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ACADEMIC R&D EXPENDITURES 51 ACADEMIC R&D: CHARACTER OF RESEARCH Academic R&D expenditures increased steeply through the 1960s, from $2 billion (1988 dollars) in 1958 to $7 billion by 1968; they remained roughly level for a decade, then increased rapidly to $13 billion in 1988. The nature of academic research has shifted sharply since the early 1950s: Basic research increased from 45 percent of total academic R&D expenditures in 1953 to almost 80 percent in 1964; since the mid-1970s, however, it has fluctuated near 70 percent Figure 2-23: Academic R&D Expenditures by Type of R&D Figure 2-24: Distribution of Academic R&D Expenditures by Type of R&D NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. Financial data are expressed in 1988 constant dollars to reflect real long-term growth trends. DEFINITION OF TERMS: Academic R&D expenditures include current fund expenditures within higher education institutions for all research and development activities that are separately budgeted and accounted for. This includes both sponsored research activities (sponsored by federal and non-federal agencies and organizations) and university research separately budgeted under an internal application of institutional funds; but excludes training, public service, demonstration projects, departmental research not separately budgeted and FFRDCs. Basic Research is a systematic study where the primary aim of the investigator is directed toward fuller knowledge or understanding of the subject under study, rather than a practical or commercial application thereof. Applied Research is the systematic study where the primary aim of the investigator is directed toward gaining knowledge or understanding necessary for determining the means by which a recognized and specific need or commercial objective may be met. Development is the systematic use of the knowledge or understanding gained from research, directed toward the production of useful materials, devices, systems, or methods, including design and development of prototypes and processes. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. Primary data source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges.