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35 Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)âA primary FAA publication whose purpose is to instruct airmen about oper- ating in the National Airspace System of the United States. It provides basic flight information, air traffic control pro- cedures, and general instructional information concerning health, medical facts, factors affecting flight safety, acci- dent and hazard reporting, and types of aeronautical charts and their use. Air-cooled condenserâalso referred to generically as dry cooling, an air-cooled condenser condenses exhaust steam from the steam turbine and returns condensate to the boiler without using cooling water. Two typical designs are mechanical draft and natural draft. In either case, air cools the exhaust steam causing hot air and condensate (which is reused in the plant). Air route surveillance radar (ARSR)âradar used primarily to detect and display an aircraftâs position while en route between terminal areas. The ARSR enables controllers to provide radar air traffic control service when aircraft are within the ARSR coverage. In some instances, ARSR may enable an air traffic control center to provide termi- nal radar services similar to but usually more limited than those provided by a radar approach control. Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP)âAn industry-driven, applied research program that develops near-term, practical solutions to problems faced by air- port operators. ACRP is managed by TRB for the FAA. The research is conducted by contractors who are selected on the basis of competitive proposals. Airport surveillance radar (ASR)âapproach control radar used to detect and display an aircraftâs position in the terminal area. ASR provides range and azimuth infor- mation but does not provide elevation data. Coverage of the ASR can extend up to 60 miles. Bureau of Land Management (BLM)âDivision of the U.S. Department of the Interior whose mission is to sus- tain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations. Civilian Aviation Authority (CAA) of the United Kingdomâ agency responsible for safety regulation of civil aviation in the United Kingdom under the Civil Aviation Act 1982. California Energy Commission (CEC)âstateâs primary energy policy and planning agency established in 1974. Clutterâunwanted (false) returns picked up by the radar. Concentrating solar power plantsâsolar generation tech- nology that utilizes mirrors to focus and intensify the sunâs heat to boil water and drive a traditional steam turbine for the production of electricity. Cooling towerâsee air-cooled condenser. Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA)âA written agreement between a private com- pany and a government agency to work together on a project. Created as a result of the StevensonâWydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980, as amended by the Federal Tech- nology Transfer Act of 1986, a CRADA allows the federal government and non-federal partners to optimize their resources, share technical expertise in a protected environ- ment, share intellectual property emerging from the effort, and speed the commercialization of federally developed technology. Digital Airport Surveillance Radar (DASR)âa new terminal air traffic control radar system that replaces current analog systems with new digital technology. The U.S. Air Force Electronics Systems Center, the FAA, and the U.S. Navy are in the process of procuring DASR systems to upgrade exist- ing radar facilities for the DoD and civilian airfields. The DASR system detects aircraft position and weather condi- tions in the vicinity of civilian and military airfields. The civilian nomenclature for this radar is the ASR-11. ASR-11 will replace existing ASR-7, ASR-8, and ASR-9 models. The military nomenclature for the radar is AN/GPN-30. The older radars, some up to 20 years old, are being replaced to improve reliability, provide additional weather data, reduce maintenance cost, improve performance, and provide digi- tal data to new digital automation systems for presentation on air traffic controller displays. Dish engineâalso referred to as a dish stirling, this is a type of concentrating solar power system that is a stand-alone parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver positioned at the reflectorâs focal point. Distributed energyâDistributed energy refers to a variety of small, modular power-generating technologies that can be combined with load management and energy storage systems to improve the quality and/or reliability of the elec- tricity supply. Department of Defense (DoD)âcabinet department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the countryâs defense policy with authority over the military and civilian forces. Department of Energy (DOE)âcabinet department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the countryâs energy policy. Department of Transportation (DOT)âcabinet department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the countryâs transportation policy and infrastructure. GLOSSARY OF TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND ACRONYMS
Diffuse reflectionâproduces a less concentrated light and occurs from rough surfaces such as pavement, vegetation, and choppy water. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)âa document pre- pared by a federal agency to demonstrate that its actions are in compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)âthe federal agency whose mission is to protect human health and the environ- ment through the enforcement of laws enacted by the fed- eral government. Farm (as in wind farm or solar farm)âa group of generator units that together produce significantly more electricity than any one unit alone. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)âthe federal agency whose mission is to provide the safest and most efficient aerospace system in the world. Form 7460âNotice submitted to the FAA for structures that impinge on airspace as defined by 14 CFR Part 77. Glareâa continuous source of bright light. Glintâa momentary flash of bright light. Heat recovery system generator (HRSG)âextracts heat in the flue gas producing cooler exhaust temperatures and lower exit velocities Instrument flight rules (IFR)âA set of rules governing the con- duct of flight under instrument meteorological conditions. Instrument landing system (ILS)âA precision instrument approach system that normally consists of the following electronic components and visual aids: localizer, glideslope, outer marker, middle marker, and approach lights. NacelleâA box that sits on top of the wind tower and encloses the turbine generator and other equipment necessary for gen- erating electricity. National Airspace SystemâThe common network of U.S. airspace; air navigation facilities, equipment and services, airports or landing areas, aeronautical charts, information and services, rules, regulations and procedures, technical information, and manpower and material. Included are system components shared jointly with the military. Navigable airspaceâAirspace at and above the minimum flight altitudes prescribed in the CFRs including airspace needed for safe takeoff and landing. Navigational Aids (NAVAIDS)âAny visual or electronic device airborne or on the surface that provides point- to-point guidance information or position data to aircraft in flight. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)âA U.S. envi- ronmental law that established a U.S. national policy pro- moting the enhancement of the environment and also established the Presidentâs Council on Environmental Quality. Office of Obstruction Evaluation/Airport Airspace Analysis (OE/AAA)âA particular office under FAAâs Air Traffic Organization whose responsibility is to coordinate FAAâs review of potential hazards to air navigation. Parabolic troughâcontinually track the sun and concen- trate the sunâs heat onto receiver tubes filled with a heat transfer fluid. 36 Peaker power plantsâtypically traditional fossil fuel-fired stations modified to start up and shut down quickly to respond to seasonal fluctuations in energy demand. Power towerâfacility is comprised of individual heliostats (mirrors) arranged in a circular array that track with the sun. Each heliostat reflects sunlight onto the central receiver at the top of a tower. Primary surveillance radar (PSR)âuses a continually rotat- ing antenna mounted on a tower to transmit electromag- netic waves that reflect, or backscatter, from the surface of aircraft up to 60 miles from the radar. The radar system measures the time required for a radar echo to return and the direction of the signal. From this, the system can then measure the distance of the aircraft from the radar antenna and the azimuth, or direction, of the aircraft in relation to the antenna. The primary radar also provides data on six levels of rainfall intensity. The primary radar operates in the range of 2700 to 2900 MHz. The transmitter generates a peak effective power of 25 kW and an average power of 2.1 kW. The average power density of the ASR-11 signal decreases with distance from the antenna. At distances of more than 43 ft from the antenna, the power density of the ASR-11 signal falls below the maximum permissible exposure levels established by the Federal Communications Commission. Probability of detection (Pd)âmeasures the likelihood of detecting an event or object when the event does occur. Secondary surveillance radar (SSR)âuses a second radar antenna attached to the top of the primary radar antenna to transmit and receive area aircraft data for barometric altitude, identification code, and emergency conditions. Military, commercial, and some general aviation aircraft have transponders that automatically respond to a signal from the secondary radar by reporting an identification code and altitude. The air traffic control uses this system to verify the location of aircraft within a 60-mile radius of the radar site. The beacon radar also provides rapid identification of aircraft in distress. The secondary radar operates in the range of 1030 to 1090 MHz. Transmitting power ranges from 160 to 1,500 watts. Solar photovoltaic panels and farmsâSolar photovoltaic (PV) generates electricity from sunlight on light-absorbing panels with many panels together representing a solar farm. Specular reflectionâreflects a more concentrated type of light and occurs when the surface in question is smooth and polished Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System (STARS)âa system jointly procured by the FAA and DoD to replace capacity-constrained, older technology systems at FAA and DOD terminal radar approach con- trol facilities and associated towers. Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS)âprocedures for instrument approach and departure of aircraft to and from civil and military airports. Thermal plumeâvapor clouds produced by large-scale emis- sions of heated water vapor either through a direct emission or from an air-cooling structure.
37 Transmission infrastructureâTransmission infrastructure including towers and electrical lines are a fundamental component of any energy project that generates electricity and delivers it to the electrical grid. Ultra-high frequency (UHF)âThe frequency band between 300 and 3,000 MHz. The bank of radio frequencies used for military air/ground voice communications. In some instances this may go as low as 225 MHz and still be referred to as UHF. Very high frequency (VHF)âThe frequency band between 30 and 300 MHz. Portions of this band, 108 to 118 MHz, are used for certain NAVAIDs; 118 to 136 MHz are used for civil air/ground voice communications. Other frequen- cies in this band are used for purposes not related to air traffic control. Visual flight rules (VFR)âRules that govern the procedures for conducting flight under visual conditions. The term âVFRâ is also used in the United States to indicate weather conditions that are equal to or greater than minimum VFR requirements. In addition, it is used by pilots and con- trollers to indicate type of flight plan. Wind turbine generator (WTG)âA machine that converts wind energy into electricity. Utility-scaleârefers to larger electricity generation units that typically transmit most if not all of the electricity gener- ated to the electric grid.