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SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DEGREES. 98 PH.D. DEGREES BY CITIZENSHIP: ENGINEERING The share of engineering Ph.D. degrees awarded to foreign students with temporary U.S. visas grew from 16 percent in 1958 to 30 percent by 1978, then rapidly increased to nearly 45 percent by 1985. Figure 2-106: Ph.D. Degrees Awarded in Engineering by Citizenship Figure 2-107: Distribution of Ph.D. Degrees Awarded in Engineering by Citizenship DEFINITION OF TERMS: Engineering Ph.D degrees include the following fields: aeronautical and astronautical, chemical, civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering. U.S. Citizens include all native or naturalized citizens of the United States. Non-U.S.-Permanent Visa includes all aliens residing within the United States with a permanent visa. Non-U.S. Temporary Visa includes all aliens residing within the United States with a temporary visa. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. Primary data source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS): Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred.