
Public Utility Holding Company Act, 99
Publications of CONAES study, 656–657
Pulmonary fibrosis, 431
Pulmonary heart disease,436
Pumped hydroelectric storage, 172–173
Purex, 319
Quadrillion Btu (quads)
for buildings, 90
transportation, use of, 84
Radiation
and coal use, 53
dose-effect relationships, 50
of reprocessed nuclear fuel, 320
Radioactive wastes, 34–36, 210, 215–225
alpha-active wastes, 301
and Atomic Energy Commission, 314–315
bunkers for storing, 314
disposal, treatment for, 307–309
environmental protection program for, 224
and fusion, 47
health risks from disposal of, 447–448
isolation requirements, 297–298
public concern, 218
standards for, 316
transuranic wastes, 224
treatment for disposal, 307–309
underground repositories for, 310–311
Raffinates, 300
Railroads
coal, transportation of, 195–196
efficiency projections for, 86–87
international comparisons, 109
lands, 193
Thermal efficiency of, 106
Rain
and air pollution, 458
Rasmussen Report. See WASH-1400
Reactor Safety Review Group, 54
Reactor safety study, 53, 283–289, 295–296
on liquid-metal fast breeder reactors, 291
Reactors. See Nuclear power
Recession, 4
Recycling
in industry, 97
for light water reactors, 249–250
Reed, 404
Reference designs for nuclear fusion program, 395
Refining synthetic liquid fuels, 181
Refrigerators, efficiency of, 90
Regional development banks, 67, 527
Registration fees for automobiles, 85
Regulations
enforcement of, 425
and fission pollution levels, 449–454
of nuclear power plants, 278–279
Rental housing and conservation goals, 122
Reprocessing
nuclear power. See Nuclear power
radioactive wastes. See Radioactive wastes
Research and development
coal. See Coal
in conservation technology, 115–116
geothermal energy, 398
solar electricity, 365
of solar energy, 352
solar fuel production, 372–373
synthetic gas from coal, 177
wave energy converters, 371
Reserves-to-production ratio, 130
Resource Conservation and Energy Act of 1976, 424
Respirable mass sampler, 431
advantages of, 91
for heating systems, 91
Risk and Impact Panel
on carbon dioxide, 471
and health risks, 427
and high-temperature gas-cooled
reactors, 292
and land reclamation, 474
on nuclear accidents, 217
solar energy, 366
water supply, consumption of, 200–202
accidents. See Accidents
death. See Death
industrial, routine, 428
limitations in assessing, 481–482
for nuclear power, 272
total risk assessment, 424
Rooftop solar collectors, 477
Routine reactor operations, 443–446
Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, 326
Rural Electric Associations, 331
Safety. See Health and safety
Salt mines, storing radioactive waste in, 314–315
Samuels, G., 200
Savannah River nuclear plant, 312
Sawdust as energy source, 569
Scenario Resource Group, 654
Schultz, R.J., 413
Scientific feasibility for fusion, 393
Security measures for nuclear fuel, 324–325
SEFOR, 252
Seismic disturbances. See Earthquakes
Seismicity and hydraulic fracturing, 408
Separative work units (SWU’s), 236–237
Severe genetic defects, 444
Shale oil, 19, 56, 138–139, 480, 513, 517, 564
Shenandoah solar total energy system, Georgia, 366
Shipping
oil, risks, 480
Shortages
of oil and gas, 143
and standard of living, 102
Simulation models for building projections, 545
Skytherm House in Atascadero, California, 360
Slurry pipelines for coal, 196
Small businesses and conservation goal conflicts, 122
Social equity and conservation, 122–123
active systems, 345, 355–357, 359–362
and add-on costs, 271
advantages of, 347
biomass. See Biomass
building designs using, 90, 359–362
and building standards, 361
cadmium sulfide cells, 368
committee’s recommendation, 71
cooling by, 349
building designs and, 361–362;
installation costs in existing buildings, 362–363;
installed space heating systems, 355–357;
ocean thermal conversion, 371;
photovoltaic conversion, 368–369;
water heating systems, 354–355
design of buildings for, 359–362
direct thermal use of, 39–40, 345–346, 352–362
domestic water heating, 363
economics of, 352–353, 381–382
electric technologies, 346
and electricity, 40–42, 349–350, 358, 364–372, 382, 521
electrolysis, 373
electrotytic conversion, 380
energy-conserving designs, 359–362
environment and health, 347;
photovoltaic generators, 369;
thermal conversion plants, 366–367;
wind energy conversion, 370
existing buildings, retrofitting for, 362–364
federal tax credit for, 354
fluid fuels, production of, 42–43
fuels, production of, 346, 372–380, 382
government’s role in, 382
greenhouses added to existing structures, 363
incentives for, 354
and industrial heat process, 358–359
for industry, 548
insulation, 362
in integrating model, 553
leak tightening, 362
low-energy scenario, 348
maximum-solar scenario, 562
ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), 371–372
passive systems, 345–346, 355, 359–362
photochemical conversion, 373, 378–380
photovoltaic conversion, 368–369, 562
prefabricated units, 356
private industry and, 382
repowering of existing plants, 366
research and development, 352–365
semiconductor technology, 368
silicon cells, 368
space-based, 372
space heating and cooling, 352, 355–358
steam-producing collectors, 359
thermal conversion, 41, 346, 350, 365–368
thermochemical conversion, 373, 380
total energy systems, 349–350, 366, 368
2010, projection for, 92
wind energy conversion, 369–370
Solar Energy Research Institute, 355–356
Solar photovoltaics, 368–369, 562
Solar Resource Group, 652
agricultural wastes, amount of energy in, 375
on building projections, 546
and solar space cooling, 357
and wind energy conversion, 370
Solar space cooling, 352, 355–358
Solar thermal central station power plant, 45, 346, 350, 365–368
counterproductiveness of, 382
as demonstration program, 352
environmental assessment of, 366–367
Solvent-extraction processes, 178–179
South Africa
SASOL plants in, 178
Southern California Edison, 170
Southwest and solar thermal conversion plants, 366–368
Soviet Union, 135
and International Fusion Research Council, 390
long-range perspectives, 522
natural gas in, 522
uranium reserves in, 519
Space heating and brine deposits, 399
and geothermal energy, 397, 400
and solar energy, 352, 355–358
Space, solar energy systems in, 372
Spectral-shift-control reactor (SSCR), 245, 247
fuel utilization, 254
Spent nuclear fuel, 306–307, 318–319
Spinach and ozone, 467
Spinrad, Bernard I., 618, 623–625, 628, 631, 637–638, 640–641
Stack gas scrubbers, 124
Standard of living, 102
Standards. See Mandatory standards
Staten Island natural gas disaster, 459
Steam
by-product steam marketing, 98
natural steam reservoirs, 399, 403–404, 410–412
Stellarators, 390
Stirling engines, 87
Stockpiles of nuclear weapons, 219, 335
Storm windows, 91
Stowaway fuel cycle, 309
Subsidence and geopressured reservoirs, 406
and add-on costs for nuclear power, 271–272
elimination of, 121
foreign royalties, income tax on, 78
and geothermal energy, 398
oil depletion allowance, 77
oil shale, 138
for retrofitting, 91
synthetic fuels, 140
from coal, 151
and plant life, 466
risks, 456
Sulfur and nitrogen oxides, 51
Sun, temperatures of, 386
Supply and Delivery Panel, 131, 531–533
electricity, demand for, 211–213
geothermal energy production, 417
oil shale reports, 138
uranium production rates, 213
world production estimates, 135
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, 191–192, 424
Surface retorting techniques, 138–139
Sweden
acid precipitation in, 467–468
GDP and energy use, 108
industrial energy use in, 109–110
uranium resources, 520
Swink, D.G., 413
SWU. See Separative work units
Synthetic fuels, 4, 16, 56, 69
coal conversion, 143
derived from coal, 139–140, 173–178
ecosystem risks and, 479
Energy Information Administration projections, 564
and high-consumption scenarios, 585
Synthesis Panel, 654
Tacoma, Washington, 179
Tailings. See Uranium
Tariffs
synthetic fuels production, 139
Taxation
conservation tax, 113, 115, 605–606
gasohol exempt from, 377
and geothermal energy, 398, 416
and recycling, 97
solar energy systems, 354, 356
solar heating systems, credit for, 347
Technical efficiency, 5, 11, 68–69
Technical terms, glossary of, 643–648
Technology
capital availability for development of, 111–112
feasibility for fusion, 393
Television reception and wind-turbine interference, 370
Temperature and carbon dioxide, 471–472
Terrorists and nuclear power, 210
Texaco, 170
Texas, 155
brine deposits in, 405
Texas Railroad Commission, 78
Theft of nuclear fuel, 324–325
Thermal breeders, 215
Thermal leak tightening, 362
Thermal performance standards, 79
Thermal systems. See Heating systems
Thermochemical processes, 373, 380
Thermonuclear fusion, 46–48, 72
Thorex, 319
breeders generating, 215
denatured thorium cycle, 218
Three Mile Island, 36, 217, 289, 460–461
contaminated water from, 282
and mechanical failure, 482
and Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 279
and perception of risks, 483
public opinion, 260
and risk costs, 272
Total energy production in U.S., 1–2
Total primary energy use, 559
air travel. See Air Travel
automobiles. See Automobiles
international comparisons, 109
public transportation. See Public transportation
railroads. See Railroads
truck freight. See Trucking
Transportation Resource Group, 650
Trees and solar power, 477
Tributyl phosphate for reprocessing, 319
Trucking
efficiency projections for, 86–87
international comparisons, 109
projections for, 547
Uncontrolled class of pollutants, 452–453
Underground coal gasification, 176
Underground mining
ccosystem risks of, 479
Underground repositories for nuclear waste, 310–311
Underpricing of energy, 76
Unemployment and GNP, 537
Union of Concerned Scientists, 285
United Arab Emirates, 527
United Mine Workers of America (UMW), 187
United States
crude oil production, 1960–1973, 501
energy trade deficit, 523
GNP, slowdown in growth of, 525
and International Fusion Research Council, 390
national energy policies, 523–525
oil consumption, 1973–1977, 509
oil exploration in, 518
and oil price rise of 1973–1974, 505–508
production and consumption, 1960–1973, 500–505
trade deficit, 523
uranium exports, 522
breeder reactors and, 525
for CANDU advanced converter, 215
cascading of, 329
costs of, 270
in developing countries, 526
ecosystem risks from mining, 481
growth in requirements for, 226–227
international cartel, 520
laser separation of, 236
for light water breeder reactor, 214–215
limiting exports of, 523
long-range perspectives, 522
low-grade mineralizations, 520
lung cancer in miners, 432
mining hazards, 216
national energy policy and, 524–525
price of, 63, 65, 522, 524–525
reprocessing. See Nuclear power
Soviet reserves, 513
through CANDU reactor, 214;
and enrichment, 236;
environmental protection program, 224;
as health risk, 623;
for LMFBR’S, 215;
radioactive emissions from, 216
timetable for expansion of discovery, 233–234
wastes. See Radioactive wastes
Uranium Resource Group, 213, 229, 233–234
URENCO and enrichment programs, 235
Useful life of equipment, 103
U.S. Geological Survey, 310–311, 400
U.S.G.S. Circular 726, 403–405
U.S.S.R. See Soviet Union
Utilities
community-based systems, 90–91
contracts and geothermal energy, 398
district heat, 98
and geothermal energy, 416
and nuclear costs, 264
Van pools, 90
Vans, projections for, 547
Vegetables and pollution, 466
Virginia, 157
Volcanoes and radioactive waste, 312
Wall insulation. See Insulation
WASH-740, 261
and mechanical failure, 482
Waste. See Radioactive wastes
Waste Calcination Facility of Idaho Reprocessing Plant, 309
Waste-heat recovery in industry, 96–97
Waste management, 55
Water heating and solar energy, 354–355
Water pollution
from chicken factories, 375
and GNP, 123
hot water reservoirs and, 403
and energy farming, 377
estimating permissible consumption levels, 200, 203
geothermal resources as, 416
National Energy Plan of 1977 and, 202
and radioactive waste disposal, 313, 447
and solar thermal conversion plants, 367
Weapons. See Nuclear weapons
Weeden, S.L., 414
West Germany
freight transportation in, 109
GNP and energy use, 108
and International Fusion Research Council, 390
lignite in, 513
Western Europe
and oil price rise of 1973–1974, 505–508
oil reserves in, 517
Wildlife and solar thermal conversion plants, 367
Wind energy conversion, 349–350, 369–370
Work-force participation, 535, 537
Working Group in HTGR Safety, 292
World banking system and developing countries, 527
World Energy Conference, 513
World energy perspectives, 62–64, 520–523
World energy production and
consumption, 1960–1973, 500–505
1973–1977, 509
World recoverable energy reserves, 513
Wyodak coal bed, 155
Wyoming Basins uranium deposit, 231–233
Yellowstone National Park, 403–404
Zero energy growth and GNP, 112
Zirconium and cladding hulls, 307